Panoramic Reconstruction of B-mode Lung Ultrasound Images Acquired using a Longitudinal Volume Sweep Imaging Protocol.

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has already affected more than 300 million people worldwide. Medical imaging shortage affects an estimated of 4 billion people, especially in rural and remote areas (RAs), limiting diagnostic assessment of respiratory illness. Lung ultrasound imaging (LUS) together with volume sweep imaging (VSI) acquisition protocols have been successfully piloted as a solution for lung screening in RAs eliminating the need for trained operators and on-site radiologists. Nevertheless, this protocol requires the acquisition of 12 videos for 6 areas with both longitudinal and transverse positions of the transducer. Nonetheless, bandwidth limitations can hamper the transmission of these videos for remote interpretation. This work aimed to developed a stitching algorithm capable of generating a panoramic reconstruction of LUS cine clips. The results show reconstructions with minimal loss of information as 92.5% of the panoramic images conserved the presence of A-lines. These results show that LUS can be represented as an image without significantly compromising its quality. This can be useful to overcome bandwidth issues as well as improve the time on lung assessment of the patient.

Fructose Malabsorption in Chilean Children Undergoing Fructose Breath Test at a Tertiary Hospital.

ABSTRACT: Fructose is a highly abundant carbohydrate in western diet and may induce bowel symptoms in children as in adults. The main objective of this study is to describe the frequency of fructose malabsorption (FM) in symptomatic patients 18 years or younger undergoing fructose breath test in a single tertiary center between 2013 and 2018, and to evaluate whether certain symptoms are related to positivity of the test. Out of 273 tests 183 (67%) were compatible with FM. The most frequent pretest symptom in the overall study population was bloating (83%), followed by abdominal pain (73%). Patients with positive test were younger than those with a negative test (median 5 vs 8 years, P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, which included age, sex, and symptoms (diarrhea, abdominal pain, bloating, nausea), only age <6 years (odds ratio 2.93, 95% confidence interval 1.64-5.23) and absence of nausea (odds ratio = 3.32, 95% confidence interval 1.56-7.05) were associated with FM.

Association of Cow's Milk Protein Allergy Prevalence With Socioeconomic Status in a Cohort of Chilean Infants.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to compare the cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) prevalence in 2 cohorts of children from different socioeconomic strata. METHODS: Prospective birth cohort that included patients from 2 hospitals providing care for a low- and high-income population, respectively. Healthy newborns ≥34 gestational weeks were recruited and followed up to 12 months by a monthly telephone survey. If ≥2 predefined symptoms/signs suggestive of CMPA were detected, the patient was evaluated by a pediatric gastroenterologist. Diagnosis was confirmed by exclusion diet followed by open oral food challenge. RESULTS: Overall the prevalence of CMPA was 5.2%, with a 6 times higher prevalence in the high income cohort (9.2%) compared with the low-income group (1.5%; relative risk 6.2; 95% confidence interval 1.8-20.7; P = 0.0005). All the cases were non-immunoglobulin E-mediated with predominantly gastrointestinal symptoms. High-income cohort did have higher frequency of C-section, mother's previous chronic disease, mother's history of atopy/food allergy, older age, and higher educational level of parents. Parent smoking and presence of pets at home were more frequent in the low-income cohort. Multiple logistic regression showed that the high-income cohort did have older age and higher educational level of both parents. CONCLUSION: In these cohorts the prevalence of CMPA was higher than reported previously in other developing countries and significantly higher in the high-income group. Our findings were associated with sociodemographic characteristics of the parents.

Endoscopic Findings Associated With Button Battery Ingestion in Children: Do We Need to Change the Protocol for Managing Gastric Location?

BACKGROUND: Ingested button batteries (BB) can cause corrosive damage of digestive mucosa within minutes. Immediate endoscopic removal of esophageal BB has been clearly established, but the management of BB located in the stomach is still controversial. AIM: To describe demographic, clinical, radiologic, and endoscopic characteristics of a series of pediatric patients evaluated for BB ingestion. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of clinical charts belonging to children younger than 15 years, who underwent endoscopic removal of BB at Clínica Alemana of Santiago, between November 2007 and November 2011. RESULTS: Twenty-five patients subjected to upper endoscopy were analyzed; median age, 31 months; 15 were male (60%), and 11 patients (46%) were symptomatic after ingestion. The BB ingestion was confirmed by radiograph. Endoscopy revealed 10 patients with BB in the esophagus, 12 patients in the stomach and 3 distal to duodenum. Range time between ingestion and endoscopy was 2 to 10 hours for esophageal BB and 2 hours to 3 days for gastric BB. Eight of the 22 BBs removed had a diameter of 20 mm or greater, 6 of them were located in the esophagus and 2 in stomach. The BB color changes were observed in 14 of the 22 BBs. Breakage of battery edges was present in 11 of the 22 batteries. All patients with esophageal BB and 6 of those 12 with gastric BB presented mucosal damage. CONCLUSION: Esophageal BB cause damage within hours. The BB located in the stomach may also cause damage early. Extraction of gastric BB before 48 hours should be considered.

Limpieza intestinal para colonoscopia en niños: efectividad, adherencia y efectos adversos de esquemas diferenciados por edad / Intestinal cleaning for colonoscopy in children: effectiveness, adherence and adverse effects of schemes differentiated by age

La adecuada limpieza intestinal (LI) es fundamental para lograr el máximo rendimiento diagnóstico durante una colonoscopia. Existen diversos esquemas de LI, y en pediatría aún no hay consenso respecto al más adecuado. OBJETIVO: Describir la efectividad, adherencia y efectos adversos de protocolos de LI diferenciados por edad en pacientes pediátricos sometidos a colonoscopia. PACIENTES Y MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo que incluyó pacientes < 18 años sometidos a colonoscopia. Se aplicaron esquemas de LI diferenciados por edad: < 6 meses (supositorio de glicerina); 6 meses-3 años, 11 meses (polietilenglicol [PEG] 3.350 sin electrolitos); 4 años-9 años, 11 meses (PEG 3.350 sin electrolitos + bisacodilo); 10 años-18 años (PEG 3.350 con electrolitos). Se registraron datos demográficos, clínicos, adherencia y efectos adversos. La efectividad fue determinada durante colonoscopia de acuerdo con la escala previamente validada (Boston modificada). RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 159 pacientes, de los cuales 87 fueron varones (55%), mediana de edad de 4 años (rango un mes-17 años). Se logró LI exitosa en el 78% de los pacientes. La mayor efectividad se alcanzó en < 6 meses (96%) y 10-18 años (91%). El grupo de 4 años-9 años, 11 meses, que evidenció menor efectividad (69%) tuvo mayor proporción de estreñimiento previo (29%). Se obtuvo buena adherencia en el 87% de los pacientes. Se observaron efectos adversos en un tercio de los pacientes (especialmente en el grupo 10-18 años), que fueron leves y no determinaron la suspensión del medicamento. CONCLUSIONES: Con los esquemas de preparación utilizados se lograron resultados satisfactorios, obteniendo LI exitosa en 4 de cada 5 pacientes. Los resultados difirieron entre grupos, lo que podría deberse, al menos en parte, al protocolo utilizado y al hábito intestinal previo.

Adequate intestinal cleanliness is crucial to achieve optimal colonoscopy performance. Several bowel preparation (BP) schemes have been proposed, but there is still no consensus as regards which is the most suitable in paediatric patients. OBJECTIVE: To describe the effectiveness, adherence, and adverse effects of BP protocols differentiated by age group in paediatric patients subjected to colonoscopy. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Prospective, study that included patients < 18 years subjected to colonoscopy. BP protocols differentiated by age group were indicated as follows: < 6 m (glycerine suppository); 6 m-3y 11 m (poly-ethylene-glycol (PEG 3350 without electrolytes); 4y-9y 11 m (PEG 3350 without electrolytes + bisacodyl); 10 y-18 y (PEG 3350 with electrolytes). Demographic, clinical information, adherence and adverse effects were registered. Effectiveness was determined using a validated scale (Boston modified) during colonoscopy. RESULTS: A total of 159 patients were included, of which 87 (55%) were males, and with a median age of 4 years (range 1 m-17 years). Seventy eight percent of patients achieved successful BP. The higher effectiveness was observed in the groups of < 6 m (96%) and 10-18 y (91%). Constipation was significantly more frequent (29%) in the 4 yo-9 yo 11 m in which lower effectiveness was observed (69%). Good adherence was observed in 87% of patients. Adverse effects were observed in a third of patients, although they were mild and did not lead to the suspension of the BP. CONCLUSIONS: Satisfactory results were achieved with the BP schemes used, with a successful BP being obtained in 4 out of 5 patients. Results were different between groups, which is probably related to previous bowel transit and indicated medication.

[Intestinal cleaning for colonoscopy in children: effectiveness, adherence and adverse effects of schemes differentiated by age]. / Limpieza intestinal para colonoscopia en niños: efectividad, adherencia y efectos adversos de esquemas diferenciados por edad.

Adequate intestinal cleanliness is crucial to achieve optimal colonoscopy performance. Several bowel preparation (BP) schemes have been proposed, but there is still no consensus as regards which is the most suitable in paediatric patients. OBJECTIVE: To describe the effectiveness, adherence, and adverse effects of BP protocols differentiated by age group in paediatric patients subjected to colonoscopy. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Prospective, study that included patients < 18 years subjected to colonoscopy. BP protocols differentiated by age group were indicated as follows: < 6 m (glycerine suppository); 6 m-3y 11 m (poly-ethylene-glycol (PEG 3350 without electrolytes); 4y-9y 11 m (PEG 3350 without electrolytes + bisacodyl); 10 y-18 y (PEG 3350 with electrolytes). Demographic, clinical information, adherence and adverse effects were registered. Effectiveness was determined using a validated scale (Boston modified) during colonoscopy. RESULTS: A total of 159 patients were included, of which 87 (55%) were males, and with a median age of 4 years (range 1 m-17 years). Seventy eight percent of patients achieved successful BP. The higher effectiveness was observed in the groups of < 6 m (96%) and 10-18 y (91%). Constipation was significantly more frequent (29%) in the 4 yo-9 yo 11 m in which lower effectiveness was observed (69%). Good adherence was observed in 87% of patients. Adverse effects were observed in a third of patients, although they were mild and did not lead to the suspension of the BP. CONCLUSIONS: Satisfactory results were achieved with the BP schemes used, with a successful BP being obtained in 4 out of 5 patients. Results were different between groups, which is probably related to previous bowel transit and indicated medication.

Accuracy of a Genetic Test for the Diagnosis of Hypolactasia in Chilean Children: Comparison With the Breath Test.

BACKGROUND: Lactase nonpersistence (LNP) in humans is a genetically determined trait. This age-dependent decrease of lactase expression is most frequently caused by single nucleotide polymorphisms in the regulatory region of the lactase (LCT) gene. The homozygous LCT-13,910C/C genotype (rs 4988235) predominates in Caucasian adults with LNP, and is useful for its diagnosis in this population. The accuracy of this genetic test (GT) has not been completely established in children or in a Latin-American population. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to determine diagnostic accuracy of GT for LNP in Chilean children using the lactose breath test (BT) as a reference, and to compare diagnostic yield in preschool- (<6 years) and in school-age (≥6 years) children. METHODS: Children referred for BT for diagnosis of lactose malabsorption to the Gastroenterology Laboratory at Clínica Alemana, Santiago, from October 2011 to March 2012 were invited to participate. After informed consent, symptom questionnaires, both historic and post lactose ingestion were completed. H2 and CH4 in expired air and -13,910 C>T single nucleotide polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction, restriction enzyme analysis, and/or Sanger sequencing were determined. GT accuracy was calculated compared to BT as reference method. Diagnostic yield of GT in preschool- and school-age children was compared. RESULTS: Lactose malabsorption was detected by BT in 42 of 60 children (70%). Genotype -13,910C/C was identified in 41 of 60 patients (68%). GT showed 80% sensitivity, 63% specificity, and 74% accuracy for LNP in the preschool population. In school-age children values were higher, 85%, 80%, and 84%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: GT results were significantly concordant with BT results for hypolactasia detection in Chilean children, particularly in those of age 6 years and older.

[General considerations, indications and contraindications for liver transplantation in Chile: a multicenter consensus development document]. / Trasplante hepático en Chile: Aspectos generales, indicaciones y contraindicaciones (Documento de consenso).

Liver transplantation is an excellent therapeutic option for terminal liver disease. During the last decades the results of liver transplantation have improved significantly with a patient survival rate of nearly 90% at one year and 80% at 5 years of follow-up. The main indications for liver transplantation include: end-stage liver disease associated to cirrhosis, acute liver failure, and hepatic tumors (mainly hepatocarcinoma). The absolute contraindications for a transplant are less frequent than in the past, and include: severe co-morbidity (cardiac or pulmonary), sepsis, advanced HIV disease and extra-hepatic malignancy. This document presents a Consensus of the main groups performing liver transplantation in Chile, about its indications and contraindications. It also reviews general aspects of liver transplantation, including the selection and referral of liver transplant candidates, allocation of organs and the evaluation of severity of liver disease.

Trasplante hepático en Chile: Aspectos generales, indicaciones y contraindicaciones (Documento de consenso) / General considerations, indications and contraindications for liver transplantation in Chile: A multicenter consensus development document

Liver transplantation is an excellent therapeutic option for terminal liver disease. During the last decades the results of liver transplantation have improved significantly with a patient survival rate of nearly 90 percent at one year and 80 percent at 5 years of follow-up. The main indications for liver transplantation include: end-stage liver disease associated to cirrhosis, acute liver failure, and hepatic tumors (mainly hepatocarcinoma). The absolute contraindications for a transplant are less frequent than in the past, and include: severe co-morbidity (cardiac or pulmonary), sepsis, advanced HIV disease and extra-hepatic malignancy. This document presents a Consensus of the main groups performing liver transplantation in Chile, about its indications and contraindications. It also reviews general aspects of liver transplantation, including the selection and referral of liver transplant candidates, allocation of organs and the evaluation of severity of liver disease.

Safety and immunogenicity of a combined hepatitis B virus-Haemophilus influenzae type B vaccine comprising a synthetic antigen in healthy adults.

The combined HB-Hib vaccine candidate Hebervac HB-Hib (CIGB, La Habana), comprising recombinant HBsAg and tetanus toxoid conjugate synthetic PRP antigens has shown to be highly immunogenic in animal models. A phase I open, controlled, randomized clinical trial was carried out to assess the safety and immunogenicity profile of this bivalent vaccine in 25 healthy adults who were positive for antibody to HBsAg (anti-HBs). The trial was performed according to Good Clinical Practices and Guidelines. Volunteers were randomly allocated to receive the combined vaccine or simultaneous administration of HB vaccine Heberbiovac-HB and Hib vaccine QuimiHib (CIGB, La Habana). All individuals were intramuscularly immunized with a unique dose of 10 microg HBsAg plus 10 microg conjugated synthetic PRP. Adverse events were actively recorded after vaccine administration. Total anti-HBs and IgG anti-PRP antibody titers were evaluated using commercial ELISA kits at baseline and 30 days post-vaccination. The combined vaccine candidate was safe and well tolerated. The most common adverse reactions were local pain, febricula, fever and local erythema. These reactions were all mild in intensity and resolved without medical treatment. Adverse events were mostly reported during the first 6-72 hours post-vaccination. There were no serious adverse events during the study. No severe or unexpected events were either recorded during the trial. The combined vaccine elicited an anti-HBs and anti-PRP booster response in 100% of subjects at day 30 of the immunization schedule. Anti-HBs and anti-PRP antibody levels had at least a two-fold increase compared to baseline sera. Even more, anti-HBs antibody titer showed a four-fold increase in 100% of volunteers in the study group. The results indicate that the combined HB-Hib vaccine produces increased antibody levels in healthy adults who have previously been exposed to these two antigens. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of safety and immunogenicity for a combined vaccine comprising recombinant HBV and synthetic Hib antigens. The present results support phase I-II clinical trial in the target population, two months old healthy infants.

Immunogenicity and safety assessment of the Cuban recombinant hepatitis B vaccine in healthy adults.

Manufactures of biotechnological/biological products (including vaccines) frequently make changes to manufacturing processes of products both during development and after approval. In our case, a non-inferiority bridging study was carried out to demonstrate that changes in the production plant facilities of Cuban recombinant hepatitis B vaccine, Heberbiovac HB, did not affect the safety and immunogenicity of the vaccine. This controlled, randomized, doubled-blinded trial included 501 volunteers, aged between 20 and 64, who were given three doses of vaccine (20 microg HBsAg/mL) at month 0, 1, and 2. Four lots were evaluated (three corresponding to the new production facilities and a control one produced in the older facilities). One month after the third dose, were observed protective levels of anti-HBsAg in 97% of the subjects that concluded the study with a geometric mean antibody titer (GMT) of 931.18 IU/L. Normal values of body mass index (BMI), the younger ages, and being a female, were significantly related to a good antibody response. The vaccine was well tolerated. Pain at the injection site was the most commonly reported symptom. We conclude that Heberbiovac HB vaccine maintains its characteristics after the modifications carried out in the production plant facilities and both, lot obtained in previous facilities and in the new ones, are comparable in terms of safety and immunogenicity.

[Sirolimus for rescue of recurrent acute rejection and diabetes mellitus after liver transplantation: report of one case]. / Rescate con Sirolimus por rechazo agudo recurrente y diabetes mellitus en trasplante hepático. Caso clínico pediátrico.

Sirolimus (SRL) is a new immunosuppressive drug approved for renal transplantation, but is being used increasingly in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). Compared with the calcineurin inhibitors, SRL has different mechanisms of action and side effects profile. Thus, this drug offers significant potential advantages over other immunosuppressive agents. SRL does not cause glucose intolerance, hypertension or renal failure, but it may cause dyslipidemia, hepatic artery thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, anemia, leukopenia, oral mucosa ulcers, edema, arthralgias and wound complications. SRL inhibits the signal of interleukin 2 at a post-receptor level, inhibiting lymphocyte proliferation and fibroblast proliferation. It also has antineoplastic and antifungal effects. We report a 10 years old girl who underwent OLT, experiencing a biopsy-proven recurrent acute rejection (AR) in spite of using three immunosuppressive agents (tacrolimus, mofetil micofenolate and steroids). She developed diabetes mellitus as a consequence of the immunosuppressive therapy. She was rescued with SRL, not experiencing AR again. Mofetil micofenolate, steroids and insulin could be discontinued and tacrolimus doses were reduced, without experiencing severe complications. SRL is a new and safe immunosuppressive agent for rescue in patients with OLT and recurrent AR.

[Risk markers for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and duration of exposure to gluten in celiac patients]. / Tiempo de exposición al gluten y marcadores de riesgo de diabetes mellitus insulino dependiente en pacientes celíacos.

BACKGROUND: Celiac patients are at high risk of developing insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, a condition that has a long pre-diabetic period. During this lapse, anti-islet cell antibodies serve as markers for future disease. This may be related with the duration of the exposure to gluten. AIM: To test the hypothesis that long term adherence to a gluten free diet decreases the frequency of risk markers for insulin dependent diabetes mellitus during adolescence and early adulthood. PATIENTS AND METHODS: 158 celiac patients were classified as: G1, (n=30 patients) studied at the time of diagnosis; G2 (n=97 patients) exposed to gluten as a result of non compliance with the gluten free diet and, G3 (n=31 patients) who had maintained a long term, strict gluten free diet. Isotype IgG anti-islet cell antibodies were detected by indirect immunofluorescence using monkey pancreas, results were reported in Juvenile Diabetes Foundation (JDF) units. RESULTS: Celiac patients exposed to a gluten containing diet had a significantly higher prevalence of anti-islet cell antibodies than those who had been exposed only briefly (p < 0.017). In addition, a significantly higher prevalence of anti-islet cell antibodies was observed in those patients whose exposure to gluten was longer than 5 years than in those whose exposure was shorter (p < 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Celiac patients long exposed to gluten have a significantly higher prevalence of anti-islet cell antibodies than those exposed for a short period. This fact supports the hypothesis that the development of these antibodies is associated with the length of the exposure to gluten.

Niveles plasmáticos de vitamina D e ingesta de calcio en niños celiacos: factores de riesgo para su salud futura / Calcium intake and vitamin D plasmatic levels in celiac children: risk factors for their future life

Objetivo: Evaluar los niveles plasmáticos de vitamina D y la ingesta de calcio en pacientes celíacos. Material y Método: 25 pacientes celíacos (20 mujeres y 5 hombres, de 5 a 15 años de edad) con una buena adhesión al régimen libre de gluten de al menos los dos últimos años. La ingesta de calcio se evaluó mediante tres encuestas de recordatorio de 24 horas. La 25 OH vitamina D se determinó mediante RIA (INCSTAR). Resultados: Un 80 por ciento de los pacientes presentó una ingesta de calcio insuficiente de acuerdo al consenso del NIH; en los menores de 10 años la ingesta promedio fue de 866 ( 423 y en los mayores de 11 años 605 ( 237 mg/día. Se encontró déficit de vitamina D (<37.5 nmol/L ó 15 ng/mL) en 5 de los casos (20 por ciento), de los cuales 4 corresponden a muestras tomadas en invierno y una en verano. En dos casos el déficit fue severo <20 nmoles/L (<8 ng/ml). Conclusión: En pacientes celíacos evaluados la hipovitaminosis D y la ingesta insuficiente de calcio fueron situaciones frecuentes, lo que puede producir el déficit de masa ósea detectado en estos pacientes y facilitar el desarrollo futuro de osteoporosis y diabetes. Se recomienda evaluar los niveles de vitamina D y la ingesta de calcio como parte del control de estos pacientes y en caso necesario efectuar una suplementación con calcio y vitamina D.

[Tissue anti-transglutaminase antibodies: a better test to detect minor dietary transgressions in celiac patients?]. / Anticuerpos anti-transglutaminasa tisular: una mejor prueba para detectar transgresiones menores de la dieta en pacientes celíacos?

BACKGROUND: Endomysium antibodies (EMA) do not detect minor dietary transgressions in patients with celiac disease. AIM: To compare the sensitivity and specificity of tissue transglutaminase antibodies (tTGA) and endomysium antibodies (EMA) in biopsy proven celiac patients at the time of diagnosis and during gluten free diet (GFD). PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred fifty three subjects were studied: a) 30 healthy controls; b) 9 cases with cow's milk allergy; c) 24 celiac patients at time of diagnosis; d) 25 celiac patients adhering to the GFD; e) 65 celiac patients with poor/no adhesion to GFD. EMA and tTGA IgA were measured by immunofluorescence and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS: Sensitivity and specificity were 100% and 97.4% for tTGA, respectively. All patients with cow's milk allergy were EMA (-) and 8 of 9 (88.9%) were tTGA (-). In celiac patients not adhering to the GFD, EMA and tTGA positivity were similar (80% and 81.5%, respectively); 95.4% of the subjects tested positive for at least one of them. All patients adhering to GFD were EMA (-) but tTGA were (+) in 28% of them. CONCLUSIONS: EMA and tTGA have similar sensitivity and specificity at the time of diagnosis of celiac disease. Positive tTGA in 28% of patients that adhered strictly to the GFD and whose EMA were negative suggest that tTGA may be helpful in detecting minor dietary transgressions and should be further evaluated.

[Combined liver-kidney transplantation: report of a case]. / Trasplante combinado hepato-renal: a propósito de un caso.

End stage renal disease is not an absolute contraindication for liver transplantation (LT) in patients with end stage liver disease. Actuarial patient and graft survival are comparable for children and adults who undergo LT alone and liver-kidney transplantation (LKT). The most common indications for LKT are the primary hyperoxaluria type I (PH1) and the liver and renal polycystic disease. We report a 12 years old boy with congenital hepatic fibrosis with severe portal hypertension, encephalopathy and polycystic kidney disease with end stage renal disease on dialysis that underwent LKT. During the second postoperative week, he had a biopsy-proven acute liver and renal rejection, that had a good response to corticosteroids. Thirty days after surgery, the liver biopsy was without rejection. No other complications were observed.

La interpretación de la transferencia negativa y el fortalecimiento del vínculo terapéutico / The negative transference interpretation and the strengthening of the therapeutic bond

La importancia del vínculo terapeuta paciente en el proceso analítico ha sido ampliamente debatido e investigado desde Freud hasta la actualidad. Es motivo de controversia si es la interpretación, (como el elemento fundamental de la técnica) o la calidad del vínculo, el factor curativo determinante y responsable del cambio psíquico, en el desarrollo de cualquier psicoterapia psicoanalítica. Hallazgos, empíricos asocian interpretación temprana de la transferencia negativa y resultados satisfactorios en psicoterapia. Safran et al., han encontrado en sus investigaciones que la reparación de las rupturas de la alianza terapéutica y la comprensión de estos ciclos ruptura-reparación, influirían en resultados exitosos. Nuestro trabajo propone que los hallazgos empíricos coinciden plenamente con lo que el psicoanálisis, especialmente el kleiniano, considera que hay que trabajar sistemáticamente: esto es, el descubrimiento e interpretación precoz de la transferencia negativa. Se analizan aspectos clínicos de una psicoterapia psicoanalítica focal, y se discuten los resultados observados en una entrevista de seguimiento después de un año de finalizada la psicoterapia

La dieta sin gluten del celíaco ¿afecta la dieta familiar? / Does a gluten free diet affects the celiac patientïs family diet?

En 59 pacientes celíacos (12-28 años) se estudió la adherencia a la dieta sin gluten y el estado nutricional (al diagnóstico y en la actualidad), por antropometría (P/E, P/T y T/E en < 15 años e IMC en > 15 años). En 136 de sus familiares se evaluó el estado nutricional, la ingesta, la adecuación según requerimientos y el patrón de consumo de alimentos. Pacientes: todos se consideraron asintomáticos; solo 24,1 por ciento seguía la dieta estrictamente; 15 por ciento presentaban desnutrición leve mientras que 19,3 por ciento tenían sobrepeso/obesidad. Familiares: ninguno presentaba desnutrición, 12 por ciento de los < 15 años y 23,5 por ciento de los > 15 años tenían sobrepeso/obesidad. La ingesta de nutrientes principales estaba entre los P50-P75 descritos para población chilena; el pan y cereales fueron las mayores fuentes energéticas. Los resultados sugieren que tanto los pacientes celíacos > 12 años como sus familiares no presentan riesgo nutricional; más bien, siguen la tendencia a sobrepeso/obesidad de la población chilena actual

Masa ósea en pacientes con enfermedad celiaca / Bone mass in celiac patients

Se evaluó el contenido mineral óseo mediante la técnica de densitometría biofotónica (densitómetro modelo Norland 2600, Gd153) en cuerpo entero, columna lumbar y cadera, en diecisiete pacientes celiacas (entre 6 y 12 años de edad) con buena adhesión al tratamiento dietético. El diagnóstico de la enfermedad había sido hecho antes de los 30 meses en el 50 por ciento de los casos y el tiempo de tratamiento en promedio era de 69,8 ñ 36 meses. El grupo control estuvo formado por 48 escolares de igual edad y sexo seleccionados al azar de un colegio de nivel socieconómico medio. Los resultados de masa ósea total (MOT) y de densidad mineral ósea (DMO) en celiacos y controles se calcularon como puntaje z con respecto a los valores de referencia establecidos previamente por los autores en población escolar chilena. Las pacientes celiacas tuvieron significativamente menor MOT y DMO que las controles en cuerpo entro (-1.11 ñ 0.94 vs 0.00 ñ 0.85 y 0.59 ñ 0.76 vs -0.06 ñ 0.84 respectivamente) y en columna (-0.79 ñ 1.04 vs 0.003 ñ 0.92 y 1.49 ñ 0.99 vs 0.06 ñ 0.87 respectivamente). En cadera sólo se encontraron diferencias significativas en MOT de cuello femoral (-0.62 ñ 1.28 vs -0.08 ñ 0.82, sin diferencias en la DMO. A pesar de un diagnóstico temprano y la buena adhesión al tratamiento libre de gluten se encontró un déficit en la masa ósea de pacientes celiacas, que no puede atribuirse solamente a su menor estatura. No es posible identificar los mecanismos involucrados en la producción de éste déficit, pero si señalar a las pacientes celiacas como un grupo con mayor riesgo de desarrollar osteoporósis en su vida futura, hecho que debe ser considerado en el tratamiento de esta enfermedad