Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Type 2 Diabetes in South Korea (1998 to 2022): Nationwide Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes poses an increasing disease burden in South Korea. The development and management of type 2 diabetes are closely related to lifestyle and socioeconomic factors, which have undergone substantial changes over the past few decades, including during the COVID-19 pandemic. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate long-term trends in type 2 diabetes prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control. It also aimed to determine whether there were substantial alterations in the trends during the pandemic and whether these changes were more pronounced within specific demographic groups. METHODS: This study examined the prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control of type 2 diabetes in a representative sample of 139,786 South Koreans aged >30 years, using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and covering the period from 1998 to 2022. Weighted linear regression and binary logistic regression were performed to calculate weighted ß coefficients or odds ratios. Stratified analyses were performed based on sex, age, region of residence, obesity status, educational background, household income, and smoking status. ß (difference) was calculated to analyze the trend difference between the prepandemic period and the COVID-19 pandemic. To identify groups more susceptible to type 2 diabetes, we estimated interaction terms for each factor and calculated weighted odds ratios. RESULTS: From 1998 to 2022, a consistent increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes was observed among South Koreans, with a notable rise to 15.61% (95% CI 14.83-16.38) during the pandemic. Awareness followed a U-shaped curve, bottoming out at 64.37% (95% CI 61.79-66.96) from 2013 to 2015 before increasing to 72.56% (95% CI 70.39-74.72) during the pandemic. Treatment also increased over time, peaking at 68.33% (95% CI 65.95-70.71) during the pandemic. Control among participants with diabetes showed no substantial change, maintaining a rate of 29.14% (95% CI 26.82-31.47) from 2020 to 2022, while control among treated participants improved to 30.68% (95% CI 27.88-33.48). During the pandemic, there was a steepening of the curves for awareness and treatment. However, while the slope of control among participants being treated increased, the slope of control among participants with diabetes showed no substantial change during the pandemic. Older populations and individuals with lower educational level exhibited less improvement in awareness and control trends than younger populations and more educated individuals. People with lower income experienced a deceleration in prevalence during the pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: Over the recent decade, there has been an increase in type 2 diabetes prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control. During the pandemic, a steeper increase in awareness, treatment, and control among participants being treated was observed. However, there were heterogeneous changes across different population groups, underscoring the need for targeted interventions to address disparities and improve diabetes management for susceptible populations.

Prenatal and infant exposure to antibiotics and subsequent risk of neuropsychiatric disorders in children: A nationwide birth cohort study in South Korea.

We aimed to assess the association between antibiotic exposure in fetal and postnatal life (within six months after birth) and the risk of neuropsychiatric disorders in childhood. A nationwide, population-based birth cohort study(infants, n = 3,163,206; paired mothers, n = 2,322,735) was conducted in South Korea, with a mean follow-up duration of 6.8 years, using estimates of hazard ratio [HR] and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs). Following propensity score matching including the baseline variables, antibiotic exposure in both fetal (HR,1.07 [95 % CI, 1.05-1.08]) and postnatal life (1.05 [1.03-1.07]) was associated with an increased risk of overall childhood neuropsychiatric disorders. A synergistic effect was observed with prenatal and postnatal exposures (1.12 [1.09-1.15]). The risk increases with the increasing number and duration of prescriptions. Significant associations were found for both common (1.06 [1.05-1.08]) and severe outcomes (1.17 [1.09-1.26]), especially for intellectual disability (1.12 [1.07-1.17]), ADHD (1.10 [1.07-1.13]), anxiety (1.06 [1.02-1.11]), mood (1.06 [1.00-1.12]), and autism (1.03 [1.01-1.07]). When comparing siblings with different exposure statuses to consider familial factors, prenatal and postnatal exposure risk increased to 10 % (95 % CI, 6-12) and 12 % (7-17), respectively. Similar results were observed in the unmatched and health screening cohort, which considers maternal obesity, smoking, and breastfeeding. Based on these findings, clinicians may consider potential long-term risks when assessing the risk-benefit of early-life antibiotic prescription.

Association between glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and risk of suicidality: A comprehensive analysis of the global pharmacovigilance database.

AIM: To evaluate the potential association between suicidality and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), as well as other medications used for obesity and diabetes, using comprehensive global data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study utilized the World Health Organization's pharmacovigilance database, encompassing adverse drug reaction reports from 1967 to 2023, from 170 countries (total reports, N = 131 255 418). We present the reported odds ratios (RORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and information component (IC) with IC025 regarding the association between GLP-1RA use and suicidality. RESULTS: Although reports of GLP-1RA-associated suicidality increased gradually from 2005 to 2023 (n = 332), no evidence of an association was observed (ROR 0.15 [95% CI 0.13 to 0.16]; IC -2.77 [IC025 -2.95]). The lack of evidence of an association persisted regardless of whether GLP-1RAs were used for diabetes treatment (ROR 0.13 [95% CI 0.11 to 0.14]; IC -2.95 [IC025 -3.14]) or obesity treatment (ROR 0.44 [95% CI 0.34 to 0.58]; IC -1.16 [IC025 -1.62]). However, an association was found between suicidality and other diabetes medications excluding GLP-1RAs (ROR 1.13 [95% CI 1.10 to 1.15]; IC 0.17 [IC025 0.13]). Similarly, the potential association with suicidality was observed in medications used to treat obesity excluding GLP-1RAs (ROR 1.08 [95% CI 1.01 to 1.14]; IC 0.10 [IC025 0.01]). CONCLUSIONS: The suspected association between GLP-1RA use and suicidality, as raised by the European Medicines Agency, was not found in our global analysis. This indicates that the sporadic reports of GLP-1RA-associated suicidality are likely influenced by factors such as comorbidities present in the GLP-1RA user population.

Long-term gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary outcomes of COVID-19: a multi-nationwide cohort study from South Korea, Japan, and the UK.

Background/Aims: Considering emerging evidence on long COVID, comprehensive analyses of the post-acute complications of long COVID in the gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary systems are needed. We aimed to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on the long-term risk of gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary outcomes and other digestive abnormalities in various follow-up periods. Methods: We used three large-scale population-based cohorts: the Korean cohort (discovery cohort), the Japanese cohort (validation cohort-A), and the UK Biobank (validation cohort-B). 10,027,506 Korean, 12,218,680 Japanese, and 468,617 UK patients aged ≥20 years, including those with SARS-CoV-2 infection between 2020 and 2021 matched to non-infected control patients. Seventeen gastrointestinal and eight hepatobiliary outcomes as well as nine other digestive abnormalities following SARS-CoV-2 infection were identified and compared with contemporary controls. Results: The discovery cohort, consisting of 10,027,506 individuals (mean age 48.4 years; 49.9% female), revealed heightened risks of gastrointestinal diseases (HR: 1.15; 95% CI: 1.08-1.22), hepatobiliary diseases (1.30; 1.09-1.55), and other digestive abnormalities (1.05; 1.01-1.10) beyond the first 30 days after infection, following exposure-driven propensity score-matching. These results indicate a pronounced association as the severity of COVID-19 increases. The SARS-CoV-2 vaccination was found to lower the risk of gastrointestinal diseases but did not affect hepatobiliary diseases and other digestive disorders. The results derived from validation cohorts were consistent. Over time, the risk profile was most pronounced during the initial 3 months; however, it persisted for >6 months in validation cohorts, but not in the discovery cohort. Conclusions: The incidences of gastrointestinal disease, hepatobiliary disease, and other digestive abnormalities increased in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection during the post-acute phase.

Association of Soda Drinks and Fast Food with Allergic Diseases in Korean Adolescents: A Nationwide Representative Study.

INTRODUCTION: A high consumption of carbonated soft drinks (i.e., soda drinks) and fast food is potentially associated with the observed global rise in adolescent allergic diseases. Thus, our study aimed to examine the potential associations between the consumption of soda drinks and fast food and allergic conditions, identifying specific relationships across subgroups and each allergic condition (asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis). METHODS: This study uses large-scale data from the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-Based Survey (total n = 865,614). Soda drinks and fast food were defined by a self-reported questionnaire and allergic conditions by physician-diagnosed within 1 year. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the weighted odds ratios (ORs), along with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), for allergic diseases associated with the intake of soda drinks and fast food. RESULTS: Among 865,614 adolescents in grades 7-12 (male, 51.40%), patients with asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis were 18,568 (2.15%), 153,536 (17.74%), and 59,014 (6.82%), respectively. Current asthma was associated with soda drinks (OR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.03-1.12) and fast food consumption (1.25; 1.17-1.33). Interestingly, stronger associations were observed for female high schoolers, compared to male high schoolers and middle schoolers, in relation to the consumption of soda drinks (1.31; 1.19-1.44) and fast food (1.46; 1.26-1.69) with asthma. Current allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis had no significant association with fast food consumption and soda drinks. CONCLUSION: This first large-scale study suggests that fast food and soda drinks consumption are potentially associated with current asthma, with stronger associations observed in females than males, underscoring the need for sex-specific allergy prevention programs.

Global burden of vaccine-associated hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions, 1967-2023: A comprehensive analysis of the international pharmacovigilance database.

Although previous studies have focused on hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal adverse drug reactions (ADRs) associated with COVID-19 vaccines, literature on such ADRs with other vaccines is limited, particularly on a global scale. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the global burden of vaccine-associated hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal ADRs and identify the vaccines implicated in these occurrences. This study utilized data from the World Health Organization (WHO) international pharmacovigilance database to extract reports of vaccine-associated hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal ADRs from 1967 to 2023 (total reports = 131 255 418). Through global reporting counts, reported odds ratios (ROR) with 95% confidence interval (CI), and information components (IC) with IC0.25, the study examined the association between 16 vaccines and the incidence of hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal ADRs across 156 countries. Of the 6 842 303 reports in the vaccine-associated ADRs, 10 786 reports of liver injury, 927 870 reports of gastrointestinal symptoms, 2978 reports of pancreas and bile duct injury, and 96 reports of intra-abdominal hemorrhage between 1967 and 2023 were identified. Most hepatobiliary and gastrointestinal ADRs surged after 2020, with the majority of reports attributed to COVID-19 messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines. Hepatitis A vaccines exhibited the highest association with liver injury (ROR [95% CI]: 10.30 [9.65-10.99]; IC [IC0.25]: 3.33 [3.22]), followed by hepatitis B, typhoid, and rotavirus. Specifically, ischemic hepatitis had a significant association with both Ad5-vectored and mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. Gastrointestinal symptoms were associated with all vaccines except for tuberculosis vaccines, particularly with rotavirus (11.62 [11.45-11.80]; 3.05 [3.03]) and typhoid (11.02 [10.66-11.39]; 3.00 [2.96]). Pancreas and bile duct injury were associated with COVID-19 mRNA (1.99 [1.89-2.09]; 0.90 [0.83]), MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella), and papillomavirus vaccines. For intra-abdominal hemorrhage, inactivated whole-virus COVID-19 vaccines (3.93 [1.86-8.27]; 1.71 [0.41]) had the highest association, followed by COVID-19 mRNA (1.81 [1.42-2.29]; 0.77 [0.39]). Most of these ADRs had a short time to onset, within 1 day, and low mortality rate. Through a global scale database, the majority of ADRs occurred within 1 day, emphasizing the importance of healthcare workers' vigilant monitoring and timely management.

National and Regional Trends in the Prevalence of Hypertension in South Korea Amid the Pandemic, 2009-2022: Nationwide Study of Over 3 Million Individuals.

BACKGROUND: Understanding the association between hypertension prevalence and socioeconomic and behavioral variables during a pandemic is essential, and this analysis should extend beyond short-term trends. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to examine long-term trends in the prevalence of participants diagnosed with and receiving treatment for hypertension, using data collected by a nationally representative survey from 2009 to 2022, which includes the COVID-19 pandemic era. METHODS: A nationwide, population-based, cross-sectional study used data collected from the South Korea Community Health Survey between 2009 and 2022. The study sample comprised 3,208,710 Korean adults over a period of 14 years. We aimed to assess trends in the prevalence of participants diagnosed with and receiving treatment for hypertension in the national population from 2009 to 2022, with a specific focus on the COVID-19 pandemic, using weighted linear regression models. RESULTS: Among the included 3,072,546 Korean adults, 794,239 (25.85%) were aged 19-39 years, 1,179,388 (38.38%) were aged 40-59 years; 948,097 (30.86%) were aged 60-79 years, and 150,822 (4.91%) were aged 80 years or older. A total of 1,426,379 (46.42%) were men; 761,896 (24.80%) and 712,264 (23.18%) were diagnosed with and received treatment for hypertension, respectively. Although the overall prevalence over the 14-year period increased, the upward trends of patients diagnosed with and receiving treatment for hypertension decreased during the COVID-19 pandemic era compared with the prepandemic era (ß difference for trend during vs before the pandemic -.101, 95% CI -0.107 to -0.094 vs -.133, 95% CI -0.140 to -0.127). Notably, the trends in prevalence during the pandemic were less pronounced in subgroups of older adults (≥60 years old) and individuals with higher alcohol consumption (≥5 days/month). CONCLUSIONS: This nationwide representative study found that the national prevalence of participants diagnosed with and receiving treatment for hypertension increased during the prepandemic era. However, there was a marked decrease in these trends during the prepandemic era, compared with the pandemic era, particularly among specific subgroups at increased risk of negative outcomes. Future studies are needed to evaluate the factors associated with changes in the prevalence of hypertension during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Risks of cutaneous immune-related adverse events in long COVID: Multinational cohort studies in South Korea, Japan, and the UK.

Previous research has not investigated the persistent cutaneous immune-related adverse events (cirAEs) related to long COVID to investigate the long-term sequelae. This multinational study, using a propensity-matched overlap weighting method, utilizes large national claims-based cohorts, using ICD-10 code diagnosis, focusing on patients aged ≥20 years from three countries: South Korean, Japanese, and the British cohorts. To estimate the risk of cirAEs in long COVID, the persistence or emergence of cirAEs occurring 4 weeks after the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection, we employed a Cox proportional hazard regression model. The Korean cohort (n = 5,937,373; mean age 49.2 years [SD: 13.2]), the Japanese cohort (n = 4,307,587; 42.5 years [13.6]), and the UK cohort (n = 395,435; 71.0 years [8.07]) were presented. An increased risk of cirAEs in long COVID was observed (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.06-1.14) in Korean cohort, while a similar association was observed in Japanese and UK cohorts. The long-term risk of cirAEs in long COVID was higher in more severe COVID-19 cases (1.31; 1.22-1.39). Unlike the increased risk of cirAEs in long COVID, COVID-19 vaccination attenuated the risk, especially with two or more doses (1.03; 0.95-1.11) or heterologous regimens (0.98; 0.76-1.27). The time attenuation effect indicated a sustained risk for up to 6 months postinfection (<3 months: 1.13 [1.07-1.19]; 3-6 months: 1.14 [1.06-1.22]). SARS-CoV-2 infection is associated with an increased risk of cirAEs in the aspect of long COVID. Vaccination might reduce this risk, highlighting the need for preventive strategies in long COVID management.

Prediction model for cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes using machine learning derived and validated in two independent Korean cohorts.

This study aimed to develop and validate a machine learning (ML) model tailored to the Korean population with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to provide a superior method for predicting the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), a major chronic complication in these patients. We used data from two cohorts, namely the discovery (one hospital; n = 12,809) and validation (two hospitals; n = 2019) cohorts, recruited between 2008 and 2022. The outcome of interest was the presence or absence of CVD at 3 years. We selected various ML-based models with hyperparameter tuning in the discovery cohort and performed area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) analysis in the validation cohort. CVD was observed in 1238 (10.2%) patients in the discovery cohort. The random forest (RF) model exhibited the best overall performance among the models, with an AUROC of 0.830 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.818-0.842) in the discovery dataset and 0.722 (95% CI 0.660-0.783) in the validation dataset. Creatinine and glycated hemoglobin levels were the most influential factors in the RF model. This study introduces a pioneering ML-based model for predicting CVD in Korean patients with T2DM, outperforming existing prediction tools and providing a groundbreaking approach for early personalized preventive medicine.

Global and regional prevalence of polypharmacy and related factors, 1997-2022: An umbrella review.

OBJECTIVE: Limited comprehensive evidence exists on the global prevalence of polypharmacy. This knowledge gap contributes to increased healthcare system costs and related public health concerns. Thus, we aimed to synthesize the current evidence on polypharmacy prevalence and associated factors in the general and older populations using an umbrella review. METHODS: Our primary outcomes were global prevalence and related indicators of polypharmacy. We systematically searched Google Scholar, PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, and CINAHL for studies published between the inception of each database until April 30, 2023. RESULTS: Eleven meta-analyses incorporating 295 studies and 59,552,762 participants from 41 countries across six continents were identified. The global prevalence of polypharmacy in the general population is 37 %, with higher rates in older individuals (45 %), outpatients (48 %), and inpatients (52 %). North America showed a higher prevalence (52 %) than Asia (36 %) and Europe (36 %). Among frail elderly individuals, the prevalence of polypharmacy is 59 %, with the highest rates in Europe (68 %) and hospital settings (71 %). CONCLUSION: The global prevalence of polypharmacy and its associated factors in older adults present a complex, multifaceted, and conflicting picture. Understanding the prevalence of polypharmacy and its associated factors may help reduce the number of multidrug prescriptions.

Efficacy and Safety of Metformin and Atorvastatin Combination Therapy vs. Monotherapy with Either Drug in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Dyslipidemia Patients (ATOMIC): Double-Blinded Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGRUOUND: It is well known that a large number of patients with diabetes also have dyslipidemia, which significantly increases the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of combination drugs consisting of metformin and atorvastatin, widely used as therapeutic agents for diabetes and dyslipidemia. METHODS: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group and phase III multicenter study included adults with glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels >7.0% and <10.0%, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) >100 and <250 mg/dL. One hundred eighty-five eligible subjects were randomized to the combination group (metformin+atorvastatin), metformin group (metformin+atorvastatin placebo), and atorvastatin group (atorvastatin+metformin placebo). The primary efficacy endpoints were the percent changes in HbA1c and LDL-C levels from baseline at the end of the treatment. RESULTS: After 16 weeks of treatment compared to baseline, HbA1c showed a significant difference of 0.94% compared to the atorvastatin group in the combination group (0.35% vs. -0.58%, respectively; P<0.0001), whereas the proportion of patients with increased HbA1c was also 62% and 15%, respectively, showing a significant difference (P<0.001). The combination group also showed a significant decrease in LDL-C levels compared to the metformin group (-55.20% vs. -7.69%, P<0.001) without previously unknown adverse drug events. CONCLUSION: The addition of atorvastatin to metformin improved HbA1c and LDL-C levels to a significant extent compared to metformin or atorvastatin alone in diabetes and dyslipidemia patients. This study also suggested metformin's preventive effect on the glucose-elevating potential of atorvastatin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia, insufficiently controlled with exercise and diet. Metformin and atorvastatin combination might be an effective treatment in reducing the CVD risk in patients with both diabetes and dyslipidemia because of its lowering effect on LDL-C and glucose.

Comparison of Finasteride and Dutasteride on Risk of Prostate Cancer in Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: A Pooled Analysis of 15 Real-world Databases.

PURPOSE: Finasteride and dutasteride are used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and reduce the risk of developing prostate cancer. Finasteride blocks only the type 2 form of 5-alpha-reductase, whereas dutasteride blocks both type 1 and 2 forms of the enzyme. Previous studies suggest the possibility that dutasteride may be superior to finasteride in preventing prostate cancer. We directly compared the effects of finasteride and dutasteride on the risk of prostate cancer in patients with BPH using a pooled analysis of 15 real-world databases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a multicenter, cohort study of new-users of finasteride and dutasteride. We include patients who were prescribed 5 mg finasteride or dutasteride for the first time to treat BPH and had at least 180 days of prescription. We excluded patients with a history of prostate cancer or a prostate-specific antigen level ≥ 4 ng/mL before the study drug prescription. Cox regression analysis was performed to examine the hazard ratio (HR) for prostate cancer after propensity score (PS) matching. RESULTS: A total of 8,284 patients of new-users of finasteride and 8,670 patients of new-users of dutasteride were included across the 15 databases. In the overall population, compared to dutasteride, finasteride was associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer in both on-treatment and intent-to-treat time-at-risk periods. After 1:1 PS matching, 4,897 patients using finasteride and 4,897 patients using dutasteride were enrolled in the present study. No significant differences were observed for risk of prostate cancer between finasteride and dutasteride both on-treatment (HR=0.66, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.44-1.00; p=0.051) and intent-to-treat time-at-risk periods (HR=0.87, 95% CI: 0.67-1.14; p=0.310). CONCLUSIONS: Using real-world databases, the present study demonstrated that dutasteride was not associated with a lower risk of prostate cancer than finasteride in patients with BPH.

Incident allergic diseases in post-COVID-19 condition: multinational cohort studies from South Korea, Japan and the UK.

As mounting evidence suggests a higher incidence of adverse consequences, such as disruption of the immune system, among patients with a history of COVID-19, we aimed to investigate post-COVID-19 conditions on a comprehensive set of allergic diseases including asthma, allergic rhinitis, atopic dermatitis, and food allergy. We used nationwide claims-based cohorts in South Korea (K-CoV-N; n = 836,164; main cohort) and Japan (JMDC; n = 2,541,021; replication cohort A) and the UK Biobank cohort (UKB; n = 325,843; replication cohort B) after 1:5 propensity score matching. Among the 836,164 individuals in the main cohort (mean age, 50.25 years [SD, 13.86]; 372,914 [44.6%] women), 147,824 were infected with SARS-CoV-2 during the follow-up period (2020-2021). The risk of developing allergic diseases, beyond the first 30 days of diagnosis of COVID-19, significantly increased (HR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.13-1.27), notably in asthma (HR, 2.25; 95% CI, 1.80-2.83) and allergic rhinitis (HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.15-1.32). This risk gradually decreased over time, but it persisted throughout the follow-up period (≥6 months). In addition, the risk increased with increasing severity of COVID-19. Notably, COVID-19 vaccination of at least two doses had a protective effect against subsequent allergic diseases (HR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.68-0.96). Similar findings were reported in the replication cohorts A and B. Although the potential for misclassification of pre-existing allergic conditions as incident diseases remains a limitation, ethnic diversity for evidence of incident allergic diseases in post-COVID-19 condition has been validated by utilizing multinational and independent population-based cohorts.

Long-Term Autoimmune Inflammatory Rheumatic Outcomes of COVID-19 : A Binational Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Some data suggest a higher incidence of diagnosis of autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases (AIRDs) among patients with a history of COVID-19 compared with uninfected patients. However, these studies had methodological shortcomings. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of COVID-19 on long-term risk for incident AIRD over various follow-up periods. DESIGN: Binational, longitudinal, propensity-matched cohort study. SETTING: Nationwide claims-based databases in South Korea (K-COV-N cohort) and Japan (JMDC cohort). PARTICIPANTS: 10 027 506 Korean and 12 218 680 Japanese patients aged 20 years or older, including those with COVID-19 between 1 January 2020 and 31 December 2021, matched to patients with influenza infection and to uninfected control patients. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome was onset of AIRD (per appropriate codes from the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision) 1, 6, and 12 months after COVID-19 or influenza infection or the respective matched index date of uninfected control patients. RESULTS: Between 2020 and 2021, among the 10 027 506 Korean participants (mean age, 48.4 years [SD, 13.4]; 50.1% men), 394 274 (3.9%) and 98 596 (0.98%) had a history of COVID-19 or influenza, respectively. After propensity score matching, beyond the first 30 days after infection, patients with COVID-19 were at increased risk for incident AIRD compared with uninfected patients (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.25 [95% CI, 1.18 to 1.31]) and influenza-infected control patients (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.30 [CI, 1.02 to 1.59]). The risk for incident AIRD was higher with more severe acute COVID-19. Similar patterns were observed in the Japanese cohort. LIMITATIONS: Referral bias due to the pandemic; residual confounding. CONCLUSION: SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with increased risk for incident AIRD compared with matched patients without SARS-CoV-2 infection or with influenza infection. The risk for incident AIRD was higher with greater severity of acute COVID-19. PRIMARY FUNDING SOURCE: National Research Foundation of Korea.

Real-World Risk of Gastrointestinal Bleeding for Direct Oral Anticoagulants and Warfarin Users: A Distributed Network Analysis Using a Common Data Model.

Background/Aims: Early studies on direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) reported a higher risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) compared with warfarin; however, recent studies have reported a reduced risk. Therefore, this study was designed to evaluate the risk of GIB in users of DOAC and warfarin. Methods: Using a common data model, we investigated the comparative risk of GIB in subjects from eight hospitals who were newly prescribed DOACs or warfarin. We excluded subjects who had a prior history of GIB or had been prescribed both medications. After propensity score matching, we analyzed 3,347 matched pairs of new DOAC and new warfarin users. Results: The risk of GIB in new DOAC users was comparable to that in new warfarin users (hazard ratio [HR], 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.65 to 1.40; p=0.808). New DOAC users had a similar risk of GIB to new warfarin users among older patients >65 years (HR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.69 to 1.52; p=0.997) and in older patients >75 years (HR, 1.21; 95% CI, 0.68 to 2.10; p=0.509). In addition, the risk of GIB was not significantly different between two groups according to sex. We also found that the risk of GIB in DOAC users was 26% lower in edoxaban or apixaban subgroups compared to rivaroxaban or dabigatran subgroups (HR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.69 to 1.00; p=0.049). Conclusions: In real-world practice, the risk of GIB in new DOAC users is comparable to that in new warfarin users. In DOAC users, the risk of GIB was lower in edoxaban or apixaban subgroups than rivaroxaban or dabigatran subgroups.

Efficacy of information and communication technology interventions for the management of diabetes mellitus: An umbrella review and evidence map.

INTRODUCTION: We validated the quality of evidence and potential benefits of information and communication technology interventions on diabetes-related health outcomes. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Google Scholar, and CINAHL and manually searched the reference lists of the retrieved review articles from each database's inception to October 2022. Randomized controlled trials were included to determine the benefits of information and communication technology interventions on diabetes outcomes. RESULTS: Ten meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials were included, with 37 unique outcomes encompassing 379 studies and >70,000 participants across 47 countries and six continents. Information and communication technology intervention was associated with reduced HbA1c levels in patients with type 1 (moderate certainty), type 2 (moderate certainty), and gestational diabetes (low certainty) and showed potential benefits for type 2 diabetes, demonstrating a reduction in systolic blood pressure (high certainty), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (low certainty), and body weight (low certainty), whereas those for gestational diabetes demonstrated a reduction in fasting (low certainty) and 2-h postprandial blood glucose levels (low certainty). CONCLUSION: This umbrella review and evidence map revealed varying evidence on the potential benefits of information and communication technology interventions for diabetes-related outcomes. Our results demonstrate these interventions to be novel treatment options for policymakers and physicians to establish personalized health strategies.

Efficacy of Crataegus Extract Mixture on Body Fat and Lipid Profiles in Overweight Adults: A 12-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

A Crataegus Extract Mixture (CEM) is a combination of extracts from Crataegus pinnatifida leaves and Citrus unshiu peels, well-known herbs used for treating obesity and dyslipidemia. We aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of a CEM on the body fat and lipid profiles in overweight adults. A 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial was conducted on 105 subjects aged 20-60 years with body mass indexes between 25 and 30 kg/m2. Eligible subjects were randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to receive either a high dose of the CEM (400 mg tid), a low dose of the CEM (280 mg tid), or a placebo. Body fat was evaluated using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and anthropometric measurements. The blood lipid and adipokine profiles were measured before and after the administration. After 12 weeks, the reductions in the fat percentages measured by DXA and BIA were significantly greater in the CEM groups than in the placebo group. The CEM also significantly decreased the body weights, body mass indexes, and blood leptin levels. An additional per-protocol analysis revealed that the high dose of the CEM also lowered the blood levels of triglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. No adverse events occurred after the CEM treatment. Our results suggest that CEMs are safe and effective for reducing the body fat and body weight and regulating the blood lipid and leptin levels in overweight or mildly obese individuals.

National Trends in Allergic Rhinitis and Chronic Rhinosinusitis and COVID-19 Pandemic-Related Factors in South Korea, from 1998 to 2021.

INTRODUCTION: Existing studies provide insights into the prevalence and environmental factors associated with allergic rhinitis (AR) and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) globally. However, limitations still persist in these studies, particularly regarding cohort sizes and the duration of follow-up periods, indicating a need for more comprehensive and long-term research in these fields. Our study aimed to investigate the prevalence, long-term trends, and underlying factors of these conditions in the general population of adult participants (≥19 years) in Korea. METHOD: We analyzed data from adult participants (≥19 years) from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) study to determine the prevalence of AR and CRS from 1998 to 2021. To analyze prevalence trends before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, we employed a weighted linear regression model and obtained ß-coefficients with 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS: Between 1998 and 2021, over a span of 24 years, the comprehensive KNHANES study included 146,264 adult participants (mean age: 47.80 years, standard deviation: 16.49 years; 66,177, 49.3% men). The prevalence of AR and CRS increased from 1998 to 2021, with AR prevalence rising from 5.84% (95% CI, 5.57-6.10) in 1998-2005 to 8.99% (8.09-9.91) in 2021 and CRS from 1.84% (1.70-1.97) in 1998-2005 to 3.70% (3.18-4.23) in 2021. However, the increasing trend has slowed down during the COVID-19 pandemic era. CONCLUSIONS: The significance of continuous monitoring and focused interventions for AR and CRS is underscored by this study. The observed deceleration in the rising prevalence of AR and CRS during the pandemic indicates the possibility of beneficial impacts from lifestyle modifications triggered by the pandemic. These findings call for additional research to explore potential protective effects in greater depth.

Obesity in Children and Adolescents: 2022 Update of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Obesity by the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity.

The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents has been gradually increasing in recent years and has become a major health problem. Childhood obesity can readily progress to adult obesity. It is associated with obesity-related comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and the risk factor for cardiovascular disease. It is important to make an accurate assessment of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents with consideration of growth and development. Childhood obesity can then be prevented and treated using an appropriate treatment goal and safe and effective treatment strategies. This article summarizes the clinical practice guidelines for obesity in children and adolescents that are included in the 8th edition of the Clinical Practice Guidelines for Obesity of the Korean Society for the Study of Obesity.