Randomized Controlled Trial of a Remote Coaching mHealth Adherence Intervention in Youth Living with HIV.

Youth living with HIV (YLWH) in the US have low rates of viral suppression (VS). In a prospective randomized clinical trial (ATN152) that enrolled 89 YLWH on antiretroviral therapy (ART) with detectable viral load, we evaluated a 12 week triggered escalating real-time adherence (TERA) intervention with remote coaching, electronic dose monitoring (EDM), and outreach for missed/delayed doses compared to standard of care (SOC). Median [Q1, Q3] percent days with EDM opening was higher in TERA (72% (47%, 89%)) versus SOC (41% (21%, 59%); p < 0.001) and incidence of numbers of 7 day gaps between openings were lower (TERA to SOC ratio: 0.40; 95% CI 0.30, 0.53; p < 0.001). There were no differences in VS at week 12 (TERA 35%; 95% CI 21%, 51% versus SOC 36%; 95% CI 22%, 51%; p > 0.99) or later time-points. The intervention improved adherence but not VS in heavily ART-experienced YLWH. Remote coaching more closely tailored to the unique dosing patterns and duration of need for youth struggling to reach VS warrants further investigation.

Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of the Broadly Neutralizing Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-1 Monoclonal Antibody VRC01 in HIV-Exposed Newborn Infants.

BACKGROUND: Although mother-to-child human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission has dramatically decreased with maternal antiretroviral therapy, breast milk transmission accounts for most of the 180 000 new infant HIV infections annually. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAb) may further reduce transmission. METHODS: A Phase 1 safety and pharmacokinetic study was conducted: a single subcutaneous (SC) dose of 20 or 40 mg/kg (Dose Groups 1 and 2, respectively) of the bNAb VRC01 was administered to HIV-exposed infants soon after birth. Breastfeeding infants (Dose Group 3) received 40 mg/kg SC VRC01 after birth and then 20 mg/kg/dose SC monthly. All infants received appropriate antiretroviral prophylaxis. RESULTS: Forty infants were enrolled (21 in the United States, 19 in Africa). Subcutaneous VRC01 was safe and well tolerated with only mild-to-moderate local reactions, primarily erythema, which rapidly resolved. For multiple-dose infants, local reactions decreased with subsequent injections. VRC01 was rapidly absorbed after administration, with peak concentrations 1-6 days postdose. The 40 mg/kg dose resulted in 13 of 14 infants achieving the serum 50 micrograms (mcg)/mL target at day 28. Dose Group 3 infants maintained concentrations greater than 50 mcg/mL throughout breastfeeding. CONCLUSIONS: Subcutaneous VRC01 as single or multiple doses is safe and well tolerated in very young infants and is suitable for further study to prevent HIV transmission in infants.

Clinical care of the exposed infants of HIV-infected mothers.

Infants born to HIV-infected mothers are at risk for mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Since the beginning of the epidemic, medical advances have dramatically reduced transmission rates from the mother to the child. Clinical care of the HIV-exposed infant involves unique management considerations. Clinicians caring for these infants must be knowledgeable about postexposure antiretroviral prophylaxis, understand the HIV diagnostic testing necessary to determine the infant's HIV status, and be able to provide relevant anticipatory guidance. This article presents the pertinent management considerations needed for clinicians to provide optimal care to the HIV-exposed infant.

Trends in perinatal HIV prevention in New York City, 1994-2003.

OBJECTIVES: We examined trends in perinatal HIV prevention interventions in New York City implemented during 1994 to 2003 to ascertain the success of the interventions in reducing perinatal transmission. METHODS: We used data obtained from infant records at 22 hospitals. We used multiple logistic regression to analyze factors associated with prenatal care and perinatal HIV transmission. RESULTS: We analyzed data for 4729 perinatally HIV-exposed singleton births. Of mothers with prenatal care data, 92% had prenatal care. The overall proportion who received prenatal care and were diagnosed with HIV before delivery was 86% in 1994 to 1996 and 90% in 1997 to 2003. Use of prenatal antiretrovirals among mothers who received prenatal care was 63% in 1994 to 1996 and 82% in 1997 to 2003. From 1994 to 2003, cesarean births among the entire sample increased from 15% to 55%. During 1997 to 2003, the perinatal HIV transmission rate among the entire sample was 7%; 45% of mothers of infected infants had missed opportunities for perinatal HIV prevention. During 1997 to 2003, maternal illicit drug use was significantly associated with lack of prenatal care. Lack of prenatal, intrapartum, and neonatal antiretrovirals; maternal illicit drug use; and low birthweight were significantly associated with perinatal HIV transmission. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions for perinatal HIV prevention can successfully decrease HIV transmission rates. Ongoing perinatal HIV surveillance allows for monitoring the implementation of guidelines to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV and determining factors that may contribute to perinatal HIV transmission.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy successfully treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy and cidofovir in an adolescent infected with perinatal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is an infectious demyelinating brain disease caused by the JC virus that is associated with significant morbidity and mortality in the immunocompromised host. We report a case of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy successfully treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy and cidofovir in an adolescent patient perinatally infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Helicobacter pylori prevalence among indigenous peoples of South America.

The seroprevalence of Helicobacter pylori among secluded Indian populations of South America was determined to gain insight into the evolutionary history and possible transmission patterns of the organism. Serum samples obtained from 1024 donors in 22 different villages were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for immunoglobulin G antibodies, and the results were confirmed by Western blot. The overall seroprevalence was 92%: >80% of children tested positive by 3 years of age, the highest prevalence in populations studied to date. Comparison of H. pylori prevalence with that of herpes simplex virus type 1, which is known to be transmitted orally, demonstrated a linear correlation in their prevalence rates, suggesting that these pathogens share risk factors. However, H. pylori seroprevalence was consistently higher, indicating that additional routes of transmission exist and/or that the organism is more transmissible. Seroprevalence did not correlate with the length of contact with the outside world. These results suggest that H. pylori was indigenous to the South American Indians and was not introduced by contact with outsiders.

Predictors of cytomegalovirus disease among pediatric transplant recipients within one year of renal transplantation.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is the most important opportunistic infection in renal transplant recipients and is associated with an increased risk of rejection. Infection can be acquired post-operatively (from the transplanted organ) or from re-activation of latent disease. To identify risk factors for CMV disease in a pediatric population within 1 yr of renal transplant, and to generate hypotheses for the pathogenesis of CMV disease in this population, a review of all recipients from 1992 to 1998 in a children's hospital in Atlanta, Georgia, was undertaken. Medical records of 73 transplants performed on 72 patients were reviewed: nine (12.7%) of 72 individuals, after 73 procedures developed CMV disease. Median time to onset of CMV disease was 52 days post-transplant (range = 15-95 days). Receipts of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), demographic factors, and use of cadaveric kidneys were not associated with a significantly elevated risk of CMV disease. Positive donor CMV serostatus was associated with CMV disease (uni-variate relative risk [RR] = 8.52, Fisher's Exact Test [FET] p = 0.010). Patients with transplants in October or November had a higher risk of developing CMV disease (four of 13; 30.8%) than patients transplanted in other months (five of 60, 8.3%); RR = 3.69; p = 0.047, FET). Most transplants of patients who did not develop CMV disease were performed in January through August (48/64; 75.0%); only 25.0% were performed in September through December. In contrast, six of nine (66.7%) transplants in patients who subsequently developed CMV disease were performed in September through December (p = 0.018, FET). Donor CMV-positive serostatus and transplant in October and November continued to be independently associated with an increased risk of CMV disease when controlled for other factors. The association of transplant in October and November with CMV disease in November-January may be related to an increased risk of seasonal community CMV exposure and primary CMV infection during the peak season for CMV circulation, with subsequent immune suppression promoting progression to disease. Alternatively, co-infection with seasonal pathogens after exposure from an infected donor during the period of immune suppression may promote progression from CMV infection to CMV disease. Further studies should be undertaken to explore these and other hypotheses, which may have implications for determination of a need for anti-viral prophylaxis.