[Analysis of clinical characteristics and risk factors for nosocomial mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis combined with atrial arrhythmia].

Objective: To analyze and explore the clinical characteristics and risk factors related to nosocomial mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis combined with atrial arrhythmia. Methods: 252 hospitalized patients with liver cirrhosis combined with atrial arrhythmia from January 2014 to December 2021 were enrolled, and their clinical characteristics were analyzed. The above-mentioned patients were divided into groups according to their nosocomial mortality rate. Among them, 45 nosocomial mortality cases were classified as the mortality group, and 207 survival cases were classified as the survival group. The differences in clinical data and laboratory data between the two groups were compared. The risk factors for nosocomial mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis combined with atrial arrhythmia were analyzed. The t-test, or rank-sum test, was used to compare measurement data. The chi-square test, or Fisher's exact probability method, was used to compare enumeration data. Multivariate analysis was performed by the logistic regression method. Results: Among the 252 cases, the male-to-female ratio was the same (male/female ratio: 126/126). The age range was 26 to 89 (66.77±10.46) years. Han ethnicity accounted for 79.5%. The main type of atrial arrhythmia was atrial fibrillation (P < 0.001). The main cause of liver cirrhosis was post-hepatitis B cirrhosis (56.3%). There were 57/72/123 cases of CTP grade A/B/C. The CTP and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) scores were 10.30±1.77 and 18.0(11.0, 29.0), respectively. The nosocomial mortality rate was 17.9% (45/252). The overall incidence rate of complications in all patients was 89.28%, with complications occurring in the following order: 71.4% ascites, 71.0% hypersplenism, 64.7% spontaneous peritonitis, 64.3% esophageal gastric varices, 32.5% hepatorenal syndrome, 32.1% hepatic encephalopathy, and 26.2% esophageal gastric variceal bleeding. The incidence rate of new-onset atrial fibrillation in the nosocomial mortality group was 73.3%, which was much higher than the 44.0% rate in the survival group (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that new-onset atrial fibrillation (OR=2.707, 95%CI 1.119 ~ 6.549), esophageal-gastric varices (OR=3.287, 95%CI 1.189 ~ 9.085), serum potassium (OR=3.820, 95%CI 1.532 ~ 9.526), and MELD score (OR=1.108, 95%CI 1.061~1.157) were independent risk factors for nosocomial mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis combined with atrial arrhythmia. Conclusion: Patients with cirrhosis combined with atrial arrhythmias have more severe liver function damage and are more likely to develop complications such as ascites, hypersplenism, and hepatorenal syndrome. New-onset atrial fibrillation, esophageal-gastric varices, hyperkalemia, and a high MELD score are risk factors for nosocomial mortality in patients with liver cirrhosis combined with atrial arrhythmia, so more attention should be paid to corresponding patients for timely symptomatic treatment.

[Epidemiological characteristics and spatial aggregation of acute myocardial infarction in Shandong Province].

Objective: To understand the characteristics and trends of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Shandong Province and to provide evidence for formulating prevention and control strategies. Methods: Data were derived from the AMI incidence reports of Shandong Province's Chronic Disease Surveillance Information Management System in 2012-2021. The crude and standardized incidence rates were used as indicators to describe the incidence level of AMI. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to analyze the trends in the incidence and age of onset over the years. The contribution of population aging to the increase in AMI incidence was assessed using the rate difference decomposition method. The incidence of AMI in each district (county) in Shandong Province was visualized using ArcGIS 10.8 software, and global and local spatial autocorrelation analysis was performed using DeoDa 1.12 software. Results: From 2012 to 2021, 198 233 cases of AMI were reported from 19 provincial monitoring sites in Shandong Province, of which 53.13% were males and 97.12% were ≥45 years old. The reported crude incidence increased from 90.12 per 100 000 in 2012 to 176.54 per 100 000 in 2021, with an average annual increase of 7.01% (Z=7.35, P<0.001). There was no significant upward trend in standardized incidence (Z=1.64, P=0.140), but the standardized incidence of male residents showed an increasing trend (Z=2.76, P=0.028). Before 2014, the reported crude incidence of males was similar to that of females, but after 2014, the reported crude incidence of males was continuously higher than that of females. However, males' standardized incidence was higher than females in all years. Both crude and standardized incidence rates were higher in rural residents than in urban areas. The median onset of AMI increased from 71.6 years old in 2012 to 73.5 years old in 2021. The median age of onset in males was lower than that in females in all years, and in most years, the median age of onset in urban residents was lower than that in rural residents. The incidence of AMI in males showed a trend in younger age groups. According to the seasonal decomposition, the incidence peak of AMI was in January, and the trough was in September. The contribution of aging population to the increase in crude incidence of AMI increased from 8.63% in 2013 to 52.58% in 2021. The global spatial autocorrelation analysis showed that the incidence of AMI presented an obvious spatial clustering distribution. Local spatial autocorrelation analysis found that the high-incidence areas (counties) were mainly concentrated in Liaocheng City and Dezhou City in the northwest region of Shandong Province and Heze City in the southwest. Conclusions: The incidence of AMI among residents in Shandong Province was rising, with spatial clustering and seasonal clustering characteristics. People aged 45 years and older, male residents, and rural residents were at high risk of developing AMI. There was a certain trend of younger age at onset among men. Targeted prevention and control measures should be taken for high-incidence seasons, high-risk groups, and high-incidence clustering areas in northwestern Shandong Province.

Experimental Limits on Solar Reflected Dark Matter with a New Approach on Accelerated-Dark-Matter-Electron Analysis in Semiconductors.

Recently a dark matter-electron (DM-electron) paradigm has drawn much attention. Models beyond the standard halo model describing DM accelerated by high energy celestial bodies are under intense examination as well. In this Letter, a velocity components analysis (VCA) method dedicated to swift analysis of accelerated DM-electron interactions via semiconductor detectors is proposed and the first HPGe detector-based accelerated DM-electron analysis is realized. Utilizing the method, the first germanium based constraint on sub-GeV solar reflected DM-electron interaction is presented with the 205.4 kg·day dataset from the CDEX-10 experiment. In the heavy mediator scenario, our result excels in the mass range of 5-15 keV/c^{2}, achieving a 3 orders of magnitude improvement comparing with previous semiconductor experiments. In the light mediator scenario, the strongest laboratory constraint for DM lighter than 0.1 MeV/c^{2} is presented. The result proves the feasibility and demonstrates the vast potential of the VCA technique in future accelerated DM-electron analyses with semiconductor detectors.

Teaching Before, During, and After a Surgical Resuscitation.

Teaching during a surgical resuscitation can be difficult due to the infrequency of these events. Furthermore, when these events do occur, the trainee can experience cognitive overload and an overwhelming amount of stress, thereby impairing the learning process. The emergent nature of these scenarios can make it difficult for the surgical educator to adequately teach. Repeated exposure through simulation, role play, and "war games" are great adjuncts to teaching and preparation before crisis. However, surgical educators can further enhance the knowledge of their trainees during these scenarios by using tactics such as talking out loud, targeted teaching, and debriefing.

[Clinical application of split liver transplantation: a single center report of 203 cases].

Objective: To investigate the safety and therapeutic effect of split liver transplantation (SLT) in clinical application. Methods: This is a retrospective case-series study. The clinical data of 203 consecutive SLT, 79 living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) and 1 298 whole liver transplantation (WLT) performed at the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from July 2014 to July 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. Two hundred and three SLT liver grafts were obtained from 109 donors. One hundred and twenty-seven grafts were generated by in vitro splitting and 76 grafts were generated by in vivo splitting. There were 90 adult recipients and 113 pediatric recipients. According to time, SLT patients were divided into two groups: the early SLT group (40 cases, from July 2014 to December 2017) and the mature SLT technology group (163 cases, from January 2018 to July 2023). The survival of each group was analyzed and the main factors affecting the survival rate of SLT were analyzed. The Kaplan-Meier method and Log-rank test were used for survival analysis. Results: The cumulative survival rates at 1-, 3-, and 5-year were 74.58%, 71.47%, and 71.47% in the early SLT group, and 88.03%, 87.23%, and 87.23% in the mature SLT group, respectively. Survival rates in the mature SLT group were significantly higher than those in the early SLT group (χ2=5.560,P=0.018). The cumulative survival rates at 1-, 3- and 5-year were 93.41%, 93.41%, 89.95% in the LDLT group and 87.38%, 81.98%, 77.04% in the WLT group, respectively. There was no significant difference among the mature SLT group, the LDLT group and the WLT group (χ2=4.016, P=0.134). Abdominal hemorrhage, infection, primary liver graft nonfunction,and portal vein thrombosis were the main causes of early postoperative death. Conclusion: SLT can achieve results comparable to those of WLT and LDLT in mature technology liver transplant centers, but it needs to go through a certain time learning curve.

MRI-based radiomics model to preoperatively predict mesenchymal transition subtype in high-grade serous ovarian cancer.

AIM: To develop a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based radiomics model for the preoperative identification of mesenchymal transition (MT) subtype in high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred and eighty-nine patients with histopathologically confirmed HGSOC were enrolled retrospectively. Among the included patients, 55 patients were determined as the MT subtype and the remaining 134 were non-MT subtype. After extracting a total of 204 features from T2-weighted imaging (T2WI) and contrast-enhanced (CE)-T1WI images, the Mann-Whitney U-test, Spearman correlation test, and Boruta algorithm were adopted to select the optimal feature set. Three classifiers, including logistic regression (LR), support vector machine (SVM), and random forest (RF), were trained to develop radiomics models. The performance of established models was evaluated from three aspects: discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility. RESULTS: Seven radiomics features relevant to MT subtypes were selected to build the radiomics models. The model based on the RF algorithm showed the best performance in predicting MT subtype, with areas under the curves (AUCs) of 0.866 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.797-0.936) and 0.852 (95 % CI: 0.736-0.967) in the training and testing cohorts, respectively. The calibration curves, supported with Brier scores, indicated very good consistency between observation and prediction. Decision curve analysis (DCA) showed that the RF-based model could provide more net benefit, which suggested favorable utility in clinical application. CONCLUSION: The RF-based radiomics model provided accurate identification of MT from the non-MT subtype and may help facilitate personalised management of HGSOC.

Individual connectivity-based parcellations reflect functional properties of human auditory cortex.

Neuroimaging studies of the functional organization of human auditory cortex have focused on group-level analyses to identify tendencies that represent the typical brain. Here, we mapped auditory areas of the human superior temporal cortex (STC) in 30 participants by combining functional network analysis and 1-mm isotropic resolution 7T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Two resting-state fMRI sessions, and one or two auditory and audiovisual speech localizer sessions, were collected on 3-4 separate days. We generated a set of functional network-based parcellations from these data. Solutions with 4, 6, and 11 networks were selected for closer examination based on local maxima of Dice and Silhouette values. The resulting parcellation of auditory cortices showed high intraindividual reproducibility both between resting state sessions (Dice coefficient: 69-78%) and between resting state and task sessions (Dice coefficient: 62-73%). This demonstrates that auditory areas in STC can be reliably segmented into functional subareas. The interindividual variability was significantly larger than intraindividual variability (Dice coefficient: 57%-68%, p<0.001), indicating that the parcellations also captured meaningful interindividual variability. The individual-specific parcellations yielded the highest alignment with task response topographies, suggesting that individual variability in parcellations reflects individual variability in auditory function. Connectional homogeneity within networks was also highest for the individual-specific parcellations. Furthermore, the similarity in the functional parcellations was not explainable by the similarity of macroanatomical properties of auditory cortex. Our findings suggest that individual-level parcellations capture meaningful idiosyncrasies in auditory cortex organization.

Molecular rectification induced by magnetization alignment in organic-ferromagnetic devices.

Spin-dependent transport in ferromagnet/organic-ferromagnet/ferromagnet junctions is investigated theoretically under different alignment of magnetization orientations. The results demonstrate a significant current rectification at low bias voltages, and the rectifying direction relies on the relative magnetization orientation in each component. The orbital analysis demonstrates two underlying mechanisms for the rectification, the slight structural asymmetry of the molecule from spin radicals and distinct spin match between conducting electrons and the magnetic molecule upon the reversal of bias. The latter is responsible for the strong low-bias rectification and relies on the magnetization alignment. The effects of parameter strength, temperature and size on the rectification are discussed. This work explores a new route to achieve high-performance molecular rectifiers operating at low bias with controlled rectifying direction.

[Interaction analysis of the influence of different factors and benzene exposure on workers' alanine aminotransferase].

Objective: To investigate the main factors that influence ALT abnormalities in workers exposed to benzene. Methods: In June 2022, data of 613 enterprises with benzene hazards and 585 enterprises with non-benzene hazards in Tianjin in 2021 were collected, and occupational health examination data of 13018 workers with benzene exposure and 13018 workers with non-benzene exposure were collected, and the region, enterprise type, industry classification and enterprise scale of the employer were analyzed. And occupational health examination data of workers with benzene exposure and non-benzene exposure. The effects of personal general situation, occupational history, enterprise information and benzene exposure on alanine aminotransferase were evaluated by additive interaction. Results: Compared with the group of non-benzene-exposed workers, the personal general conditions, occupational history, company information were higher in the benzene-exposed workers, and the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). The quantitative analysis of additive interaction found that gender (RERI=2.632, 95%CI: 1.966-3.297; AP=0.383, 95%CI: 0.311-0.456; S=1.813, 95%CI: 1.530-2.149), age (RERI=1.142, 95%CI: 0.928-1.356; AP=0.462, 95% CI: 0.371-0.552; S=4.461, 95%CI: 1.800-11.053), length of service (RERI=-1.199, 95%CI: -1.653--0.745; AP=-0.456, 95%CI: -0.640--0.271; S=0.576, 95%CI: 0.479-0.693), region (RERI=0.421, 95% CI: 0.148-0.694; AP=0.161, 95%CI: 0.053-0.268; S=1.350, 95%CI: 1.057-1.726), industry classification (RERI=0.627, 95%CI: 0.345-0.910; AP=0.232, 95%CI: 0.132-0.332; S=1.584, 95%CI: 1.233-2.035) and benzene exposure had a statistically significant additive interaction with abnormal serum ALT. Conclusion: Emphasis should be placed on male workers under the age of 40 in the petrochemical industry, oil storage and transportation, and power production, so as to protect the health of workers more specifically and reduce the risk of disability due to disease.

[Oridonin suppresses the effect of thioacetamide for promoting osteoclast differentiation of RAW264.7 cells and inhibiting osteoblast differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of oridonin (ORI) for suppressing thioacetamide (TAA)-induced osteoclast differentiation of RAW264.7 cells and antagonizing the inhibitory effect of TAA on osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). METHODS: The effects of TAA and ORI on the proliferation of RAW264.7 cells and SD rat BMSCs were examined using CCK-8 assay. TRAP staining and immunofluorescence staining were used to observe the effects of TAA and ORI on osteoclast differentiation in RAW264.7 cells. The expressions of osteoclast-specific proteins in the treated cells were detected using Western blotting, and p65 nuclear translocation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the cells were assessed with immunofluorescence assay and flow cytometry. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and alizarin red staining were used to examine the effects of TAA and ORI on osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, and the expressions of osteogenic and apoptosis-related proteins in the cells were detected with Western blotting. RESULTS: Compared with RAW264.7 cells treated with TAA alone, the cells with the combined treatment with TAA and ORI showed decreased osteoclast differentiation (P < 0.01) and significant inhibition of the MAPK/NF-κB pathway (P < 0.01) with reduced p65 nuclear translocation and intracellular ROS production (P < 0.01). In rat BMSCs, treatment with TAA alone significantly inhibited ALP activity and formation of calcified nodules (P < 0.01) and induced obvious cell apoptosis. Compared with TAA-treated BMSCs, the cells treated with both TAA and ORI showed upregulated expressions of the BMP-2/RUNX2 pathway with enhanced ALP activity (P < 0.01) and calcium deposition (P < 0.01) and a lowered cell apoptosis level. CONCLUSION: ORI inhibits TAA-induced osteoclast differentiation via regulating the MAPK/NF-κB pathway and antagonizes TAA-induced inhibition of bone formation by regulating the BMP-2/RUNX2 pathway.

Priority list of potential endocrine-disrupting chemicals in food chemical contaminants: a docking study and in vitro/epidemiological evidence integration.

Diet is an important exposure route of endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), but many unfiltered potential EDCs remain in food. The in silico prediction of EDCs is a popular method for preliminary screening. Potential EDCs in food were screened using Endocrine Disruptome, an open-source platform for inverse docking, to predict the binding probabilities of 587 food chemical contaminants with 18 human nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) conformations. In total, 25 contaminants were bound to multiple NHRs such as oestrogen receptor α/ß and androgen receptor. These 25 compounds mainly include pesticides and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). The prediction results were validated with the in vitro data. The structural features and the crucial amino acid residues of the four NHRs were also validated based on previous literature. The findings indicate that the screening has good prediction efficiency. In addition, the epidemic evidence about endocrine interference of PFASs in food on children was further validated through this screening. This study provides preliminary screening results for EDCs in food and a priority list for in vitro and in vivo research.

A Clinical Analysis of Prognosis and Patient-Reported Outcomes of Oncoplastic Breast-Conserving Surgery for Early Breast Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

PURPOSE: Approximately 25-30% of patients suffer from breast deformity and/or asymmetry after conventional breast-conserving surgery (CBCS). Generally, it is thought that oncoplastic breast-conserving surgery (OBCS) results in an improved cosmetic result; however, studies comparing the prognosis and aesthetic outcomes of CBCS and OBCS in early breast cancer (EBC) are inadequate. METHODS: A total of 143 patients were included in this retrospective cohort study; 53 underwent OBCS and 90 underwent CBCS. The resected weight, complications, esthetic results, patient satisfaction, and recurrence rate were compared between the groups. Patient-reported outcomes (PRO) were assessed by the BREAST-Q questionnaire. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients in OBCS group was 43.8 years. This was younger than that in CBCS group (49.1 years, p < 0.001). Postoperative complications (11.3% vs. 8.9%, p = 0.64) and re-excision (5.7% vs. 6.7%, p > 0.99) rates were similar. The OBCS group had higher breast satisfaction and psychosocial well-being than the CBCS group (75 vs. 63, p < 0.001 and 84 vs. 77, p = 0.05); however, sexual well-being (56 vs. 66, p = 0.05) and physical well-being (65 vs. 76, p < 0.001) were worse in OBCS. After 42.3 (range: 12.6-69.2)-month median follow-up, no difference in event-free survival (EFS) was demonstrated between the groups (p = 0.13). CONCLUSION: Although OBCS has the better aesthetic outcomes and identical oncological safety in comparison with CBCS, the sexual and physical well-being in OBCS are not improved for Asian patients. Hence, choosing an appropriate procedure may be more important for the typically small to moderate-sized breasts characteristic of Asian females unlike Westerners. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE IV: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

[Surgical rescue strategies and techniques for severe intra-abdominal infection].

Severe intra-abdominal infection is complicated with sepsis or septic shock and could also be named as intra-abdominal sepsis. Surgical rescue is an effective intervention for severe intra-abdominal infection, which can be caused by surgery, trauma or acute abdomen. Institutional factors associated with failure of surgical rescue include hospital volume, technology, surgeons and nurses. Patient factors contributing to failure include advanced age, diabetes mellitus and chronic organ dysfunction. The surgical rescue strategy for severe intra-abdominal infection includes damage control surgery and damage control resuscitation. Stepwise escalated procedures based on the severity of the infections should be performed as soon as possible to control the infection source, including removal of catheter in blood vessel, change of intra-abdominal drainage, trochar-assisted percutaneous abscess drainage (TA-PAD), laparotomy and open abdomen therapy. Since most of the pathogenic microorganisms of severe abdominal infections are multi-drug resistant bacteria expressing Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase (KPC), the choice of empirical antibiotics can be guided by rapid identification of the KPC type before the results of antibiotic susceptibility testing are available, namely the antibiotic selection strategy of "enzyme first, then bacteria".

[Interpretation of the Chinese expert consensus on open abdomen therapy (2023 edition)].

Open abdomen therapy is an effective method for the treatment of severe intra-abdominal infections, abdominal hypertension and other critical abdominal diseases. Bases on systematic reviews of indications, classification and staging of wounds, principles and approaches of open abdomen therapy, abdominal closure measures, and management of enteroatmospheric fistula, the Chinese expert consensus on open abdomen therapy provides 12 recommendations with evidence and specific explanations. This consensus is the first systematic work in China to elaborate on open abdomen therapy, helping clinicians to standardize this technique and improve the treatment outcomes of critical abdominal diseases. In this review, we make interpretations on key points of this consensus one by one.

[Investigation and factor analysis of postoperative surgical site infections in emergency abdominal surgery in China from 2018 to 2021 based on Chinese SSI Surveillance].

Objective: We investigated the incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) following emergency abdominal surgery (EAS) in China and further explored its risk factors, providing a reference for preventing and controlling SSI after EAS. Methods: This was an observational study. Data of patients who had undergone EAS and been enrolled in the Chinese SSI Surveillance Program during 2018-2021were retrospectively analyzed. All included patients had been followed up for 30 days after surgery. The analyzed data consisted of relevant patient characteristics and perioperative clinical data, including preoperative hemoglobin, albumin, and blood glucose concentrations, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, grade of surgical incision, intestinal preparation, skin preparation, location of surgical site, approach, and duration. The primary outcome was the incidence of SSI occurring within 30 days following EAS. SSI was defined as both superficial and deep incisional infections and organ/space infections, diagnoses being supported by results of microbiological culture of secretions and pus. Secondary outcomes included 30-day postoperative mortality rates, length of stay in the intensive care unit (ICU), duration of postoperative hospitalization, and associated costs. The patients were classified into two groups, SSI and non-SSI, based on whether an infection had been diagnosed. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors associated with SSI following EAS. Results: The study cohort comprised 5491 patients who had undergone EAS, comprising 3169 male and 2322 female patients. SSIs were diagnosed in 168 (3.1%) patients after EAS (SSI group); thus, the non-SSI group consisted of 5323 patients. The SSIs comprised superficial incision infections in 69 (41.1%), deep incision infections in 51 (30.4%), and organ or space infections in 48 (28.6%). Cultures of secretions and pus were positive in 115 (68.5%) cases. The most frequently detected organism was Escherichia coli (47/115; 40.9%). There were no significant differences in sex or body mass index between the SSI and non-SSI groups (both P>0.05). However, the proportion of individuals aged 60 years or older was significantly greater in the SSI than in the non-SSI group (49.4% [83/168] vs. 27.5% [1464/5323), χ2=38.604, P<0.001). Compared with the non-SSI group, the SSI group had greater proportions of patients with diabetes (11.9% [20/168] vs. 4.8% [258/5323], χ2=16.878, P<0.001), hypertension (25.6% [43/168] vs. 12.2% [649/5323], χ2=26.562, P<0.001); hemoglobin <110 g/L (27.4% [46/168] vs. 13.1% [697/5323], χ2=28.411, P<0.001), and albuminemia <30 g/L (24.4% [41/168] vs. 5.9% [316/5323], χ2=91.352, P<0.001), and a reduced rate of preoperative skin preparation (66.7% [112/168] vs. 75.9% [4039/5323], χ2=7.491, P=0.006). Furthermore, fewer patients in the SSI group had preoperative ASA scores of between one and two (56.0% [94/168] vs. 88.7% [4724/5323], χ2=162.869, P<0.001) in the non-SSI group. The incidences of contaminated and infected incisions were greater in the SSI group (63.1% [106/168] vs. 38.6% [2056/5323], χ2=40.854, P<0.001). There was a significant difference in surgical site distribution between the SSI and non-SSI groups (small intestine 29.8% [50/168] vs. 10.6% [565/5323], colorectal 26.2% [44/168] vs. 5.6% [298/5 323], and appendix 24.4% [41/168] vs. 65.1% [3465/5323]) χ2=167.897, P<0.001), respectively. There was a significantly lower proportion of laparoscope or robotic surgery in the non-SSI group (24.4 % [41/168] vs. 74.2% [3949/5323], χ2=203.199, P<0.001); the percentage of operations of duration less than 2 hours was significantly lower in the SSI than non-SSI group (35.7% [60/168] vs. 77.4% [4119/5323], χ2=155.487, P<0.001). As to clinical outcomes, there was a higher 30-day postoperative mortality rate (3.0%[5/168] vs. 0.2%[10/5323], χ2=36.807, P<0.001) and higher postoperative ICU occupancy rate (41.7% [70/168] vs. 19.7% [1046/5323], χ2=48.748, P<0.001) in the SSI group. The median length of stay in the ICU (0[2] vs. 0[0] days, U=328597.000, P<0.001), median total length of stay after surgery (16[13] vs. 6[5] days, U=128146.000, P<0.001), and median hospitalization cost (ten thousand yuan, 4.7[4.4] vs. 1.7[1.8], U=175965.000, P<0.001) were all significantly greater in the SSI group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that the absence of skin preparation before surgery (OR=2.435,95%CI: 1.690-3.508, P<0.001), preoperative albuminemia <30 g/L (OR=1.680, 95%CI: 1.081-2.610, P=0.021), contaminated or infected incisions (OR=3.031, 95%CI: 2.151-4.271, P<0.001), and laparotomy (OR=3.436, 95% CI: 2.123-5.564, P<0.001) were independent risk factors of SSI. Operative duration less than 2 hours (OR=0.465, 95%CI: 0.312-0.695, P<0.001) and ASA score of 1-2 (OR=0.416, 95% CI: 0.289-0.601, P<0.001) were identified as independent protective factors for SSI. Conclusions: It is important to consider the nutritional status in the perioperative period of patients undergoing EAS. Preoperative skin preparation should be conducted and, whenever possible, laparoscope or robot-assisted surgery. Duration of surgery should be as short as possible while maintaining surgery quality and improving patient care.

[Establishment and validation of a predictive clinical model for postoperative surgical site infection in patients with colorectal surgery].

Objective: To investigate the risk factors of surgical site infection (SSI) after colorectal surgery, and to establish and validate a risk prediction model nomogram. Methods: An observational study was conducted to retrospectively collect data of 6527 patients aged ≥16 years who underwent colorectal surgery in 56 domestic hospitals from March 1, 2021 to February 28, 2022 from the national Surgical Site Infection Surveillance network. The incidence of SSI after surgery was 2.3% (149/6527). According to the ratio of 7:3, 6527 patients were randomly divided into the modeling cohort (4568 cases) and the validation cohort (1959 cases), and there was no statistically significant difference between the two datasets (P>0.05). Univariate analysis was performed using t test /Mann-Whitney U test /χ2 test. Multivariate analysis was performed using binary logistic regression to establish a preliminary model and select variables using Lasso analysis to establish an optimized model nomogram. The discrimination and calibration of the model were evaluated by ROC curve, calibration curve, and Hosmer-Lemeshow test. AUC value>0.7 is considered a good discrimination of the model. The Bootstrap method (repeated self-sampling 1000 times) was used to verify the constructed model internally and externally to evaluate the accuracy of the constructed model. Results: Multivariate analysis showed that history of chronic liver disease (OR=3.626, 95%CI: 1.297-10.137, P<0.001) and kidney disease (OR=1.567,95%CI:1.042-2.357,P=0.038), surgical antibiotic prophylaxis (OR=1.564, 95%CI:1.038-2.357,P=0.035), and emergency surgery (OR=1.432,95%CI: 1.089-1.885, P=0.021), open surgery (OR=1.418, 95%CI:1.045-1.924, P=0.042), preoperative stoma (OR=3.310, 95%CI:1.542-7.105,P<0.001), postoperative stoma (OR=2.323,95%CI: 1.537-8.134,P<0.001), surgical incision type above grade II (OR=1.619,95%CI:1.097-2.375,P=0.014), and each unit increase in total bilirubin (OR=1.003,95%CI:-0.994-1.012, P=0.238), alanine aminotransferase (OR=1.006, 95%CI:1.001-1.011,P=0.032), blood urea nitrogen (OR=1.003,95%CI:0.995-1.011,P=0.310), blood glucose (OR=1.024, 95%CI:1.005-1.043,P=0.027), C-reactive protein (OR=1.007, 95%CI:1.003-1.011,P<0.001), length of incision (OR=1.042, 95%CI:1.002-1.087,P=0.031), surgical duration (OR=1.003,95%CI:1.001-1.005,P=0.017), and surgical blood loss (OR=1.001,95%CI: 1.000-1.002,P=0.045) were risk factors for SSI after colorectal surgery. Each unit increase in albumin level (OR=0.969,95%CI:0.941-0.998,P=0.036) was an independent protective factor for SSI after colorectal surgery. The area under the curve of the optimized model obtained by internal and external validation were 0.768 (95%CI: 0.723-0.813) and 0.753 (95%CI: 0.680-0.832), respectively. The predicted value of the calibration curve was basically consistent with the actual value. Conclusions: The risk prediction model for SSI after colorectal surgery constructed in this study has good discrimination and calibration. The nomogram created in this model can provide an evaluation basis for the observed rate and expected event rate of SSI after clinical colorectal surgery.

[Effects of rapid drug sensitivity testing for multidrug-resistant bacteria on the prognosis of patients with severe intra-abdominal infection].

Objective: To examine the clinical value of rapid detection of drug-resistant bacteria by immunochromatography and the effects of rapid detection on the prognosis of patients with severe intra-abdominal infection complicated by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) bloodstream infection. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study. We analyzed clinical data of 73 patients with severe abdominal infections with sepsis or septic shock complicated by CRE bloodstream infection admitted to the general surgery department of Jinling Hospital between February 2022 and February 2023. Patients were divided into a colloidal gold immunochromatographic assay (GICA) group (17 patients) and conventional testing group (56 patients) based on whether a GICA for CRE had been performed on the patients' first blood culture sample during the diagnosis and treatment process. There were no statistically significant differences between the GICA and conventional testing groups in age ([55.9±17.3] vs. [47.6±16.4] years), sex ([16 men vs. one woman ] vs. [41 men vs. 15 women]), median Charlson comorbidity index (3.0[2.0,4.0] vs. 3.0[2.0, 4.8]), septic shock (10 vs. 39), or acute kidney injury (8 vs. 40) (all P>0.05). Both groups routinely underwent traditional bacterial identification and drug susceptibility testing. Additionally, patients in the GICA group were tested directly for positive blood cultures using a GICA carbapenemase test kit. The main outcomes were mortality rates on Days 28 and 90 after the first identification of CRE bloodstream infection in both groups. We also compared the microbial clearance rate, duration of hospitalization and intensive care unit stay, and time from onset of CRE bloodstream infection to initiation of targeted and appropriate antibiotics between the two groups. Results: The rate of microbial clearance of bloodstream infection was significantly greater in the GICA group than in the conventional testing group (15/17 vs. 34/56 [60.7%], χ2=4.476, P=0.034), whereas the 28-day mortality tended to be lower in the GICA than conventional testing group [5/17 vs. 44.6% [25/56], χ2=1.250, P=0.264). The 90-day mortality (8/17 vs. 53.6% [30/56], χ2=0.222, P=0.638), median duration of hospitalization (37.0 [18.0, 46.5] days vs. 45.5 [32.2, 64.8] days, Z=-1.867, P=0.062), and median duration of intensive care unit stay (18.0 [6.5, 35.0] days vs. 32.0 [5.0, 51.8] days, Z=-1.251, P=0.209). The median time between the onset of bloodstream infection and administration of antibiotics was 49.0 (38.0, 69.0) hours in the GICA group, which is significantly shorter than the 163.0 (111.8, 190.0) hours in the conventional testing group (Z=-5.731, P<0.001). The median time between the onset of bloodstream infection and administration of appropriate antibiotics was 40.0 (34.0, 80.0) hours in the GICA group, which is shorter than in the conventional testing group (68.0 [38.2, 118.8]) hours; however, this difference is not statistically significant (Z=-1.686, P=0.093). Conclusions: GICA can provide information on carbapenemase- producing pathogens faster than traditional drug sensitivity testing, enabling early administration of the optimal antibiotics. The strategy of 'carbapenemase detection first' for managing bacterial infection has the potential to improve prognosis of patients and reduce mortality rate.

[Treatment of open abdomen combined with entero-atmospheric fistula: A retrospective study].

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze the course and outcome of patients with combined entero-atmospheric fistulas in open abdomen treatment. Methods: In this retrospective observational study, we collected data on 214 patients with open abdomen complicated by entero-atmospheric fistulas admitted to Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School from January 2012 to January 2021. We collected their basic characteristics, aetiology, treatment plan, and prognosis, including the durations of hospitalization and open treatment, time to resumption of enteral nutrition, duration and prognosis of definitive surgery, and overall prognosis. Results: Of the 214 patients with open abdomen complicated with entero-enteral fistulas, 23 (10.7%) died (11 of multiple organ failure caused by abdominal infection, five of abdominal cavity bleeding, four of pulmonary infection, one of airway bleeding, one of necrotizing fasciitis, and one of traumatic brain injury). The remaining 191 underwent definitive surgery at our hospital. The patients who underwent definitive surgery were predominantly male (156 patients, 81.7%); their age was (46.5±2.5) years. Trauma and gastrointestinal tumors (120 cases, 62.8%) predominated among the primary causes. The reasons for abdominal opening were, in order, severe abdominal infection (137 cases, 71.7%, damage control surgery (29 cases, 15.2%), and abdominal hypertension (25 cases, 13.1%). Temporary abdominal closure measures were used to classify the participants into a skin-only suture group (104 cases) and a skin-implant group (87 cases). Compared with the skin-implant group, in the skin-suture-only group the proportion of male patients was lower (74.7% [65/87] vs. 87.5% [91/104], χ2=5.176, P=0.023), the mean age was older ([48.3±2.0] years vs. [45.0±1.9] years, t=-11.671, P<0.001), there were fewer patients with trauma (32.2% [28 /87] vs. 58.7% [61/104), χ2=13.337, P<0.001), intensive care stays were shorter ([8.9±1.0] days vs. [12.7±1.6] days, t=19.281, P<0.001), total length of stay was shorter ([29.3±2.0] days vs. [31.9±2.0] days, t=9.021,P<0.001), there was a higher percentage of colonic fistulas (18.4% [16/87] vs. 8.7% [9/104], χ2=3.948, P=0.047), but fewer multiple fistulas (11.5% [10/87] vs. 34.6% [36/104], χ2=14.440, P<0.001). As to fistula management, a higher percentage of fistula sealing methods using 3D-printed intestinal stents were implemented in the skin-only suture group (60.9% [53/87] versus 43.3% [45/104], χ2=5.907, P=0.015). Compared with the implant group, the skin-only suture group had a shorter mean time to performing provisional closure ( [9.5±0.8] days vs. [16.0±0.6] days, t=66.023, P<0.001), shorter intervals to definitive surgery ( [165.0±10.7] days vs. [198.9±8.3] days, t=26.644, P<0.001), and less use of biopatches (56.3% [49/87) vs. 71.2% [74/104], χ2=4.545, P=0.033). Conclusions: Open abdomen complicated with entero-enteral fistulas is more common in male, and is often caused by trauma and gastrointestinal tumor. Severe intra-abdominal infection is the major cause of open abdomen, and most fistulae involves the small intestine. Collection and retraction of intestinal fluid and 3D-printed entero-enteral fistula stent sealing followed by implantation and skin-only suturing is an effective means of managing entero-enteral fistulas complicating open abdominal cavity. Earlier closure of the abdominal cavity with skin-only sutures can shorten the time to definitive surgery and reduce the rate of utilization of biopatches.