Cockroach Blaptica dubia biodegrades polystyrene plastics: Insights for superior ability, microbiome and host genes.

The report demonstrated that a member of cockroach family, Blaptica dubia (Blattodea: Blaberidae) biodegraded commercial polystyrene (PS) plastics with Mn of 20.3 kDa and Mw of 284.9 kDa. The cockroaches digested up to 46.6 % of ingested PS within 24 h. The biodegradation was confirmed by the 13C isotopic shift of the residual PS in feces versus pristine PS (Δ Î´13C of 2.28 ‰), reduction of molecular weight and formation of oxidative functional groups in the residual PS. Further tests found that B.dubia cockroaches degraded all eight high purity PS microplastics with low to ultra-high molecular weights (MW) at 0.88, 1.20, 3.92, 9.55, 62.5, 90.9, 524.0, and 1040 kDa, respectively, with superior biodegradation ability. PS depolymerization/biodegradation pattern was MW-dependent. Ingestion of PS shifted gut microbial communities and elevated abundances of plastic-degrading bacterial genes. Genomic, transcriptomic and metabolite analyses indicated that both gut microbes and cockroach host contributed to digestive enzymatic degradation. PS plastic diet promoted a highly cooperative model of gut digestive system. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed different PS degradation patterns with distinct MW profiles in B. dubia. These results have provided strong evidences of plastic-degrading ability of cockroaches or Blaberidae family and new understanding of insect and their microbe mediated biodegradation of plastics.

Exploring global oceanic persistence and ecological effects of legacy persistent organic pollutants across five decades.

Global monitoring of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) has intensified following regulatory efforts aimed at reducing their release. In this context, we compiled over 10,000 POP measurements, reported from 1980 to 2023, to assess the effectiveness of these legislative measures in the global marine environments. While a general decreasing trend in legacy POP concentrations is evident across various maritime regions, highlighting the success of source control measures, the Arctic Ocean and its marginal seas have experienced a rise in POP levels. This increase suggests the northward migration of pollutants via ocean currents from mid-latitude regions to polar areas. Despite global efforts to reduce emissions, the continued transport and accumulation of pollutants to the Arctic regions may have substantial ecological impacts. Addressing these environmental challenges demands a thorough understanding of POP dynamics, including response times, multiphase transport, and biogeochemical cycling. Continued research into these processes is vital to accurately map their distribution and temporal variations within marine systems.

Effects of plastic aging on biodegradation of polystyrene by Tenebrio molitor larvae: Insights into gut microbiome and bacterial metabolism.

Plastics aging reduces resistance to microbial degradation. Plastivore Tenebrio molitor rapidly biodegrades polystyrene (PS, size: < 80 µm), but the effects of aging on PS biodegradation by T. molitor remain uncharacterized. This study examined PS biodegradation over 24 days following three pre-treatments: freezing with UV exposure (PS1), UV exposure (PS2), and freezing (PS3), compared to pristine PS (PSv) microplastic. The pretreatments deteriorated PS polymers, resulting in slightly higher specific PS consumption (602.8, 586.1, 566.7, and 563.9 mg PS·100 larvae-1·d-1, respectively) and mass reduction rates (49.6 %, 49.5 %, 49.2 %, and 48.7 %, respectively) in PS1, PS2, and PS3 compared to PSv. Improved biodegradation correlated with reduced molecular weights and the formation of oxidized functional groups. Larvae fed more aged PS exhibited greater gut microbial diversity, with microbial community and metabolic pathways shaped by PS aging, as supported by co-occurrence network analysis. These findings indicated that the aging treatments enhanced PS biodegradation by only limited extent but impacted greater on gut microbiome and bacterial metabolic genes, indicating that the T. molitor host have highly predominant capability to digest PS plastics and alters gut microbiome to adapt the PS polymers fed to them.

Case study on the relationship between transmission of antibiotic resistance genes and microbial community under freeze-thaw cycle on cold-region dairy farm.

Freeze-thaw cycle (FTC) is a naturally occurring phenomenon in high-latitude terrestrial ecosystems, which may exert influence on distribution and evolution of microbial community in the soil. The relationship between transmission of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) and microbial community was investigated upon the case study on the soil of cold-region dairy farm under seasonal FTC. The results demonstrated that 37 ARGs underwent decrease in the abundance of blaTEM from 80.4 % for frozen soil to 71.7 % for thawed soil, and that sul2 from 8.8 % for frozen soil to 6.5 % for thawed soil, respectively. Antibiotic deactivation was identified to be closely related to the highest relative abundance of blaTEM, and the spread of sulfonamide resistance genes (SRGs) occurred mainly via target modification. Firmicutes in frozen soil were responsible for dominating the abundance of ARGs by suppressing the native bacteria under starvation effect in cold regions, and then underwent horizontal gene transfer (HGT) among native bacteria through mobile genetic elements (MGEs). The TRB-C (32.6-49.1 %) and tnpA-06 (0.27-7.5 %) were significantly increased in frozen soil, while Int3 (0.67-10.6 %) and tnpA-04 (11.1-19.4 %) were up-regulated in thawed soil. Moreover, the ARGs in frozen soil primarily underwent HGT through MGEs, i.e. TRB-C and tnpA-06, with increased number of Firmicutes serving as carrier. The case study not only demonstrated relationship between transmission of ARGs and microbial community in the soil under practically relevant FTC condition, but also emphasized the importance for formulating better strategies for preventing FTC-induced ARGs in dairy farm in cold regions.

Selective degradation of sulfonamide antibiotics by peracetic acid alone: Direct oxidation and radical mechanisms.

In this study, a peracetic acid (PAA) alone process was systematically demonstrated to give a high efficiency in the selective degradation of sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs). The employment of scavengers and probe compounds in this process demonstrates the predominant role of PAA in direct oxidation, and the limited role of carbon-centered radicals (R-O•) in the degradation of representative SA, sulfamethazine (SMT). The process also exhibits high tolerance towards solution pH and competing anions in wastewater, indicating its applicability in enhancing the biodegradation of SAs in wastewater. Furthermore, the relationships between the observed rate constants (kobs) and the molecule descriptors for ten SA compounds are demonstrated through the assessment of structure-activity relationships, calculated from density functional theory (DFT). This study gives new insights into the selectivity, performance and mechanism of PAA direct-oxidation in SA degradation.

Nitrogen fate in riparian zones: Insights from experiments and analysis of sediment porosity and surface water-groundwater exchange.

Riparian zones play a vital role in the river ecosystem. Solutes in vertical riparian zones are transported being by alternating hydraulic gradients between river water and groundwater, due to natural or human activities. This study investigates the impacts of porous sediments and alternating rate of surface water-groundwater on nitrogen removal in the riparian zone through experiments based on the field sampled. The experimental results, combined with dimensionless numbers (Péclet and Damköhler) and Partial Least Squares-Path Modeling, analyze the nitrogen fate responding to hydrodynamics changes. The results show that increased sediment porosity contributes to the ammonium removal, particularly when the oxygen content of river water is low, with the removal rate up to 72.57%. High ammonium content and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in rural rivers lead to a constant low-oxygen condition (4 mg/L) during surface water-groundwater alternation, and promote denitrification. This threatens groundwater with ammonium pollution and causes accumulation at the top of vertical riparian zones during upwelling, potentially causing secondary river pollution. However, increasing the alternating rate hinders the nitrate denitrification and drastically changes in the redox environment of the riparian zone, despite contributing to ammonium removal. Rapid oxygen consumption during aerobic metabolism and nitrification in groundwater-surface water exchange created favorable conditions for denitrification. Floodplains sediment porosity is unfavorable for nitrification. This study improves understanding of coupled hydrologic and solute processes in vertical riparian zones, informing strategies for optimizing nitrogen attenuation and riparian zone construction.

Deciphering the roles of attached and suspended sludges in simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal in an IFAS system based on metagenomic analysis.

Integrated fixed-film activated sludge (IFAS) system, an improvement of the activated sludge process, combines the advantages of both attached sludge (AS) and suspended sludge (SS). This study aimed to fully decipher the roles of AS and SS in simultaneous N and P removal in an IFAS system through metagenomic analysis. It was found that AS contributed about 84.04%, 97%, and 95.12% to exogenous NO3--N reduction, endogenous NO3--N reduction, and endogenous NO2--N reduction, respectively. Compared with AS, SS exhibited a greater contribution to anaerobic P release (69.06%) and aerobic P uptake (73.48%). Nitrate and nitrite reductase enzymes showed higher activities in AS, while the activities of exopolyphosphatase and alkaline phosphatase D were more active in SS. P content further indicated that in AS, only a small amount of P was stored in EPS, with most presented intracellularly. In SS, the amount of P stored in EPS was found to be higher. Metagenomic analysis revealed genes related to the synthesis and degradation of endogenous carbon were higher in AS, whereas the TCA cycle exhibited higher activity in SS. P removal-related genes (such as ppk2, ppx, and adk) was significantly higher in SS than in AS. The alteration of genes associated with nitrogen metabolism suggested that the microbes in AS had a higher capacity for nitrification and denitrification. In summary, the discrepancy in the roles of AS and SS in N and P removal in IFAS can be attributed to variations in enzyme activity, P storage in EPS, microbial community composition, and functional gene abundance.

Lipidomics analysis of microalgal lipid production and heavy metal adsorption under glycine betaine-mediated alleviation of low-temperature stress.

Heavy metal pollution in the cold region is serious, affecting human health and aquatic ecology. This study investigated the ability of microalgae to remove heavy metals (HMs) and produce lipid at low temperature. The removal efficiency of different HMs (Cd2+, Cu2+, Cr3+ and Pb2+), cell growth and lipid synthesis of microalgae were analyzed at 15 °C. Moreover, addition of glycine betaine (GB) further enhanced the productivity of microalgae in treating HMs and lipid production, and simultaneously increased the antioxidant capacity of microalgae against environmental stresses. The results showed that the highest lipid productivity of 100.98 mg L-1 d-1 and the removal efficiency of 85.8 % were obtained under GB coupled with Cr3+. The highest glutathione content of 670.34 nmol g-1 fresh alga was achieved under GB coupled with Pb2+. In addition, lipidomics showed that GB was able to up-regulate the triglyceride and diglyceride content, influenced fatty acid composition to regulate the microalgal metabolism, and mediated lipid accumulation under 15 °C mainly through the regulation of glycerol ester metabolism. This study provided a new perspective on microalgal lipid production and the removal of HMs in cold regions and provided evidence for the use of phytohormones to improve the algal environmental resistance.

Antioxidants alleviated low-temperature stress in microalgae by modulating reactive oxygen species to improve lipid production and antioxidant defense.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of various concentrations of antioxidants, including butyl hydroxy anisd (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), fulvic acid (FA), melatonin (MT), glycine betaine (GB) and putrescine (Put), on growth and lipid synthesis of microalgae under low-temperature (15 ℃). Changes in biochemical indicators, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, glutathione (GSH) content and antioxidant enzyme activities were also studied. The results indicated that the maximum biomass concentration (1.3 g/L) and lipid productivity (75.3 ± 5.8 mg/L d-1) were achieved under 100 µM MT and 1 µM GB, respectively. Moreover, antioxidants were able to increase the GSH and antioxidant enzymes activities in algal cells under low-temperature stress. This study was enlightening for the utilization of antioxidants to improve the resistance to low-temperature stress and lipid production in microalgae, and provided a theoretical basis for the application of microalgae for lipid accumulation in cold regions.

Anthraquinones-based photocatalysis: A comprehensive review.

In recent years, there has been significant interest in photocatalytic technologies utilizing semiconductors and photosensitizers responsive to solar light, owing to their potential for energy and environmental applications. Current efforts are focused on enhancing existing photocatalysts and developing new ones tailored for environmental uses. Anthraquinones (AQs) serve as redox-active electron transfer mediators and photochemically active organic photosensitizers, effectively addressing common issues such as low light utilization and carrier separation efficiency found in conventional semiconductors. AQs offer advantages such as abundant raw materials, controlled preparation, excellent electron transfer capabilities, and photosensitivity, with applications spanning the energy, medical, and environmental sectors. Despite their utility, comprehensive reviews on AQs-based photocatalytic systems in environmental contexts are lacking. In this review, we thoroughly describe the photochemical properties of AQs and their potential applications in photocatalysis, particularly in addressing key environmental challenges like clean energy production, antibacterial action, and pollutant degradation. However, AQs face limitations in practical photocatalytic applications due to their low electrical conductivity and solubility-related secondary contamination. To mitigate these issues, the design and synthesis of graphene-immobilized AQs are highlighted as a solution to enhance practical photocatalytic applications. Additionally, future research directions are proposed to deepen the understanding of AQs' theoretical mechanisms and to provide practical applications for wastewater treatment. This review aims to facilitate mechanistic studies and practical applications of AQs-based photocatalytic technologies and to improve understanding of these technologies.

Hydrogen-producing conditions and mutation mechanisms of a highly efficient mutant strain Ethanoligenens harbinense YR-3.

In this study, the optimal hydrogen (H2) production conditions of the high-efficiency H2-producing mutant strain Ethanoligenens harbinense YR-3 (carbon-nitrogen ratio 5.5, phosphate buffer 80 mM, initial pH 6.0, biotin 1.4 mg/L) are obtained by intermittent experiments. The maximum specific H2 production rate of YR-3 (2.85 mol H2/mol glucose) was 1.4 times that of the wild strain ZGX4 (2.04 mol H2/mol glucose). The liquid-phase products are mainly ethanol and acetic acid, indicating that the metabolic pathway has not changed. Two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry were used to compare and analyze the protein map differences between YR-3 and ZGX4. The results show that 1,6-fructose diphosphate aldolase and the flavoprotein in hydrogenase are highly expressed. This study will provide a theoretical basis for the genetic modification of high-efficiency H2-producing strains and the improvement of H2 production capacity.

Kinetics and mechanisms of non-radically and radically induced degradation of bisphenol A in a peroxymonosulfate-chloride system.

Bisphenol A, a hazardous endocrine disruptor, poses significant environmental and human health threats, demanding efficient removal approaches. Traditional biological methods struggle to treat BPA wastewater with high chloride (Cl-) levels due to the toxicity of high Cl- to microorganisms. While persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes (PS-AOPs) have shown promise in removing BPA from high Cl- wastewater, their widespread application is always limited by the high energy and chemical usage costs. Here we show that peroxymonosulfate (PMS) degrades BPA in situ under high Cl- concentrations. BPA was completely removed in 30 min with 0.3 mM PMS and 60 mM Cl-. Non-radical reactive species, notably free chlorine species, including dissolved Cl2(l), HClO, and ClO- dominate the removal of BPA at temperatures ranging from 15 to 60 °C. Besides, free radicals, including •OH and Cl2 •-, contribute minimally to BPA removal at 60 °C. Based on the elementary kinetic models, the production rate constant of Cl2(l) (32.5 M-1 s-1) is much higher than HClO (6.5 × 10-4 M-1 s-1), and its degradation rate with BPA (2 × 107 M-1 s-1) is also much faster than HClO (18 M-1 s-1). Furthermore, the degradation of BPA by Cl2(l) and HClO were enlarged by 10- and 18-fold at 60 °C compared to room temperature, suggesting waste heat utilization can enhance treatment performance. Overall, this research provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of direct PMS introduction for removing organic micropollutants from high Cl- wastewater. It further underscores the critical kinetics and mechanisms within the PMS/Cl⁻ system, presenting a cost-effective and environmentally sustainable alternative for wastewater treatment.

Discovery of an End-to-End Pattern for Contaminant-Oriented Advanced Oxidation Processes Catalyzed by Biochar with Explainable Machine Learning.

The utilization of biochar-catalyzed peroxymonosulfate in advanced oxidation processes (BC-PMS AOPs) is widely acknowledged as an effective and economical method for mitigating emerging contaminants (ECs). Especially, state-of-the-art machine learning (ML) technology has been employed to accurately predict the reaction rate constants of EC degradation in BC-PMS AOPs, primarily focusing on three aspects: performance prediction, operating condition optimization, and mechanism interpretation. However, its real application in specific degradation optimization targeting different ECs is seldom considered, hindering the realization of contaminant-oriented BC-PMS AOPs. Herein, we propose a hierarchical ML pipeline to achieve an end-to-end (E2E) pattern for addressing this issue. First, the overall XGB model, trained with the comprehensive data set, can perform well in predicting the reaction constants of EC degradation in BC-PMS AOPs, additionally providing the basis for further analysis of various ECs. Then, the submodels trained with different EC clusters can offer specific strategies for the selection of the optimum option for BC-PMS AOPs of specific ECs with different HOMO-LUMO gaps, thus forming an E2E operating pattern for BC-PMS AOPs. This study not only increases our understanding of contaminant-oriented optimization of AOPs but also successfully bridges the gap between ML model development and its environmental application.

Amide groups within polystyrene accelerates tetracycline removal in a continuous advanced microalgal treatment system.

Livestock effluents are challenging to be treated owing that antibiotics and microplastics are untargeted for most biological technologies. As far, microalgal wastewater treatment is recognized as an effective technique for dealing with. In this study, a continuous-flow system was conducted over 45 days to evaluate the effectiveness of Chlamydomonas sp. JSC4 in removing tetracycline (TCH) under the influence of polystyrene (PS). It shows that PS significantly enhanced the dissipation efficiency of TCH from livestock effluents, and 9.83 % TCH removal was increased under 5 mg/L of both TCH and PS exposure. Meanwhile, higher microalgal bioactivity was a significant factor in achieving desirable pollutants removal efficiency, as 87.14 % microalgal biomass was improved owing to reduction of oxidative stress and augmentation of photosynthesis. Importantly, the pivotal active sites, NH2 and CO, were rapidly covered via π-π interactions and hydrogen bonds during adsorption process between TCH and PS, accounting for mitigation of TCH-PS complexes toxicity and improvement of microalgal ribosome metabolism. Additionally, co-exposure to TCH and PS resulted in maximum lipids (0.57 g/L) and energy (20.79 kJ/L) production, further encouraging a fantastic vision for the tertiary process of livestock effluents via advanced microalgal treatment.

Multi-dimensional perspectives into the pervasive role of microbial extracellular polymeric substances in electron transport processes.

During the process of biological treatment, most microorganisms are encapsulated in extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which protect the cell from adverse environments and aid in microbial attachment. Microorganisms utilize extracellular electron transfer (EET) for energy and information interchange with other cells and the outside environment. Understanding the role of steric EPS in EET is critical for studying microbiology and utilizing microorganisms in biogeochemical processes, pollutant transformation, and bioenergy generation. However, the current study shows that understanding the roles of EPS in the EET processes still needs a great deal of research. In view of recent research, this work aims to systematically summarize the production and functional group composition of microbial EPS. Additionally, EET pathways and the role of EPS in EET processes are detailed. Then factors impacting EET processes in EPS are then discussed, with a focus on the spatial structure and composition of EPS, conductive materials and environmental pollution, including antibiotics, pH and minerals. Finally, strategies to enhance EET, as well as current challenges and future prospects are outlined in detail. This review offers novel insights into the roles of EPS in biological electron transport and the application of microorganisms in pollutant transformation.

The screening of iron oxides for long-term transformation into vivianite to recover phosphorus from sewage.

The reducibility of iron oxides, depending on their properties, influences the kinetics of dissimilatory iron reduction (DIR) during vivianite recovery in sewage. This study elucidated the correlation between properties of iron oxides and kinetics of DIR during the long-term transformation into vivianite, mediated by Geobacter sulfurreducens PCA and sewage. The positive correlation between surface reactivity of iron oxides and reduction rate constant (k) influenced the terminal vivianite recovery efficiency. Akaganeite with the highest adhesion work and surface energy required the lowest reduction energy (Ea), obtained the highest k of 1.36 × 10-2 day-1 and vivianite recovery efficiency of 43 %. The vivianite yield with akaganeite as iron source was 76-164 % higher than goethite, hematite, feroxyhyte, and ferrihydrite in sewage. The distribution of P with akaganeite during DIR in sewage further suggested a more efficient pathway of direct vivianite formation via bio-reduced Fe(II) rather than indirect reduction of ferric phosphate precipitates. Thus, akaganeite was screened out as superior iron source among various iron oxides for vivianite recovery, which provided insights into the fate of iron sources and the cycle of P in sewage.

Asymmetric defective sites-mediated high-valent cobalt-oxo species in self-suspension aerogel platform for efficient peroxymonosulfate activation.

The main pressing problems should be solved for heterogeneous catalysts in activation of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) are sluggish mass transfer kinetics and low intrinsic activity. Here, oxygen vacancies (Vo)-rich of Co3O4 nanosheets were anchored on the superficies of spirulina-based reduced graphene oxide-konjac glucomannan (KGM) aerogel (R-Co3O4-x/SRGA). The porous structure and superhydrophilicity conferred by KGM maximized the diffusion and transport of reactant. More interestingly, R-Co3O4-x/SRGA came true self-suspension rather than conventional self-floating without the aid of external force, maximizing space utilization and facilitating catalysts recovery. Anchored R-Co3O4-x nanosheets acted as "engines" to drive the reaction. Density functional theory (DFT) manifested Vo was capable of breaking the symmetry of the electronic structure of Co3O4. The formation of asymmetric active sites (Vo) was revealed to modulate the d-band center, enhanced affinity for PMS, and promoted evolution of high-valent cobalt-oxo (Co(IV)=O) species. R-Co3O4-x/SRGA achieved complete removal of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) within 12 min. Furthermore, R-Co3O4-x/SRGA demonstrated exceptional stability in the presence of various environmental interference factors and continuous flow device. This insightful work cleverly integrates the macroscopic design of structure, and the microscopic regulation of active sites is expected to open up new opportunities for the development of water treatment.

Linking performance to dynamic migration of biofilm ecosystem reveals the role of voltage in the start-up of hybrid microbial electrolysis cell-anaerobic digestion.

Applied voltage is a crucial parameter in hybrid microbial electrolysis cells-anaerobic digestion (MEC-AD) systems for enhancing methane production from waste activated sludge (WAS). This study explored the impact of applied voltage on the initial biofilm formation on electrodes during the MEC-AD startup using raw WAS (Rr) and heat-pretreated WAS (Rh). The findings indicated that the maximum methane productivity for Rr and Rh were 3.4 ± 0.5 and 3.4 ± 0.2 mL/gVSS/d, respectively, increasing 1.5 times and 2.6 times over the productivity at 0 V. The biomass on electrode biofilms for Rr and Rh at 0.8 V increased by 70 % and 100 % compared to 0 V. The core functional microorganisms in the cathode biofilm were Methanobacterium and Syntrophomonas, and Geobacter in the anode biofilm, enhancing methane production through syntrophism and direct interspecies electron transfer, respectively. These results offer academic insights into optimizing AD functional electrode biofilms by applying voltage.

Enterobacter sp. HIT-SHJ4 isolated from wetland with carbon, nitrogen and sulfur co-metabolism and its implication for bioremediation.

Both autotrophic and heterotrophic denitrification are known as important bioprocesses of microbe-mediated nitrogen cycle in natural ecosystems. Actually, mixotrophic denitrification co-driven by organic matter and reduced sulfur substances are also common, especially in hypoxic environments such as estuarine sediments. However, carbon, nitrogen and sulfur co-metabolism during mixotrophic denitrification in natural water ecosystems has rarely been reported in detail. Therefore, this study investigated the co-metabolism of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur using samples collected from four distinct natural water ecosystems. Results demonstrated that samples from various sources all exhibited the ability for co-metabolism of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur. Microbial community analysis showed that Pseudomonas and Paracoccus were dominant bacteria ranging from 65.6% to 75.5% in mixotrophic environment. Enterobacter sp. HIT-SHJ4, a mixotrophic denitrifying strain which owned the capacity for co-metabolism of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur, was isolated and reported here for the first time. The strain preferred methanol as its carbon source and demonstrated remarkable efficiency for removing sulfide and nitrate with below 100 mg/L sulfide. Under weak acid conditions (pH 6.5-7.0), it exhibited enhanced capability in converting sulfide to elemental sulfur. Its bioactivity was evident within a temperature from 25 °C to 40 °C and C/N ratios from 0.75 to 3. This study confirmed the widespread presence of microbial-mediated synergistic carbon, nitrogen and sulfur metabolism in natural aquatic ecosystems. HIT-SHJ4 emerges as a novel strain, shedding light on carbon, nitrogen and sulfur co-metabolism in natural water bodies. Furthermore, it also serves as a promising candidate microorganism for in-situ ecological remediation, particularly in dealing with contamination posed by nitrate, sulfide, and organic matter.