Omics sciences and precision medicine in thyroid cancer.

Background: Thyroid cancer, a heterogeneous disease originating from the thyroid gland, stands as the predominant endocrine malignan-cy worldwide. Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, some patients still experience recurrence and mortality, which highlights the need for more personalized approaches to treatment. Omics sciences, encompassing genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, offer a high-throughput and impartial methodology for investigating the molecular signatures of thyroid cancer. Methods: In the course of this review, we have adopted a focu-sed research strategy, meticulously selecting the most pertinent and emblematic articles related to the topic. Our methodology included a systematic examination of the scientific literature to guarantee a thorough and precise synthesis of the existing sources. Results: These techniques enable the identification of molecular markers that can aid in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment selection. As an illustration, through genomics studies, numerous genetic alterations commonly discovered in thyroid cancer have been identified, such as mutations in the BRAF and RAS genes. Through transcriptomics studies, distinctively expressed genes in thyroid cancer have been uncovered, playing roles in diverse biological processes, including cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. These genes can serve as potential targets for novel therapies. Proteomics studies have unveiled differentially expressed proteins intricately involved in thyroid cancer pathogenesis, presenting promising biomarkers for early detection and disease progression monitoring. Metabolomics studies have identified alterations in metabolic pathways linked to thyroid cancer, offering promising avenues for potential therapeutic targets. Conclusions: Precision medicine in thyroid cancer involves the integration of omics sciences with clinical data to develop personalized treatment plans for patients. Employing targeted therapies guided by molecular markers has exhibited promising outcomes in enhancing the prognosis of thyroid cancer patients. Notably, those with advanced hyroid cancer carrying BRAF mutations have displayed substantial responses to specific targeted therapies, such as vemurafenib and dabrafenib.

Omics sciences and precision medicine in testicular cancer.

Background: Cancer, a potentially fatal condition, is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Among males aged 20 to 35, the most common cancer in healthy individuals is testicular cancer, accounting for 1% to 2% of all cancers in men. Methods: Throughout this review, we have employed a targeted research approach, carefully handpicking the most representative and relevant articles on the subject. Our methodology involved a systematic review of the scientific literature to ensure a comprehensive and accurate overview of the available sources. Results: The onset and spread of testicular cancer are significantly influenced by genetic changes, including mutations in oncogenes, tu-mor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes. As a result of identifying these specific genetic mutations in cancers, targeted medications have been developed to disrupt the signaling pathways affected by these genetic changes. To improve the diagnosis and treatment of this disease, it is crucial to understand its natural and clinical histories. Conclusions: In order to comprehend cancer better and to discover new biomarkers and therapeutic targets, oncologists are increasingly employing omics methods, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. Targeted medications that focus on specific genetic pathways and mutations hold promise for advancing the diagnosis and management of this disease.

Omics sciences and precision medicine in Urothelial Carcinoma.

Abstract: This comprehensive review explores the potential of omics sciences - such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics - in advancing the diagnosis and therapy of urothelial carcinoma (UC), a prevalent and heterogeneous cancer affecting the urinary tract. The article emphasizes the significant advancements in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying UC development and progression, obtained through the application of omics approa-ches. Genomic studies have identified recurrent genetic alterations in UC, while transcriptomic analyses have revealed distinct gene expression profiles associated with different UC subtypes. Proteomic investigations have recognized protein biomarkers with diagnostic and prognostic potential, and metabolomic profiling has found metabolic alterations that are specific to UC. The integration of multi-omics data holds promises in refining UC subtyping, identifying therapeutic targets, and predicting treatment response. However, challenges like the standardization of omics technologies, validation of biomarkers, and ethical considerations need to be addressed to successfully translate these findings into clinical practice. Omics sciences offer tremendous potential in revolutionizing the diagnosis and therapy of UC, enabling more precise diagnostic methods, prognostic evaluations, and personalized treatment selection for UC patients. Future research efforts should focus on overcoming these challenges and translating omics discoveries into meaningful clinical applications to improve outcomes for UC patients.

Omics sciences and precision medicine in melanoma.

Background: This article provides an overview of the application of omics sciences in melanoma research. The name omics sciences refers to the large-scale analysis of biological molecules like DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites. Methods: In the course of this review, we have adopted a focu-sed research strategy, meticulously selecting the most pertinent and emblematic articles related to the topic. Our methodology included a systematic examination of the scientific literature to guarantee a thorough and precise synthesis of the existing sources. Results: With the advent of high-throughput technologies, omics have become an essential tool for understanding the complexity of melanoma. In this article, we discuss the different omics approaches used in melanoma research, including genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. We also highlight the major findings and insights gained from these studies, including the identification of new therapeutic targets and the development of biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis. Finally, we discuss the challenges and future directions in omics-based melanoma research, including the integration of multiple omics data and the development of personalized medicine approaches. Conclusions: Overall, this article emphasizes the importance of omics science in advancing our understanding of melanoma and its potential for improving patient outcomes.

Omics sciences and precision medicine in lung cancer.

Abstract: Lung cancer is a complex disease, with a wide range of genetic alterations and clinical presentations. Understanding the natural and clinical history of the disease is crucial for developing effective diagnostic and treatment strategies. Omics approaches, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, have emerged as powerful tools for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying lung cancer and for identifying novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets. These approaches enable researchers to examine the entire genome, transcriptome, proteome, or metabolome of a cell or tissue, providing a comprehensive view of the biological processes involved in lung cancer development and progression. Targeted therapies that address specific genetic mutations and pathways hold promise for improving the diagnosis and treatment of this disease.

Omics sciences and precision medicine in sarcoma.

Background: Sarcomas are a relatively rare but diverse group of cancers that typically develop in the mesenchymal cells of bones and soft tissues. Occurring in more than 70 subtypes, sarcomas have broad histological presentations, posing significant challenges of prognosis and treatment. Modern multi-omics studies, which include genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and micro-biomics, are vital to understand the underlying mechanisms of sarcoma development and progression, identify molecular biomarkers for early detection, develop personalized treatment plans, and discover drug resistance mechanisms in sarcomas to upsurge the survival rate. Aim: This study aims to highlight the genetic risk factors responsible for sarcoma-genesis, and to present a comprehensive review of multi-omics studies about sarcoma. Methods: Extensive literature research was undertaken using reliable and authentic medical journals, e-books, and online cancer research databases. Mendelian inheritance in man database (OMIM) was explored to study particular genes and their loci that are responsible to cause various sarcomas. Result: This in-depth research led to the finding out that omics studies provide a more comprehensive understanding of underlying molecular mechanisms of sarcomas. Through genomics, we can reveal genetic alterations that predispose to sarcoma, like mutation in TP53, NF1, and so on. Pharmacogenomics enable us to find molecular targets for specific drugs. Whereas, proteomic and metabolomic studies provide insights into the biological pathways involved in sarcoma development and progression. Conclusion: Future advancements in omics sciences for sarcoma are on the cutting-edge of defining precision treatment plans and improved resilience of sarcoma patients.

Omics sciences and precision medicine in prostate cancer.

Abstract: In the last decade, Prostate Cancer (PCa) has emerged as the second most prevalent and serious medical condition, and is considered one of the leading factors contributing to global mortality rates. Several factors (genetic as well as environmental) contribute to its development and seriousness. Since the disease is usually asymptomatic at early stages, it is typically misdiagnosed or over-diagnosed by the diagnostic procedures currently in use, leading to improper treatment. Effective biomarkers and diagnostic techniques are desperately needed in clinical settings for better management of PCa patients. Studies integrating omics sciences have shown that the accuracy and dependability of diagnostic and prognostic evaluations have increased because of the use of omics data; also, the treatment plans using omics can be facilitated by personalized medicine. The present review emphasizes innovative multi-omics methodologies, encompassing proteomics, genomics, microbiomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics, with the aim of comprehending the molecular alterations that trigger and contribute to PCa. The review shows how early genomic and transcriptomic research has made it possible to identify PCa-related genes that are controlled by tumor-relevant signaling pathways. Proteomic and metabolomic analyses have recently been integrated, advancing our understanding of the complex mechanisms at play, the multiple levels of regulation, and how they interact. By applying the omics approach, new vulnerabilities may be discovered, and customized treatments with improved efficacy will soon be accessible.

Omics sciences and precision medicine in kidney cancer.

Abstract: In the last decade, renal carcinoma has become more prevalent in European and North American regions. Kidney tumors are usually categorized based on histological features, with renal cell carcinoma being the most common subtype in adults. Despite conventional diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, a rise in cancer incidence and recurrence necessitates a fresh approach to diagnosing and treating kidney cancer. This review focuses on novel multi-omics approaches, such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and microbiomics, to better understand the molecular and clinical features of renal cell carcinoma. Studies integrating omics sciences have shown early promise in enhancing prognostic and therapeutic outcomes for various kidney cancer subtypes and providing insight into fundamental pathophysiological mechanisms occurring at different molecular levels. This review highlights the importance of utilizing omics sciences as a revolutionary concept in diagnostics and therapeutics and the clinical implications of renal cell carcinoma. Finally, the review presents the most recent findings from large-scale multi-omics studies on renal cell carcinoma and its associations with patient subtyping and drug development.

Omics sciences and precision medicine in glioblastoma.

Abstract: Glioblastoma is a highly aggressive and malignant type of brain cancer with a poor prognosis, despite current treatment options of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. These treatments have limitations due to the aggressive nature of the cancer and the difficulty in completely removing the tumor without damaging healthy brain tissue. Personalized medicine, using genomic profiling to tailor treatment to the patient's specific tumor, and immunotherapy have shown promise in clinical trials. The blood-brain barrier also poses a challenge in delivering treatments to the brain, and researchers are exploring various approaches to bypass it. More effective, personalized treatment approaches are needed to improve outcomes for glioblastoma patients. This tumor is studied using genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics techniques, to better understand its underlying molecular mechanisms. Recent studies have used these techniques to identify potential therapeutic targets, molecular subtypes, and heterogeneity of tumor cells. Advancements in omics sciences have improved our understanding of glioblastoma biology, and precision medicine approaches have impli-cations for more accurate diagnoses, improved treatment outcomes, and personalized preventive care. Precision medicine can match patients with drugs that target specific genetic mutations, improve clinical trials, and identify individuals at higher risk for certain diseases. Precision medicine, which involves customizing medical treatment based on an individual's genetic makeup, lifestyle, and environmental factors, has shown promise in improving treatment outcomes for glioblastoma patients. Identifying biomarkers is essential for patient stratification and treatment selection in precision medicine approaches for glioblastoma, and several biomarkers have shown promise in predicting patient response to treatment. Targeted therapies are a key component of precision medicine approaches in glioblastoma, but there is still a need to improve their effectiveness. Technical challenges, such as sample quality and availability, and challenges in analyzing and interpreting large amounts of data remain significant obstacles in omics sciences and precision medicine for glioblastoma. The clinical implementation of precision medicine in glioblastoma treatment faces challenges related to patient selection, drug development, and clinical trial design, as well as ethical and legal considerations related to patient privacy, informed consent, and access to expensive treatments.

Omics sciences and precision medicine in colon cancer.

Abstract: Colon cancer presents a complex pathophysiological landscape, which poses a significant challenge to the precise prediction of patient prognosis and treatment response. However, the emergence of omics sciences such as genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics has provided powerful tools to identify molecular alterations and pathways involved in colon cancer development and progression. To address the lack of literature exploring the intersection of omics sciences, precision medicine, and colon cancer, we conducted a comprehensive search in ScienceDirect and PubMed databases. We included systematic reviews, reviews, case studies, clinical studies, and randomized controlled trials that were published between 2015-2023. To refine our search, we excluded abstracts and non-English studies. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of the latest developments in precision medicine and omics sciences in the context of colon cancer. Studies have identified molecular subtypes of colon cancer based on genomic and transcrip-tomic profiles, which have implications for prognosis and treatment selection. Furthermore, precision medicine (which involves tailoring treatments, based on the unique molecular characteristics of each patient's tumor) has shown promise in improving outcomes for colon cancer patients. Omics sciences and precision medicine hold great promise for identifying new therapeutic targets and developing more effective treatments for colon cancer. Although not strictly designed as a systematic review, this review provides a readily accessible and up-to-date summary of the latest developments in the field, highlighting the challenges and opportunities for future research.

Omics sciences and precision medicine in pancreas cancer.

Abstract: Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, associated with poor prognosis outcomes and late treatment interventions. The pathological nature and extreme tissue heterogeneity of this disease has hampered all efforts to correctly diagnose and treat it. Omics sciences and precision medicine have revolutionized our understanding of pan-creatic cancer, providing a new hope for patients suffering from this devastating disease. By analyzing large-scale biological data sets and developing personalized treatment strategies, researchers and clinicians are working together to improve patient outcomes and ultimately find a cure for pancreatic cancer.

Omics sciences and precision medicine in breast and ovarian cancer.

Background: Human breast carcinoma is a complex disease, affecting 1 in 8 women worldwide. The seriousness of the disease increases when the definite cause of the disease remains obscure, thus making prognosis challenging. Researchers are emphasizing on adapting more advanced and targeted therapeutic approaches to address the multifaceted impacts of the disease. Hence, modern multi-omics systems have gained popularity among clinicians, as they offer insights into the genomic, pharmacogenomic, metabolomic, and microbiomic factors, thus allowing researchers to develop targeted and personalized approaches for breast cancer prevention and early detection, and eventually improving patient outcomes. Aim: The primary focus of this study is to elucidate, through the integration of multi-omics research findings, the inherent molecular origins of diverse subtypes of breast cancer and to evaluate the effectiveness of these findings in reducing breast cancer-related mortalities. Methods: Thorough investigation was conducted by reviewing reputable and authoritative medical journals, e-books, and online databases dedicated to cancer research. The Mendelian inheritance in man database (OMIM) was used to scrutinize specific genes and their respective loci associated with the development of different types of breast cancer. Results: Our present research revealed the holistic picture of sundry molecular, genomic, pharmacogenomic, metabolomic, and microbiomic features of breast cancer. Such findings, like genetic alterations in highly penetrant genes, plus metabolomic and microbiomic signatures of breast cancer, unveil valuable insights and show great potential for multi-omics research in breast oncology. Conclusion: Further research in omics sciences pertaining to breast cancer are at the forefront of shaping precise treatment and bolstering patient survival.

A challenging case of sporadic melanocytoma of the jugular foramen.

BACKGROUND: The jugular foramen (JF) can be the site of several tumours. Paragangliomas, schwannomas and meningiomas are the most commonly reported. We describe a case of melanocytoma originating from the JF and presenting with an accessory nerve palsy. ILLUSTRATIVE CASE: A 48-year-old woman presented with a 6-month history of cervical and left shoulder pain with wasting and weakness of the left trapezius. A Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) showed a T1-hyperintense, T2-isointense, heterogeneously enhancing lesion involving the left JF and extending into the cerebello-medullary and cerebello-pontine cisterns. A retrosigmoid craniotomy was performed and a near-total removal achieved. The accessory nerve was involved by tumour and could not be preserved. Given the diagnostic uncertainty between melanotic schwannoma, metastatic melanoma and meningeal melanocytoma, next generation sequencing and genome-wide DNA methylation arrays were performed, documenting a mutation in GNA11 (c.6226A>T, p. Gln209Leu) and a methylation profile consistent with melanocytoma. The patient underwent adjuvant fractionated radiotherapy of the tumour remnant. A follow-up MRI 4 years after surgery did not show any tumour recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The differential diagnosis of skull base pigmented tumours can be challenging, particularly when they occur in unusual locations such as the JF. They can be misdiagnosed given their similar clinical, neuroradiological and pathological features if anatomy of the site of origin is not carefully considered and molecular tests are not performed, leading to erroneous treatment and follow-up planning.

Malignant behaviour of primary intracranial Rosai Dorfman disease: A rare presentation of a benign disease.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The Rosai Dorfman disease (RDD) is a rare and usually benign lymphoproliferative disorder of unknown aetiology, typically characterized by head and neck lymphadenopathies. However, it may occasionally present with primary extra-nodal involvement including the central nervous system. We firstly described the potential malignant behaviour and fatal evolution of primary intracranial RDD. ILLUSTRATIVE CASE: A 69-year-old woman sought clinical attention for recurrent episodes of headache, fever and malaise associated with bilateral proptosis and left lower limb paresis. The brain MRI revealed bilateral retro-bulbar and fronto-parieto-occipital subdural lesions. The body CT did not show extracranial lesions. A right fronto-parietal craniotomy was performed and a subtotal resection was achieved. The histopathological diagnosis was consistent with RDD. Despite the patient was commenced on high-dose corticosteroids, she developed a worsening respiratory distress syndrome and a rapid systemic disease progression with liver and kidney failure. Given the poor general status, adjuvant medical and radiation therapies were not deemed safe and feasible and the patient died of multi-organ failure a month later. CONCLUSIONS: We documented an exceptional case of primary intracranial RDD with malignant behaviour characterized by rapid systemic disease progression and poor prognosis. Although RDD with intracranial location has usually a benign and self-limiting course with good response to adjuvant treatments, it hides a malignant potential that may lead patients to death.

B lymphocytes inactivation by Ibrutinib limits endometriosis progression in mice.

STUDY QUESTION: What are the effects of B lymphocyte inactivation or depletion on the progression of endometriosis? SUMMARY ANSWER: Skewing activated B cells toward regulatory B cells (Bregs) by Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) inhibition using Ibrutinib prevents endometriosis progression in mice while B cell depletion using an anti-CD20 antibody has no effect. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: A polyclonal activation of B cells and the presence of anti-endometrial autoantibodies have been described in a large proportion of women with endometriosis though their exact role in the disease mechanisms remains unclear. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: This study included comparison of endometriosis progression for 21 days in control mice versus animals treated with the anti-CD20 depleting antibody or with the Btk inhibitor Ibrutinib that prevents B cell activation. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: After syngeneic endometrial transplantation, murine endometriotic lesions were compared between treated and control mice using volume, weight, ultrasonography, histology and target genes expression in lesions. Phenotyping of activated and regulatory B cells, T lymphocytes and macrophages was performed by flow cytometry on isolated spleen and peritoneal cells. Cytokines were assayed by ELISA. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: Btk inhibitor Ibrutinib prevented lesion growth, reduced mRNA expression of cyclooxygenase-2, alpha smooth muscle actin and type I collagen in the lesions and skewed activated B cells toward Bregs in the spleen and peritoneal cavity of mice with endometriosis. In addition, the number of M2 macrophages decreased in the peritoneal cavity of Ibrutinib-treated mice compared to anti-CD20 and control mice. Depletion of B cells using an anti-CD20 antibody had no effect on activity and growth of endometriotic lesions and neither on the macrophages, compared to control mice. LARGE SCALE DATA: N/A. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: It is still unclear whether B cell depletion by the anti-CD20 or inactivation by Ibrutinib can prevent establishment and/or progression of endometriosis in humans. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: Further investigation may contribute to clarifying the role of B cell subsets in human endometriosis. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): This research was supported by a grant of Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale and Paris Descartes University. None of the authors has any conflict of interest to disclose.

Adult and elderly population access to trauma centers: an ecological analysis evaluating the relationship between injury-related mortality and geographic proximity in the United States in 2010.

Background: Ongoing development and expansion of trauma centers in the United States necessitates empirical analysis of the effect of investment in such resources on population-level health outcomes. Methods: Multiple linear regressions were performed to predict state-level trauma-related mortality among adults and the elderly across 50 US states in 2010. The number of trauma centers per capita in each state and the percentage of each state's population living within 45-min of a trauma center served as the key independent variables and injury-related mortality served as the dependent variable. All analyses were stratified by age (adult versus elderly; elderly ≥ 65 years old) and were performed in SPSS. Results: The proportion of a population with geographic proximity to a trauma center demonstrates a consistent inverse linear relationship to injury-related mortality. The relationship reliably retains its significance in models including demographic covariates. Interestingly, access to Levels I and II trauma centers demonstrates a stronger correlation with mortality than was observed with Level III centers. Conclusion: Trauma center access is associated with reduced trauma-related mortality among both adults and the elderly as measured by state reported mortality rates. Ongoing efforts to designate and verify new trauma centers, particularly in poorly-served 'trauma deserts', could lead to lower mortality for large populations.

The role of the B lymphocytes in endometriosis: A systematic review.

The physiopathology of endometriosis is not completely understood and its progression is associated with a local and systemic inflammatory reaction. It is important to clarify the potential role of the immune system to better understand its implication in the pathogenesis of endometriosis, which includes the study of the role of B cells and antibodies. The aim of this study was to review the literature about the role of B lymphocytes in endometriosis. A search for "endometriosis", "B cells" and "B lymphocytes" in databases resulted in 140 citations; after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 22 studies were assessed. The analyzed samples in the studies varied and different markers and techniques were used by the authors to evaluate the direct or indirect role of B lymphocytes in endometriosis. Most studies demonstrated increased number and/or activation of B cells while seven studies found no difference and two studies showed decreased number of B cells. Increased B lymphocytes and excessive production of autoantibodies in endometriosis have been described in the literature, but their role in the development of the disease is not well understood. Moreover, the association of these factors with clinical symptoms, location and severity of the disease has not been investigated. Further studies are necessary to clarify the role of B cells in the development of endometriosis and propose new therapeutic strategies such as the use of drugs that target these cells.

ART is the heART: a palette of possibilities for hospice care.

Comprehensive hospice care for children who are dying or dealing with the death of a parent, sibling, or other family member must include psychologic, emotional, and spiritual support. Increasingly, the arts are being recognized as a powerful tool for this support. In 1999, WVSA arts connection, a community-based, arts and education, non-profit organization in Washington, DC, developed and launched a unique arts-in-health care program, ART is the heART. The program trains and brings artists to children and families in home or hospice care. Through ART is the heART, children learn to use the arts as a healthy and effective coping strategy. The program is now being replicated in other communities across America.

5-year results of dose-intensive sequential adjuvant chemotherapy for women with high-risk node-positive breast cancer: A phase II study.

PURPOSE: We conducted a phase II pilot study of dose-intensive adjuvant chemotherapy with doxorubicin followed sequentially by high-dose cyclophosphamide to determine the safety and feasibility of this dose-dense treatment and to estimate the disease-free and overall survival in breast cancer patients with four or more involved axillary lymph nodes. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventy-three patients received adjuvant treatment with four cycles of doxorubicin 75 mg/m(2) as an intravenous bolus every 21 days, followed by three cycles of cyclophosphamide 3,000 mg/m(2) every 14 days with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support. RESULTS: Seventy-one patients were assessable, and all but two completed all planned chemotherapy. There was no treatment-related mortality. The most common toxicity was neutropenic fever, which occurred in 39% of patients. Median disease-free survival is 66 months (95% confidence interval, 34 to 98 months), and median overall survival has not yet been reached. At 5 years of follow-up, the disease-free survival is 51.7%, and overall survival is 60.0%. There is no long-term treatment-related toxicity, and no cases of acute myelogenous leukemia or myelodysplastic syndrome have been observed. CONCLUSION: Our pilot study of doxorubicin followed by cyclophosphamide demonstrates the safety and feasibility of the sequential dose-dense plan. Long-term follow-up, although noncomparative, is promising. However, this regimen is associated with a higher incidence of toxicity (and also higher costs) than the standard dose and schedule of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, and therefore it should not be used as conventional therapy in the absence of demonstrated improvement of outcome. Randomized trials testing the dose-dense approach have been completed but not yet reported. Because the sequential plan can decrease overlapping toxicities, it is an appropriate platform for the addition of newer active agents, such as taxanes or monoclonal antibodies.

Immune response and lack of immune response to Plasmodium falciparum P126 antigen and its amino-terminal repeat in malaria-infected humans.

A parasitophorous vacuole protein of Plasmodium falciparum, p126, is a potential candidate for a malaria vaccine. Its N-terminal region, composed of six repeats of eight amino acids, appears to be involved in the induction of protective immunity against P. falciparum challenge in monkeys. This study evaluated the immune response to p126 and to its N-terminal region (Nt47) in patients (n = 45) living in a malaria-endemic area of Brazil (Colina, Porto Velho, Rondonia). Cellular proliferative responses against Nt47 were low and infrequent. The study of the humoral immune response demonstrated that 95% of the patients had detectable anti-p126 antibodies and 77% had anti-Nt47 antibodies. Analysis of the antibody isotypes specific for Nt47 revealed that all four IgG subclasses were present and individuals with higher levels of anti-Nt47 cytophilic IgG antibody (IgG1 + IgG3/IgG2 + IgG4) had significantly lower parasitemia levels, suggesting that antibodies to the N-terminal region of the p126 protein may contribute to acquisition of immunity to P. falciparum malaria.