RESUMEN
Identification of Aedes aegypti breeding hotspots is essential for the implementation of targeted vector control strategies and thus the prevention of several mosquito-borne diseases worldwide. Training computer vision models on satellite and street view imagery in the municipality of Rio de Janeiro, we analyzed the correlation between the density of common breeding grounds and Aedes aegypti infestation measured by ovitraps on a monthly basis between 2019 and 2022. Our findings emphasized the significance (p ≤ 0.05) of micro-habitat proxies generated through object detection, allowing to explain high spatial variance in urban abundance of Aedes aegypti immatures. Water tanks, non-mounted car tires, plastic bags, potted plants, and storm drains positively correlated with Aedes aegypti egg and larva counts considering a 1000 m mosquito flight range buffer around 2700 ovitrap locations, while dumpsters, small trash bins, and large trash bins exhibited a negative association. This complementary application of satellite and street view imagery opens the pathway for high-resolution interpolation of entomological surveillance data and has the potential to optimize vector control strategies. Consequently it supports the mitigation of emerging infectious diseases transmitted by Aedes aegypti, such as dengue, chikungunya, and Zika, which cause thousands of deaths each year.
Asunto(s)
Aedes , Mosquitos Vectores , Animales , Aedes/fisiología , Mosquitos Vectores/fisiología , Brasil , Imágenes Satelitales/métodos , Ciudades , Control de Mosquitos/métodos , Cruzamiento , Ecosistema , Larva/fisiologíaRESUMEN
High glucose concentration in the airway surface liquid (ASL) is an important feature of diabetes that predisposes to respiratory infections. We investigated the role of alveolar epithelial SGLT1 activity on ASL glucose concentration and bacterial proliferation. Non-diabetic and diabetic rats were intranasally treated with saline, isoproterenol (to increase SGLT1 activity) or phlorizin (to decrease SGLT1 activity); 2 hours later, glucose concentration and bacterial proliferation (methicillin-resistant Sthaphylococcus aureus, MRSA and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. aeruginosa) were analyzed in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL); and alveolar SGLT1 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. BAL glucose concentration and bacterial proliferation increased in diabetic animals: isoproterenol stimulated SGLT1 migration to luminal membrane, and reduced (50%) the BAL glucose concentration; whereas phlorizin increased the BAL glucose concentration (100%). These regulations were accompanied by parallel changes of in vitro MRSA and P. aeruginosa proliferation in BAL (r = 0.9651 and r = 0.9613, respectively, Pearson correlation). The same regulations were observed in in vivo P. aeruginosa proliferation. In summary, the results indicate a relationship among SGLT1 activity, ASL glucose concentration and pulmonary bacterial proliferation. Besides, the study highlights that, in situations of pulmonary infection risk, such as in diabetic subjects, increased SGLT1 activity may prevent bacterial proliferation whereas decreased SGLT1 activity can exacerbate it.
Asunto(s)
Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/metabolismo , Glucosa/metabolismo , Pulmón/metabolismo , Neumonía Bacteriana/metabolismo , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/metabolismo , Transportador 1 de Sodio-Glucosa/genética , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/metabolismo , Aloxano , Células Epiteliales Alveolares/efectos de los fármacos , Células Epiteliales Alveolares/metabolismo , Células Epiteliales Alveolares/microbiología , Animales , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar/química , Líquido del Lavado Bronquioalveolar/microbiología , Broncodilatadores/farmacología , Recuento de Colonia Microbiana , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/inducido químicamente , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/complicaciones , Diabetes Mellitus Experimental/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Isoproterenol/farmacología , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Pulmón/microbiología , Pulmón/patología , Masculino , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/efectos de los fármacos , Staphylococcus aureus Resistente a Meticilina/crecimiento & desarrollo , Florizina/farmacología , Neumonía Bacteriana/complicaciones , Neumonía Bacteriana/genética , Neumonía Bacteriana/patología , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/complicaciones , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/genética , Infecciones por Pseudomonas/patología , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efectos de los fármacos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Transportador 1 de Sodio-Glucosa/agonistas , Transportador 1 de Sodio-Glucosa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Transportador 1 de Sodio-Glucosa/metabolismo , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/complicaciones , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/genética , Infecciones Estafilocócicas/patologíaRESUMEN
The histone H4 from Trypanosomatids diverged from other eukaryotes in the N-terminus, a region that undergoes post-translation modifications involved in the control of gene expression, DNA replication, and chromatin assembly. Nonetheless, the N-terminus of Trypanosoma cruzi histone H4 is mainly acetylated at lysine 4. The lysines 10 and 14 are also acetylated, although at less extent, increasing during the S-phase or after DNA damage, which suggests a regulatory function. Here, we investigated the roles of these acetylations by expressing non-acetylated forms of histone H4 in T. cruzi. We found that histone H4 containing arginines at positions 10 or 14, to prevent acetylation were transported to the nucleus and inserted into the chromatin. However, their presence, even at low levels, interfered with DNA replication and transcription, causing a significant growth arrest of the cells. The absence of acetylation also increased the amount of soluble endogenous histones H3 and H4 and affected the interaction with Asf1, a histone chaperone. Therefore, acetylation of lysines 10 and 14 of the histone H4 in trypanosomes could be required for chromatin assembly and/or remodeling required for transcription and replication.
Asunto(s)
Replicación del ADN , Chaperonas de Histonas/metabolismo , Histonas/metabolismo , Proteínas Protozoarias/metabolismo , Transcripción Genética , Trypanosoma cruzi/genética , Acetilación , Transporte Activo de Núcleo Celular , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Ensamble y Desensamble de Cromatina , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Histona Acetiltransferasas/metabolismo , Lisina/química , Procesamiento Proteico-PostraduccionalRESUMEN
The phosphorylation of the carboxy-terminal heptapeptide repeats of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) controls several transcription-related events in eukaryotes. Trypanosomatids lack these typical repeats and display an unusual transcription control. RNA Pol II associates with the transcription site of the spliced leader (SL) RNA, which is used in the trans-splicing of all mRNAs transcribed on long polycistronic units. We found that Trypanosoma cruzi RNA Pol II associated with chromatin is highly phosphorylated. When transcription is inhibited by actinomycin D, the enzyme runs off from SL genes, remaining hyperphosphorylated and associated with polycistronic transcription units. Upon heat shock, the enzyme is dephosphorylated and remains associated with the chromatin. Transcription is partially inhibited with the accumulation of housekeeping precursor mRNAs, except for heat shock genes. DNA damage caused dephosphorylation and transcription arrest, with RNA Pol II dissociating from chromatin although staying at the SL. In the presence of calyculin A, the hyperphosphorylated form detached from chromatin, including the SL loci. These results indicate that in trypanosomes, the unusual RNA Pol II is phosphorylated during the transcription of SL and polycistronic operons. Different types of stresses modify its phosphorylation state, affecting pre-RNA processing.