RESUMEN
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) encompasses brain malignancies marked by phenotypic and transcriptional heterogeneity thought to render these tumors aggressive, resistant to therapy, and inevitably recurrent. However, little is known about how the spatial organization of GBM genomes underlies this heterogeneity and its effects. Here, we compile a cohort of 28 patient-derived glioblastoma stem cell-like lines (GSCs) known to reflect the properties of their tumor-of-origin; six of these were primary-relapse tumor pairs from the same patient. We generate and analyze 5 kbp-resolution chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) data from all GSCs to systematically map thousands of standalone and complex structural variants (SVs) and the multitude of neoloops arising as a result. By combining Hi-C, histone modification, and gene expression data with chromatin folding simulations, we explain how the pervasive, uneven, and idiosyncratic occurrence of neoloops sustains tumor-specific transcriptional programs via the formation of new enhancer-promoter contacts. We also show how even moderately recurrent neoloops can relate to patient-specific vulnerabilities. Together, our data provide a resource for dissecting GBM biology and heterogeneity, as well as for informing therapeutic approaches.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Encefálicas , Cromatina , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Glioblastoma , Glioblastoma/genética , Glioblastoma/patología , Humanos , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Cromatina/metabolismo , Cromatina/genética , Células Madre Neoplásicas/metabolismo , Células Madre Neoplásicas/patología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Heterogeneidad Genética , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas/genética , Transcripción Genética , Elementos de Facilitación Genéticos/genética , Cromosomas Humanos/genéticaRESUMEN
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are responsible for the production of blood and immune cells. Throughout life, HSPCs acquire oncogenic aberrations that can cause hematological cancers. Although molecular programs maintaining stem cell integrity have been identified, safety mechanisms eliminating malignant HSPCs from the stem cell pool remain poorly characterized. Here, we show that HSPCs constitutively present antigens via major histocompatibility complex class II. The presentation of immunogenic antigens, as occurring during malignant transformation, triggers bidirectional interactions between HSPCs and antigen-specific CD4+ T cells, causing stem cell proliferation, differentiation, and specific exhaustion of aberrant HSPCs. This immunosurveillance mechanism effectively eliminates transformed HSPCs from the hematopoietic system, thereby preventing leukemia onset. Together, our data reveal a bidirectional interaction between HSPCs and CD4+ T cells, demonstrating that HSPCs are not only passive receivers of immunological signals but also actively engage in adaptive immune responses to safeguard the integrity of the stem cell pool.
Asunto(s)
Presentación de Antígeno , Células Madre Hematopoyéticas , Diferenciación Celular , Linfocitos TRESUMEN
Novel tick-borne phleboviruses in the Phenuiviridae family, which are highly pathogenic in humans and all closely related to Uukuniemi virus (UUKV), have recently emerged on different continents. How phleboviruses assemble, bud, and exit cells remains largely elusive. Here, we performed high-resolution, label-free mass spectrometry analysis of UUKV immunoprecipitated from cell lysates and identified 39 cellular partners interacting with the viral envelope glycoproteins. The importance of these host factors for UUKV infection was validated by silencing each host factor by RNA interference. This revealed Golgi-specific brefeldin A-resistance guanine nucleotide exchange factor 1 (GBF1), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor resident in the Golgi, as a critical host factor required for the UUKV life cycle. An inhibitor of GBF1, Golgicide A, confirmed the role of the cellular factor in UUKV infection. We could pinpoint the GBF1 requirement to UUKV replication and particle assembly. When the investigation was extended to viruses from various positive and negative RNA viral families, we found that not only phleboviruses rely on GBF1 for infection, but also Flavi-, Corona-, Rhabdo-, and Togaviridae In contrast, silencing or blocking GBF1 did not abrogate infection by the human adenovirus serotype 5 and immunodeficiency retrovirus type 1, the replication of both requires nuclear steps. Together our results indicate that UUKV relies on GBF1 for viral replication, assembly and egress. This study also highlights the proviral activity of GBF1 in the infection by a broad range of important zoonotic RNA viruses.