Genetically Engineered Probiotic Limosilactobacillus reuteri Releasing IL-22 (LR-IL-22) Modifies the Tumor Microenvironment, Enabling Irradiation in Ovarian Cancer.

Despite recent advances in cancer therapy, ovarian cancer remains the most lethal gynecological cancer worldwide, making it crucial and of the utmost importance to establish novel therapeutic strategies. Adjuvant radiotherapy has been assessed historically, but its use was limited by intestinal toxicity. We recently established the role of Limosilactobacillus reuteri in releasing IL-22 (LR-IL-22) as an effective radiation mitigator, and we have now assessed its effect in an ovarian cancer mouse model. We hypothesized that an LR-IL-22 gavage would enable intestinal radioprotection by modifying the tumor microenvironment and, subsequently, improving overall survival in female C57BL/6MUC-1 mice with widespread abdominal syngeneic 2F8cis ovarian cancer. Herein, we report that the LR-IL-22 gavage not only improved overall survival in mice when combined with a PD-L1 inhibitor by inducing differential gene expression in irradiated stem cells but also induced PD-L1 protein expression in ovarian cancer cells and mobilized CD8+ T cells in whole abdomen irradiated mice. The addition of LR-IL-22 to a combined treatment modality with fractionated whole abdomen radiation (WAI) and systemic chemotherapy and immunotherapy regimens can facilitate a safe and effective protocol to reduce tumor burden, increase survival, and improve the quality of life of a locally advanced ovarian cancer patient.

Circulating miRNA profiles in COVID-19 patients and meta-analysis: implications for disease progression and prognosis.

We compared circulating miRNA profiles of hospitalized COVID-positive patients (n = 104), 27 with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and age- and sex-matched healthy controls (n = 18) to identify miRNA signatures associated with COVID and COVID-induced ARDS. Meta-analysis incorporating data from published studies and our data was performed to identify a set of differentially expressed miRNAs in (1) COVID-positive patients versus healthy controls as well as (2) severe (ARDS+) COVID vs moderate COVID. Gene ontology enrichment analysis of the genes these miRNAs interact with identified terms associated with immune response, such as interferon and interleukin signaling, as well as viral genome activities associated with COVID disease and severity. Additionally, we observed downregulation of a cluster of miRNAs located on chromosome 14 (14q32) among all COVID patients. To predict COVID disease and severity, we developed machine learning models that achieved AUC scores between 0.81-0.93 for predicting disease, and between 0.71-0.81 for predicting severity, even across diverse studies with different sample types (plasma versus serum), collection methods, and library preparations. Our findings provide network and top miRNA feature insights into COVID disease progression and contribute to the development of tools for disease prognosis and management.

Release of Interferon-ß (IFN-ß) from Probiotic Limosilactobacillus reuteri-IFN-ß (LR-IFN-ß) Mitigates Gastrointestinal Acute Radiation Syndrome (GI-ARS) following Whole Abdominal Irradiation.

Irradiation can be an effective treatment for ovarian cancer, but its use is limited by intestinal toxicity. Thus, strategies to mitigate toxicity are important and can revitalize the current standard of care. We previously established that LR-IL-22 protects the intestine from WAI. We now hypothesize that LR-IFN-ß is an effective radiation protector and mitigator and is rapidly cleared from the digestive tract, making it an option for intestinal radioprotection. We report that the gavage of LR-IFN-ß during WAI provides improved intestinal barrier integrity and significantly preserves the numbers of Lgr5+GFP+ intestinal stem cells, improving survival. The rapid clearance of the genetically engineered probiotic from the digestive tract renders it a safe and feasible radiation mitigator. Therefore, the above genetically engineered probiotic is both a feasible and effective radiation mitigator that could potentially revolutionize the management of OC patients. Furthermore, the subsequent addition of platinum/taxane-based chemotherapy to the combination of WAI and LR-IFN-ß should reduce tumor volume while protecting the intestine and should improve the overall survival in OC patients.

Localization of Multi-Lamellar Vesicle Nanoparticles to Injured Brain Tissue in a Controlled Cortical Impact Injury Model of Traumatic Brain Injury in Rodents.

Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI), such as that suffered by patients with cerebral contusion, is a major cause of death and disability in young persons. Effective therapeutics to treat or mitigate the effects of severe TBI are lacking, in part because drug delivery to the injured brain remains a challenge. Promising therapeutics targeting secondary injury mechanisms may have poor pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, unwanted side effects, or high hydrophobicity. To address these challenges, we have developed a multi-lamellar vesicle nanoparticle (MLV-NP) formulation with a narrow size distribution (243 nm in diameter, 0.09 polydispersity index) and the capability of encapsulating hydrophobic small molecule drugs for delivery to the injured brain. To demonstrate the utility of these particles, we produced dual-fluorescent labeled nanoparticles containing the organic dyes, coumarin 153 and rhodamine B, that were delivered intravenously to Sprague-Dawley rats and C57Bl6/J mice at 1, 1 and 4, 24, or 48 h after controlled cortical impact injury. Distribution of particles was measured at 5, 25, 48, or 49 h post-injury by fluorescence microscopy of coronal brain sections. In all cases of MLV administration, a 1.2- to 1.9-fold enhancement of ipsilateral fluorescence signal was observed compared to the contralateral cortex. Enhanced fluorescence was also observed in the injured hippocampal tissue in these animals. MLV-NPs administered at 1 h were observed intracellularly in the injured hemisphere at 48 h, suggesting the possibility of concentrated drug delivery to injured cells. These results suggest that MLV-NP delivery of therapeutic agents may be a viable strategy for treating cerebral contusion TBI.

Observation of Unique Circulating miRNA Signatures in Non-Human Primates Exposed to Total-Body vs. Whole Thorax Lung Irradiation.

A radiological/nuclear (RAD-NUC) incident, especially in an urban setting, results in diverse radiation-induced injuries due to heterogeneities in dose, the extent of partial-body shielding, human biodiversity and pre-existing health conditions. For example, acute radiation syndrome (ARS) can result in death within days to weeks of exposure to 0.7-10 Gy doses and is associated with destruction of the bone marrow, known as hematopoietic ARS (H-ARS). However, partial-body shielding that spares a portion of the bone marrow from exposure can significantly reduce the occurrence of H-ARS, but delayed effects of acute radiation exposure (DEARE) can still occur within months or years after exposure depending on the individual. In a mass casualty event, ideal triage must be able to pre-symptomatically identify individuals likely to develop radiation-induced injuries and provide an appropriate treatment plan. Today, while there are FDA approved treatments for hematopoietic ARS, there are no approved diagnosis for radiation injury and no approved treatments for the broad spectra of injuries associated with radiation. This has resulted in a major capability gap in the nations preparedness to a potentially catastrophic RAD-NUC event. Circulating microRNA (miRNA) are a promising class of biomarkers for this application because the molecules are accessible via a routine blood draw and are excreted by various tissues throughout the body. To test if miRNA can be used to predict distinct tissue-specific radiation-induced injuries, we compared the changes to the circulating miRNA profiles after total-body irradiation (TBI) and whole thorax lung irradiation (WTLI) in non-human primates at doses designed to induce ARS (day 2 postirradiation; 2-6.5 Gy) and DEARE (day 15 postirradiation; 9.8 or 10.7 Gy), respectively. In both models, miRNA sequences were identified that correlated with the onset of severe neutropenia (counts <500 µL-1; TBI) or survival (WTLI). This method identified panels of eleven miRNA for both model and assigned functional roles for the panel members using gene ontology enrichment analysis. A common signature of radiation-induced injury was observed in both models: apoptosis, DNA damage repair, p53 signaling, pro-inflammatory response, and growth factor/cytokine signaling pathways were predicted to be disrupted. In addition, injury-specific pathways were identified. In TBI, pathways associated with ubiquitination, specifically of histone H2A, were enriched, suggesting more impact to DNA damage repair mechanisms and apoptosis. In WTLI, pro-fibrotic pathways including transforming growth factor (TGF-ß) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways were enriched, consistent with the onset of late lung injury. These results suggest that miRNA may indeed be able to predict the onset of distinct types of radiation-induced injuries.

Identification of miRNA Associated with Reduced Survival after Whole-Thorax Lung Irradiation in Non-Human Primates.

Thoracic exposure to ionizing radiation can lead to delayed injuries to the heart and lung that are serious and even life-threatening. These injuries are difficult to predict since they manifest over many weeks and months. To identify noninvasive, tissue-specific biomarkers for the early detection of late radiation injury, circulating microRNA (miRNA) levels were measured in non-human primates (NHP, Macaca mulatta) that received a single exposure of whole-thorax lung irradiation (WTLI) at a dose likely to result in 20% or 75% mortality within 180 days (9.8 or 10.7 Gy). Animals were observed for 270 days after WTLI. Approximately 58% of 9.8 Gy WTLI animals (7 of 12) and 94% of 10.7 Gy WTLI animals (15 out of 16) did not survive to the primary end point. Evidence of pulmonary fibrosis/pneumonitis was observed in all animals. Animals that received 10.7 Gy WTLI experienced more severe and early-onset pneumonitis, as indicated by reduced aerated lung volume, high non-sedated respiratory rate, earlier and more frequent dexamethasone treatments, and evidence of onset of heart disease. Radiation-induced changes in the circulating miRNA profile were most prominent within the first 30 days postirradiation, before the manifestation of symptoms, and included miRNA sequences known to regulate pathways associated with pulmonary fibrosis (TGF-ß/SMAD signaling) and pneumonitis/inflammation (p53 signaling). The abundance of several circulating miRNA differentially expressed at day 6 or 15, such as miR-199a-3p and miR-25-3p, correlated with statistically significant differences in survival. This study supports the hypothesis that it is feasible to use plasma miRNA profiles to identify individuals at high risk of organ-specific late radiation injury. These miRNA profiles could improve radiation oncology clinical practice and serve as biomarkers to predict who might develop late complications in the aftermath of a radiological or nuclear (RAD-NUC) incident.

Identification of miRNA signatures associated with radiation-induced late lung injury in mice.

Acute radiation exposure of the thorax can lead to late serious, and even life-threatening, pulmonary and cardiac damage. Sporadic in nature, late complications tend to be difficult to predict, which prompted this investigation into identifying non-invasive, tissue-specific biomarkers for the early detection of late radiation injury. Levels of circulating microRNA (miRNA) were measured in C3H and C57Bl/6 mice after whole thorax irradiation at doses yielding approximately 70% mortality in 120 or 180 days, respectively (LD70/120 or 180). Within the first two weeks after exposure, weight gain slowed compared to sham treated mice along with a temporary drop in white blood cell counts. 52% of C3H (33 of 64) and 72% of C57Bl/6 (46 of 64) irradiated mice died due to late radiation injury. Lung and heart damage, as assessed by computed tomography (CT) and histology at 150 (C3H mice) and 180 (C57Bl/6 mice) days, correlated well with the appearance of a local, miRNA signature in the lung and heart tissue of irradiated animals, consistent with inherent differences in the C3H and C57Bl/6 strains in their propensity for developing radiation-induced pneumonitis or fibrosis, respectively. Radiation-induced changes in the circulating miRNA profile were most prominent within the first 30 days after exposure and included miRNA known to regulate inflammation and fibrosis. Importantly, early changes in plasma miRNA expression predicted survival with reasonable accuracy (88-92%). The miRNA signature that predicted survival in C3H mice, including miR-34a-5p, -100-5p, and -150-5p, were associated with pro-inflammatory NF-κB-mediated signaling pathways, whereas the signature identified in C57Bl/6 mice (miR-34b-3p, -96-5p, and -802-5p) was associated with TGF-ß/SMAD signaling. This study supports the hypothesis that plasma miRNA profiles could be used to identify individuals at high risk of organ-specific late radiation damage, with applications for radiation oncology clinical practice or in the context of a radiological incident.

Predicting glycosaminoglycan surface protein interactions and implications for studying axonal growth.

Cell-surface carbohydrates play important roles in numerous biological processes through their interactions with various protein-binding partners. These interactions are made possible by the vast structural diversity of carbohydrates and the diverse array of carbohydrate presentations on the cell surface. Among the most complex and important carbohydrates are glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which display varied stereochemistry, chain lengths, and patterns of sulfation. GAG-protein interactions participate in neuronal development, angiogenesis, spinal cord injury, viral invasion, and immune response. Unfortunately, little structural information is available for these complexes; indeed, for the highly sulfated chondroitin sulfate motifs, CS-E and CS-D, there are no structural data. We describe here the development and validation of the GAG-Dock computational method to predict accurately the binding poses of protein-bound GAGs. We validate that GAG-Dock reproduces accurately (<1-Å rmsd) the crystal structure poses for four known heparin-protein structures. Further, we predict the pose of heparin and chondroitin sulfate derivatives bound to the axon guidance proteins, protein tyrosine phosphatase σ (RPTPσ), and Nogo receptors 1-3 (NgR1-3). Such predictions should be useful in understanding and interpreting the role of GAGs in neural development and axonal regeneration after CNS injury.

Detection of Acute Radiation Sickness: A Feasibility Study in Non-Human Primates Circulating miRNAs for Triage in Radiological Events.

Development of biomarkers capable of estimating absorbed dose is critical for effective triage of affected individuals after radiological events. Levels of cell-free circulating miRNAs in plasma were compared for dose-response analysis in non-human primates (NHP) exposed to lethal (6.5 Gy) and sub-lethal (1 and 3 Gy) doses over a 7 day period. The doses and test time points were selected to mimic triage needs in the event of a mass casualty radiological event. Changes in miRNA abundance in irradiated animals were compared to a non-irradiated cohort and a cohort experiencing acute inflammation response from exposure to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). An amplification-free, hybridization-based direct digital counting method was used for evaluation of changes in microRNAs in plasma from all animals. Consistent with previous murine studies, circulating levels of miR-150-5p exhibited a dose- and time-dependent decrease in plasma. Furthermore, plasma miR-150-5p levels were found to correlate well with lymphocyte and neutrophil depletion kinetics. Additionally, plasma levels of several other evolutionarily and functionally conserved miRNAs were found altered as a function of dose and time. Interestingly, miR-574-5p exhibited a distinct, dose-dependent increase 24 h post irradiation in NHPs with lethal versus sub-lethal exposure before returning to the baseline level by day 3. This particular miRNA response was not detected in previous murine studies but was observed in animals exposed to LPS, indicating distinct molecular and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, an increase in low-abundant miR-126, miR-144, and miR-21 as well as high-abundant miR-1-3p and miR-206 was observed in irradiated animals on day 3 and/or day 7. The data from this study could be used to develop a multi-marker panel with known tissue-specific origin that could be used for developing rapid assays for dose assessment and evaluation of radiation injury on multiple organs. Furthermore this approach may be utilized to screen for tissue toxicity in patients who receive myeloablative and therapeutic radiation.

A sulfated carbohydrate epitope inhibits axon regeneration after injury.

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) represent a major barrier to regenerating axons in the central nervous system (CNS), but the structural diversity of their polysaccharides has hampered efforts to dissect the structure-activity relationships underlying their physiological activity. By taking advantage of our ability to chemically synthesize specific oligosaccharides, we demonstrate that a sugar epitope on CSPGs, chondroitin sulfate-E (CS-E), potently inhibits axon growth. Removal of the CS-E motif significantly attenuates the inhibitory activity of CSPGs on axon growth. Furthermore, CS-E functions as a protein recognition element to engage receptors including the transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase PTPσ, thereby triggering downstream pathways that inhibit axon growth. Finally, masking the CS-E motif using a CS-E-specific antibody reversed the inhibitory activity of CSPGs and stimulated axon regeneration in vivo. These results demonstrate that a specific sugar epitope within chondroitin sulfate polysaccharides can direct important physiological processes and provide new therapeutic strategies to regenerate axons after CNS injury.

Microarray method for the rapid detection of glycosaminoglycan-protein interactions.

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) perform numerous vital functions within the body. As major components of the extracellular matrix, these polysaccharides participate in a diverse array of cell-signaling events. We have developed a simple microarray assay for the evaluation of protein binding to various GAG subclasses. In a single experiment, the binding to all members of the GAG family can be rapidly determined, giving insight into the relative specificity of the interactions and the importance of specific sulfation motifs. The arrays are facile to prepare from commercially available materials.

Elucidating glycosaminoglycan-protein-protein interactions using carbohydrate microarray and computational approaches.

Glycosaminoglycan polysaccharides play critical roles in many cellular processes, ranging from viral invasion and angiogenesis to spinal cord injury. Their diverse biological activities are derived from an ability to regulate a remarkable number of proteins. However, few methods exist for the rapid identification of glycosaminoglycan-protein interactions and for studying the potential of glycosaminoglycans to assemble multimeric protein complexes. Here, we report a multidisciplinary approach that combines new carbohydrate microarray and computational modeling methodologies to elucidate glycosaminoglycan-protein interactions. The approach was validated through the study of known protein partners for heparan and chondroitin sulfate, including fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and its receptor FGFR1, the malarial protein VAR2CSA, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). We also applied the approach to identify previously undescribed interactions between a specific sulfated epitope on chondroitin sulfate, CS-E, and the neurotrophins, a critical family of growth factors involved in the development, maintenance, and survival of the vertebrate nervous system. Our studies show for the first time that CS is capable of assembling multimeric signaling complexes and modulating neurotrophin signaling pathways. In addition, we identify a contiguous CS-E-binding site by computational modeling that suggests a potential mechanism to explain how CS may promote neurotrophin-tyrosine receptor kinase (Trk) complex formation and neurotrophin signaling. Together, our combined microarray and computational modeling methodologies provide a general, facile means to identify new glycosaminoglycan-protein-protein interactions, as well as a molecular-level understanding of those complexes.

Quantification of O-glycosylation stoichiometry and dynamics using resolvable mass tags.

Mechanistic studies of O-GlcNAc glycosylation have been limited by an inability to monitor the glycosylation stoichiometries of proteins obtained from cells. Here we describe a powerful method to visualize the O-GlcNAc-modified protein subpopulation using resolvable polyethylene glycol mass tags. This approach enables rapid quantification of in vivo glycosylation levels on endogenous proteins without the need for protein purification, advanced instrumentation or expensive radiolabels. In addition, it establishes the glycosylation state (for example, mono-, di-, tri-) of proteins, providing information regarding overall O-GlcNAc site occupancy that cannot be obtained using mass spectrometry. Finally, we apply this strategy to rapidly assess the complex interplay between glycosylation and phosphorylation and discover an unexpected reverse 'yin-yang' relationship on the transcriptional repressor MeCP2 that was undetectable by traditional methods. We anticipate that this mass-tagging strategy will advance our understanding of O-GlcNAc glycosylation, as well as other post-translational modifications and poorly understood glycosylation motifs.

End-functionalized glycopolymers as mimetics of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans.

Glycosaminoglycans are sulfated polysaccharides that play important roles in fundamental biological processes, such as cell division, viral invasion, cancer and neuroregeneration. The multivalent presentation of multiple glycosaminoglycan chains on proteoglycan scaffolds may profoundly influence their interactions with proteins and subsequent biological activity. However, the importance of this multivalent architecture remains largely unexplored, and few synthetic mimics exist for probing and manipulating glycosaminoglycan activity. Here, we describe a new class of end-functionalized ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) polymers that mimic the native-like, multivalent architecture found on chondroitin sulfate (CS) proteoglycans. We demonstrate that these glycopolymers can be readily integrated with microarray and surface plasmon resonance technology platforms, where they retain the ability to interact selectively with proteins. ROMP-based glycopolymers are part of a growing arsenal of chemical tools for probing the functions of glycosaminoglycans and for studying their interactions with proteins.

Identification and characterization of single chain anti-cocaine catalytic antibodies.

Cocaine is a powerful and addictive stimulant whose abuse remains a prevalent health and societal crisis. Unfortunately, no pharmacological therapies exist and therefore alternative protein-based therapies have been examined. One such approach is immunopharmacotherapy, wherein antibodies are utilized to either bind or hydrolyze cocaine thereby blocking it from exerting its euphoric effect. Towards this end, antibodies capable of binding and hydrolyzing cocaine were identified by phage display from a biased single chain antibody library generated from the spleens of mice previously immunized with a cocaine phosphonate transition state analog hapten. Two classes of antibodies emerged based on sequence homology and mode of action. Alanine scanning mutagenesis and kinetic analysis revealed that residues H97, H99, and L96 are crucial for antibodies 3F5 and 3H9 to accelerate the hydrolysis of cocaine. Antibodies 3F1 through 3F4, which are similar to our previously identified 3A6 class of antibodies, catalyze hydrolysis through transition state stabilization by tyrosine or histidine residues H50 and L94. Mutation of either one or both tyrosine residues to histidine conferred hydrolytic activity on previously inactive antibody 3F4. Mutational analysis of residue H50 of antibody 3F3 resulted in a glutamine mutant with a rate enhancement three times greater than wild-type. A double mutant, containing glutamineH50 and lysineH52, showed a tenfold rate enhancement over wild-type. These results indicate the power of initial selection of catalytic antibodies from a biased antibody library in both rapid generation and screening of mutants for improved catalysis.

A molecular link between the active component of marijuana and Alzheimer's disease pathology.

Alzheimer's disease is the leading cause of dementia among the elderly, and with the ever-increasing size of this population, cases of Alzheimer's disease are expected to triple over the next 50 years. Consequently, the development of treatments that slow or halt the disease progression have become imperative to both improve the quality of life for patients and reduce the health care costs attributable to Alzheimer's disease. Here, we demonstrate that the active component of marijuana, Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), competitively inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) as well as prevents AChE-induced amyloid beta-peptide (Abeta) aggregation, the key pathological marker of Alzheimer's disease. Computational modeling of the THC-AChE interaction revealed that THC binds in the peripheral anionic site of AChE, the critical region involved in amyloidgenesis. Compared to currently approved drugs prescribed for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, THC is a considerably superior inhibitor of Abeta aggregation, and this study provides a previously unrecognized molecular mechanism through which cannabinoid molecules may directly impact the progression of this debilitating disease.

Unexpected acetylcholinesterase activity of cocaine esterases.

A series of proteins with cocaine esterase ability have been shown to hydrolyze acetylcholine with similar rate enhancements. Docking studies revealed that acetylcholine binds in a similar orientation as cocaine. These results suggest that acetylcholinesterase activity may be inherent to cocaine esterases.

Complete reaction cycle of a cocaine catalytic antibody at atomic resolution.

Antibody 7A1 hydrolyzes cocaine to produce nonpsychoactive metabolites ecgonine methyl ester and benzoic acid. Crystal structures of 7A1 Fab' and six complexes with substrate cocaine, the transition state analog, products ecgonine methyl ester and benzoic acid together and individually, as well as heptaethylene glycol have been analyzed at 1.5-2.3 angstroms resolution. Here, we present snapshots of the complete cycle of the cocaine hydrolytic reaction at atomic resolution. Significant structural rearrangements occur along the reaction pathway, but they are generally limited to the binding site, including the ligands themselves. Several interacting side chains either change their rotamers or alter their mobility to accommodate the different reaction steps. CDR loop movements (up to 2.3 angstroms) and substantial side chain rearrangements (up to 9 angstroms) alter the shape and size (approximately 320-500 angstroms3) of the antibody active site from "open" to "closed" to "open" for the substrate, transition state, and product states, respectively.

Discovery of acetylcholinesterase peripheral anionic site ligands through computational refinement of a directed library.

The formation of beta-amyloid plaques in the brain is a key neurodegenerative event in Alzheimer's disease. Small molecules capable of binding to the peripheral anionic site of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) have been shown to inhibit the AChE-induced aggregation of the beta-amyloid peptide. Using the combination of a computational docking model and experimental screening, five compounds that completely blocked the amyloidogenic effect of AChE were rapidly identified from an approximately 200-member library of compounds designed to disrupt protein-protein interactions. Critical to this docking model was the inclusion of two explicit water molecules that are tightly bound to the enzyme. Interestingly, none of the tested compounds inhibited the related enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) up to their aqueous solubility limits. These compounds are among the most potent inhibitors of amyloid beta-peptide aggregation and are equivalent only to propidium, a well-characterized AChE peripheral anionic site binder and aggregation inhibitor.

Toward cocaine esterase therapeutics.

Cocaine is among the most reinforcing of all drugs of abuse, yet no effective pharmacotherapy is available. Herein, we report the development and characterization of phage-displayed cocaine esterases with pharmacologically relevant kinetic parameters (kcat/Km approximately 104 M-1 s-1).