In vitro Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Potential of Salvia officinalis L. against Oral Pathogens / Avaliação in vitro do Potencial Antimicrobiano da Salvia officinalis L. Frente a Patógenos Orais

The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains to antibiotics has motivated the search for new substances with antimicrobial activity, especially those derived from medicinal plants. Salvia officinalis L. is a medicinal plant that arouses scientific interest due to being associated with multiple therapeutic effects. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antimicrobial potential of S. officinalis L. against pathogens in the oral cavity. The antimicrobial potential of the ethanol extract of leaf of S. officinalis L was evaluated by broth microdilution, with determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and Minimum bactericidal/Fungicide concentration (MBC / MFC), against the species Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida guillermond, Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis. The extract showed moderate antifungal potential before Candida species (MIC = 1 mg/mL). And for the species of Streptococcus, the antimicrobial activity was from moderate to strong whose MIC ranged from 0.25 to 1 mg/mL. In this study, the extract from the leaves of S. officinalis L. presented oral cavity antimicrobial activity against pathogens. These results point to S. officinalis as a possible source of active ingredients in the development of formulations with antimicrobial activity of dental use. (AU).

O surgimento de cepas multirresistentes a antibióticos tem motivado a busca de novas substâncias com atividade antimicrobiana, especialmente aquelas oriundas de plantas medicinais. A Salvia officinalis L. é uma planta medicinal que desperta interesse científico por estar associada a múltiplos efeitos terapêuticos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o potencial antimicrobiano in vitro da S. officinalis L. frente a patógenos da cavidade bucal. O potencial antimicrobiano do extrato etanólico da folha da S. officinalis L foi avaliado por meio da microdiluição em caldo, com determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Bactericida/Fungicida Mínima (CBM/CFM), frente as espécies Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus sanguis, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida guillermond, Candida krusei e Candida tropicalis. O extrato apresentou moderado potencial antifúngico frente às espécies de Candida (CIM = 1 mg/mL). Para as espécies de Streptococcus, o potencial antimicrobiano foi considerado forte a moderado, com valores de CIM variando entre 0,25 a 1 mg/mL. Neste estudo, o extrato da folha de S. officinalis L. apresentou potencial antimicrobiano contra patógenos da cavidade bucal. Esses resultados apontam a S. officinalis como uma possível fonte de princípios ativos no desenvolvimento de formulações com atividade antimicrobiana de uso odontológico. (AU).

Antifungal Activity, Phytochemical Characterization and Thermal Profile of Anadenanthera colubrina (Vell. ) Brenan

Objective: To investigate the antifungal potential of A. colubrina, and its phytochemical characteristics, thermal profile and toxicity. Material and Methods: To assess potential antifungal activity, the technique of microdilution was used with the determination of the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration, using standard species of Candida and recent clinical isolates of Candida albicans. Analyses of action of the extract were performed on the wall and cell morphology of C. albicans, of the interactive effect between the plant extract and nystatin on C. albicans through the checkerboard method, and of growth kinetics. The phytochemical screening was determined by spectrophotometry. The thermal profile was traced with the determination of thermogravimetric curves (TG) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The toxicity was evaluated by the method of hemolysis. Results: The extract of A. colubrina showed a fungistatic potential against all bacteria tested and it acted by modifying the cellular morphology of C. albicans. There was a synergism between nystatin and the plant extract (FIC=0.375), and 53.18% of total polyphenols were determined. The TG curve showed the occurrence of three steps of thermal decomposition. None of the tested concentrations became the effective cytotoxic concentration. Conclusion: Further studies should be conducted to understand the efficacy and the mechanisms of action involved in the antifungal activity of the plant extract of A. colubrina in order to produce a new drug for the treatment of oral candidiasis.

Potencial antimicrobiano de seis plantas do semiárido paraibano contra bactérias relacionadas à infecção endodôntica / Antimicrobial potential of six plants from the semiarid zone of Paraíba State (Brazil) against bacteria related to endodontic infection

Com o aumento dos microrganismos resistentes às substâncias antimicrobianas já conhecidas, vários extratos de plantas medicinais foram testados com a finalidade de procurar novos compostos com atividade antimicrobiana reconhecida. Assim este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana de diferentes extratos vegetais em bactérias relacionadas à infecção endodôntica. Foram testados os extratos hidroalcóolicos das espécies Syderoxylum obtusifolium Roem e Schult (quixabeira), Bauhínia forficata Linn (mororó), Anadenanthera colubrina Brenan (angico), Spondias tuberosa Arruda (umbuzeiro), Tabebuia pentaphylla Vell. (ipê rosa) e Guapira graciliflora Mart. (joão-mole), contra o Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus e Escherichia coli. Foram realizados os ensaios antimicrobianos pela técnica do disco difusão em ágar e pelo método de microdiluição em caldo. Todos os extratos analisados apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana contra pelo menos uma espécie bacteriana. Os melhores resultados foram encontrados com T. pentaphylla Vell e G. graciliflora Mart, apresentando atividade contra todas as cepas testadas, destacando-se a atividade de T. pentaphylla Vell frente a S.aureus na concentração de 0,78μl/μl e da casca de G. graciliflora Mart frente a E.faecalisna concentração de 6,25μl/μl. Os resultados sinalizam o potencial antimicrobiano dessas plantas, podendo ser promissoras para estudos de desenvolvimento de novos produtos de uso endodôntico.

In the face of an increasing range of microorganisms known to be resistant to antimicrobial substances, various herbal extracts have been screened in order to find new compounds with recognized antimicrobial activity. In particular, this study was carried out to assess the antimicrobial activity of such extracts on bacteria related to endodontic infection. Hydroalcoholic extracts of the species Syderoxylum obtusifolium Roem and Schult (quixabeira), Bauhinia forficata Linn (mororó) Anadenanthera colubrina Brenan (angico), Spondias tuberosa Arruda (umbuzeiro), Tabebuia pentaphylla Vell. (ipê rosa) and Guapira graciliflora Mart. (joão-mole), were tested against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The antimicrobial assays were performed by the disk agar diffusion and broth microdilution methods. All extracts analyzed showed antimicrobial activity against at least one bacterial species. The best results were obtained with T. pentaphylla and G. graciliflora, which showed activity against all tested strains; specifically, that of T. pentaphylla against S. aureus, at a concentration of 0.78μL/μL, and of G. graciliflora bark against E. faecalis, at a concentration of 6.25μL/μL, should be highlighted. The results indicate that extracts of these plants may be promising for the study and development of new antimicrobials for endodontic use.

Avaliação da eficácia de diversas substâncias químicas na descontaminação de cones de guta-percha / Evaluating the effectiveness of various chemical substances in decontamination of gutta-percha cones

Avaliou-se a eficácia de diferentes substâncias químicas, em diferentes tempos de imersão, na desinfecção de cones de guta-percha previamente contaminados com Enterococcus faecalis. Foram utilizados 90 cones de guta-percha #40 de embalagens lacradas que sofreram contaminação com as cepas por 1 minuto e 24 horas. Foram submersos em Álcool 70%, Clorexidina 0,12%, Clorexidina 2%, Hipoclorito de Sódio a 1%, Hipoclorito de Sódio a 2%, Hipoclorito de Sódio a 2,5% e Soro fisiológico, permanecendo por 1, 2, 3, 4 e 5 minutos. Os cones foram introduzidos em tubos de ensaio, contendo 5ml de caldo de cultura BHI e levados à estufa bacteriológica. A avaliação da descontaminação foi feita pela análise visual da turvação do meio de cultura. O grupo com os cones desinfetados com soro fisiológico, em todos os tempos, foi considerado o controle positivo. As demais soluções mostraram-se efetivas desde que utilizadas por, pelo menos, 1 minuto. Os resultados foram os mesmos tanto para os cones de guta-percha imersos na suspensão microbiana durante 1 minuto, como também durante 24 horas. Conclui-se que seja mais segura a realização da descontaminação prévia dos cones por, pelo menos, um minuto, para que, assim, se possa evitar o insucesso do tratamento.

The efficacy of different chemical substances was evaluated in different immersion times for disinfection of gutta-percha cones previously contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis. 90 gutta-percha cones # 40 of sealed packages were used, which have suffered contamination with strains for 1 minute and 24 hours. They were submerged in 70% alcohol, 0.12% Chlorhexidine, 2% Chlorhexidine, 1% Sodium Hypochlorite, 2% Sodium Hypochlorite, 2.5% sodium hypochlorite and saline solution, remaining at 1, 2, 3 , 4 and 5 minutes. The cones were introduced in test tubes containing 5ml of BHI broth and taken to a bacteriological incubator. The decontamination evaluation was performed by visual analysis of culture medium turbidity. The group with cones disinfected with saline solution at all times was considered the positive control. The other solutions were effective if used for at least 1 minute. The results were the same for gutta-percha cones immersed in the microbial suspension for 1 min or 24 hours. It is concluded that it is safer the prior decontamination of the cones for at least one minute, so that it can be prevented the treatment failure.