Clinical Efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Hemodialysis Patients.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic is a global public health problem. Patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis are at a higher risk of infection and mortality than the general population. Worldwide, a vaccination campaign has been developed that has been shown to reduce severe infections and deaths in the general population. However, there are currently limited data on the clinical efficacy of vaccinations in the hemodialysis population. Methods: A national multicenter observational cohort was performed in Chile to evaluate the clinical efficacy of anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in end-stage renal disease patients on chronic hemodialysis from February 2021 to August 2021. In addition, the BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and CoronaVac (Sinovac) vaccines were evaluated. The efficacy of vaccination in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection, hospitalizations, and deaths associated with COVID-19 was determined. Results: A total of 12,301 patients were evaluated; 10,615 (86.3%) received a complete vaccination (2 doses), 490 (4.0%) received incomplete vaccination, and 1196 (9.7%) were not vaccinated. During follow-up, 1362 (11.0%) patients developed COVID-19, and 150 died (case fatality rate: 11.0%). The efficacy of the complete vaccination in preventing infection was 18.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]:11.8-23.8%), and prevention of death was 66.0% (95% CI:60.6-70.7%). When comparing both vaccines, BNT162b2 and CoronaVac were effective in reducing infection and deaths associated with COVID-19. Nevertheless, the BNT162b2 vaccine had higher efficacy in preventing infection (42.6% vs. 15.0%) and deaths (90.4% vs. 64.8%) compared to CoronaVac. Conclusion: The results of our study suggest that vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 in patients on chronic hemodialysis was effective in preventing infection and death associated with COVID-19.

Latin American registry of renal involvement in COVID-19 disease. The relevance of assessing proteinuria throughout the clinical course.

The Latin American Society of Nephrology and Hypertension conducted a prospective cohort, multinational registry of Latin American patients with kidney impairment associated to COVID-19 infection with the objective to describe the characteristics of acute kidney disease under these circumstances. The study was carried out through open invitation in order to describe the characteristics of the disease in the region. Eight-hundred and seventy patients from 12 countries were included. Median age was 63 years (54-74), most of patients were male (68.4%) and with diverse comorbidities (87.2%). Acute kidney injury (AKI) was hospital-acquired in 64.7% and non-oliguric in 59.9%. Multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) due to COVID-19 and volume depletion were the main factors contributing to AKI (59.2% and 35.7% respectively). Kidney replacement therapy was started in 46.2%. Non-recovery of renal function was observed in 65.3%. 71.5% of patients were admitted to ICU and 72.2% underwent mechanical ventilation. Proteinuria at admission was present in 62.4% of patients and proteinuria during hospital-stay occurred in 37.5%. Those patients with proteinuria at admission had higher burden of comorbidities, higher baseline sCr, and MODS was severe. On the other hand, patients with de novo proteinuria had lower incidence of comorbidities and near normal sCr at admission, but showed adverse course of disease. COVID-19 MODS was the main cause of AKI in both groups. All-cause mortality of the general population was 57.4%, and it was associated to age, sepsis as cause of AKI, severity of condition at admission, oliguria, mechanical ventilation, non-recovery of renal function, in-hospital complications and hospital stay. In conclusion, our study contributes to a better knowledge of this condition and highlights the relevance of the detection of proteinuria throughout the clinical course.

Intoxicación por etilenglicol, fisiopatología y enfrentamiento clínico / Ethylene glycol poisonin: an update

Toxic alcohols can produce severe poisoning with multiple organic involvement and even death. The most common form is ethylene glycol. The diagnosis can be extremely difficult if there is no history of its consumption. Its clinical presentation can simulate other conditions. Ethylene glycol poisoning is characterized by an initial rise in plasma osmolal gap that decreases during the evolution, while alcohol is metabolized to acids. This last condition causes a metabolic acidosis with elevated anion gap. The clinical manifestations are diffuse neurological involvement initially, followed by hemodynamic alterations due to myocardial damage associated with hypocalcemia and acidemia. Subsequently, severe tubular renal damage appears, which may require renal replacement therapy, and finally, focal neurological alterations. To treat this poisoning, it is necessary to inhibit the transformation of alcohol into acids, increase the metabolism of the latter or withdraw them directly with hemodialysis.

Intoxicación por etilenglicol, fisiopatología y enfrentamiento clínico.

Toxic alcohols can produce severe poisoning with multiple organic involvement and even death. The most common form is ethylene glycol. The diagnosis can be extremely difficult if there is no history of its consumption. Its clinical presentation can simulate other conditions. Ethylene glycol poisoning is characterized by an initial rise in plasma osmolal gap that decreases during the evolution, while alcohol is metabolized to acids. This last condition causes a metabolic acidosis with elevated anion gap. The clinical manifestations are diffuse neurological involvement initially, followed by hemodynamic alterations due to myocardial damage associated with hypocalcemia and acidemia. Subsequently, severe tubular renal damage appears, which may require renal replacement therapy, and finally, focal neurological alterations. To treat this poisoning, it is necessary to inhibit the transformation of alcohol into acids, increase the metabolism of the latter or withdraw them directly with hemodialysis.

Therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome: A Delphi technique-based consensus.

AIM: To propose several alternatives treatment of type 1 hepatorenal syndrome (HRS-1) what is the most severe expression of circulatory dysfunction on patients with portal hypertension. METHODS: A group of eleven gastroenterologists and nephrologists performed a structured analysis of available literature. Each expert was designated to review and answer a question. They generated draft statements for evaluation by all the experts. Additional input was obtained from medical community. In order to reach consensus, a modified three-round Delphi technique method was used. According to United States Preventive Services Task Force criteria, the quality of the evidence and level of recommendation supporting each statement was graded. RESULTS: Nine questions were formulated. The available evidence was evaluated considering its quality, number of patients included in the studies and the consistency of its results. The generated questions were answered by the expert panel with a high level of agreement. Thus, a therapeutic algorithm was generated. The role of terlipressin and norepinephrine was confirmed as the pharmacologic treatment of choice. On the other hand the use of the combination of octreotide, midodrine and albumin without vasoconstrictors was discouraged. The role of several other options was also evaluated and the available evidence was explored and discussed. Liver transplantation is considered the definitive treatment for HRS-1. The present consensus is an important effort that intends to organize the available strategies based on the available evidence in the literature, the quality of the evidence and the benefits, adverse effects and availability of the therapeutic tools described. CONCLUSION: Based on the available evidence the expert panel was able to discriminate the most appropriate therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of HRS-1.

Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome successfully treated with high-volume hemofiltration. / Tratamento bem-sucedido da síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavírus com uso de hemofiltração de alto volume.

Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome has a high mortality rate, and early connection to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has been suggested to improve outcomes. We report the case of a patient with demonstrated Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome and refractory shock who fulfilled the criteria for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and responded successfully to high volume continuous hemofiltration. The implementation of high volume continuous hemofiltration along with protective ventilation reversed the shock within a few hours and may have prompted recovery. In patients with Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, a short course of high volume continuous hemofiltration may help differentiate patients who can be treated with conventional intensive care unit management from those who will require more complex therapies, such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Tratamento bem-sucedido da síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavírus com uso de hemofiltração de alto volume / Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome successfully treated with high-volume hemofiltration

RESUMO A síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavírus tem elevada taxa de mortalidade. Sugere-se que uma conexão precoce com oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea melhore os resultados. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente que apresentou síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavírus e choque refratário, que preenchia os critérios para oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea e que teve resposta satisfatória com uso de hemofiltração contínua de alto volume. A implantação de hemofiltração contínua de alto volume, juntamente da ventilação protetora, reverteu o choque dentro de poucas horas e pode ter levado à recuperação. Em pacientes com síndrome cardiopulmonar por hantavírus, um curso rápido de hemofiltração contínua de alto volume pode ajudar a diferenciar pacientes que podem ser tratados com cuidados convencionais da unidade de terapia intensiva dos que necessitarão de terapias mais complexas, como oxigenação por membrana extracorpórea.

ABSTRACT Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome has a high mortality rate, and early connection to extracorporeal membrane oxygenation has been suggested to improve outcomes. We report the case of a patient with demonstrated Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome and refractory shock who fulfilled the criteria for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and responded successfully to high volume continuous hemofiltration. The implementation of high volume continuous hemofiltration along with protective ventilation reversed the shock within a few hours and may have prompted recovery. In patients with Hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome, a short course of high volume continuous hemofiltration may help differentiate patients who can be treated with conventional intensive care unit management from those who will require more complex therapies, such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.

Epidemiology of acute kidney injury in critically ill patients: the multinational AKI-EPI study.

PURPOSE: Current reports on acute kidney injury (AKI) in the intensive care unit (ICU) show wide variation in occurrence rate and are limited by study biases such as use of incomplete AKI definition, selected cohorts, or retrospective design. Our aim was to prospectively investigate the occurrence and outcomes of AKI in ICU patients. METHODS: The Acute Kidney Injury-Epidemiologic Prospective Investigation (AKI-EPI) study was an international cross-sectional study performed in 97 centers on patients during the first week of ICU admission. We measured AKI by Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria, and outcomes at hospital discharge. RESULTS: A total of 1032 ICU patients out of 1802 [57.3%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 55.0-59.6] had AKI. Increasing AKI severity was associated with hospital mortality when adjusted for other variables; odds ratio of stage 1 = 1.679 (95% CI 0.890-3.169; p = 0.109), stage 2 = 2.945 (95% CI 1.382-6.276; p = 0.005), and stage 3 = 6.884 (95% CI 3.876-12.228; p < 0.001). Risk-adjusted rates of AKI and mortality were similar across the world. Patients developing AKI had worse kidney function at hospital discharge with estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) in 47.7% (95% CI 43.6-51.7) versus 14.8% (95% CI 11.9-18.2) in those without AKI, p < 0.001. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first multinational cross-sectional study on the epidemiology of AKI in ICU patients using the complete KDIGO criteria. We found that AKI occurred in more than half of ICU patients. Increasing AKI severity was associated with increased mortality, and AKI patients had worse renal function at the time of hospital discharge. Adjusted risks for AKI and mortality were similar across different continents and regions.

Inhibition of bFGF-receptor type 2 increases kidney damage and suppresses nephrogenic protein expression after ischemic acute renal failure.

Recovery from acute renal failure (ARF) requires the replacement of injured cells by new cells that are able to restore tubule epithelial integrity. We have recently described the expression of nephrogenic proteins [Vimentin, neural cell adhesion molecule, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), Pax-2, bone morphogen protein-7, Noggin, Smad 1-5-8, p-Smad, hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor], in a time frame similar to that observed in kidney development, after ischemic ARF induced in an ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) model. Furthermore, we show that bFGF, a morphogen involved in mesenchyme/epithelial transition in kidney development, induces a reexpression of morphogenic proteins in an earlier time frame and accelerates the recovery process after renal damage. Herein, we confirm that renal morphogenes are modulated by bFGF and hypothesized that a decrease in bFGF receptor 2 (bFGFR2) levels by the use of antisense oligonucleotides diminishes the expression of morphogenes. Male Sprague-Dawley rats submitted to ischemic injury were injected with 112 microg/kg bFGFR2 antisense oligonucleotide (bFGFR2-ASO) followed by reperfusion. Rats were killed, and the expression of nephrogenic proteins and renal marker damage was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and immunoblot. Animals subjected to I/R treated with bFGFR2-ASO showed a significant reduction in morphogen levels (P < 0.05). In addition, we observed an increase in markers of renal damage: macrophages (ED-1) and interstitial alpha-smooth muscle actin. These results confirm that bFGF participates in the recovery process and that treatment with bFGFR2-ASO induces an altered expression of morphogen proteins.

Usefulness of a molecular strategy for the detection of bacterial DNA in patients with severe sepsis undergoing continuous renal replacement therapy.

INTRODUCTION: Sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Sepsis is associated with cell necrosis and apoptosis. Circulating plasma levels of DNA have been found in conditions associated with cell death, including sepsis, pregnancy, stroke, myocardial infarction and trauma. Plasma DNA can also derive from bacteria. We have recently implemented a method to detect bacterial DNA and, in the present study, we validated this technique comparing it to standard blood culture in terms of diagnostic efficacy. METHODS: We examined a cohort of 9 critically ill patients with a diagnosis of severe sepsis and acute renal failure requiring continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). We analyzed bacterial DNA in blood, hemofilters, and ultrafiltrate (UF) by polymerase chain reaction amplification of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. Standard blood cultures were performed for all patients. RESULTS: The blood cultures from 2 of the 9 (22%) patients were positive. However, bacterial DNA was identified in the blood of 6 patients (67%), including the 2 septic patients with positive blood cultures. In 9 (100%) patients bacterial DNA was found on the filter blood side, whereas in 7 (78%) subjects it was found in the dialysate compartment of the hemofilters. Bacterial DNA was never detected in the UF. CONCLUSIONS: Using the 16S rRNA gene, the detection of bacterial DNA in blood and adsorbed within the filter could be a useful screening tool in clinically septic, blood culture-negative patients undergoing CRRT. However, the identification of the etiologic agent is not feasible with this technique because specific primers for the defined bacteria must be used to further identify the suspected pathogenic organisms.

Association of adrenal medullar and cortical nodular hyperplasia: a report of two cases with clinical and morpho-functional considerations.

Arterial hypertension of adrenal etiology is mainly attributed to primary hyperaldosteronism. However, subtle expressions of hyperadrenergic or glucocorticoid excess can also generate arterial hypertension. The present report describes two hypertensive patients cataloged as resistant essential hypertensives, in whom adrenal masses were found incidentally, who highlight the need to recognize these tenuous clinical or laboratory presentations. Case 1 was a 50-yr-old female with hyperadrenergic hypertension associated to a left adrenal node, normal cortisol and aldosterone:renin ratio, marginally increased urinary normetanephrine, and a positive 131I MIBG radioisotope scan. Adrenalectomy normalized blood pressure and urinary metanephrines. Pathology showed a hyperplastic adrenal medulla associated to a multinodular cortical hyperplasia. Case 2 was a 62- yr-old female with progressive hypertension, a slight Cushing phenotype, non-suppressible hypercortisolism, normal urinary metanephrines, and bilateral adrenal nodes. Bilateral adrenalectomy and subsequent replacement normalized blood pressure and phenotypic stigmata. Pathology demonstrated bilateral cortical multinodular hyperplasia and medullary hyperplasia. The clinical study in both patients was negative for MEN. The apparently rare association of cortical and medullary lesions presented by both patients is probably overlooked in routine pathology exams, but should be meticulously searched since the crosstalk between the adrenal cortex and medulla may prompt dual abnormalities.