Effects of combined aerobic and resistance training on glycemic control, blood pressure, inflammation, cardiorespiratory fitness and quality of life in patients with type 2 diabetes and overweight/obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Structured aerobic or resistance training alone seems to be a beneficial tool for improving glucose homeostasis, chronic systemic inflammation, resting cardiovascular function, and mental health in people with obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of the present study was to synthesize the available data on the effectiveness of combined aerobic and resistance training (CART) on glycemic control, blood pressure, inflammation, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), and quality of life (QoL) in overweight and obese individuals with T2DM. Methods: A database search was carried out in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar from inception up to May 2023. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess eligible studies, and the GRADE method to evaluate the reliability of evidence. A random-effects model was used, and data were analyzed using standardized mean differences and 95% confidence intervals. The study protocol was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (ID: CRD42022355612). Results: A total of 21,612 studies were retrieved; 20 studies were included, and data were extracted from 1,192 participants (mean age: 57 ± 7 years) who met the eligibility criteria. CART demonstrated significant improvements in body mass index, glycated hemoglobin, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, C-reactive protein, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, CRF, and QoL compared to ST. These findings highlight the significance of exercise interventions such as CART as essential elements within comprehensive diabetes management strategies, ultimately enhancing overall health outcomes in individuals with T2DM and overweight/obesity.No differences were found in resting heart rate between CART and ST. An uncertain risk of bias and poor quality of evidence were found among the eligible studies. Conclusion: These outcomes show clear evidence considering the positive role of CART in inducing beneficial changes in various cardiometabolic and mental health-related indicators in patients with T2DM and concurrent overweight/obesity. More studies with robust methodological design are warranted to examine the dose-response relationship, training parameters configuration, and mechanisms behind these positive adaptations.

Especialización o diversificación en el desarrollo deportivo: Una revisión integrativa / Specialization or Diversification in Sports Development: An Integrative Review / Especialização ou diversificação no desenvolvimento esportivo: uma revisão integrativa

Resumen Objetivo: Explorar y discutir literatura científica teórica y práctica para comparar la diversificación y la especialización deportivas tempranas como un enfoque deportivo y educativo. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática siguiendo las pautas PRISMA, se incluyó un total de 61 estudios. Resultados: Entrenadores, padres e hijos consideran que la mejor forma de desarrollar el talento deportivo y alcanzar la élite en el deporte es participar en una sola disciplina y hacerlo lo antes posible para lograr la especialización y las máximas habilidades técnicas, físicas y psicológicas. Los caminos de especialización deportiva pueden conducir a una situación física, social y mental que comprometa su desarrollo integral. Conclusión: Se puede plantear, en primer lugar, la diversificación deportiva en edades tempranas y luego la especialización; una vez alcanzadas las bases de la fuerza, el acondicionamiento y el entrenamiento neuromuscular, así como una maduración psicomotora específica, para que su rendimiento deportivo y su salud no se vean comprometidos en el mediano o largo plazo. Es necesario considerar que pocos niños logran obtener un lugar en los deportes de élite, por lo que, para muchos de ellos, la educación en torno al deporte será la base para el ejercicio de su ciudadanía como personas activas.

Abstract Purpose: To explore and discuss theoretical and practical scientific literature to compare sports diversification and early sports specialization as a sport and educational approach. Methods: A systematic review was conducted following PRISMA guidelines, and 61 studies were included. Results: Coaches, parents, and children consider that the best way to develop sports talent and enter the elite in sports is to practice a single discipline as early as possible to achieve specialization and maximum technical skills and physical and psychological conditions. Sports specialization paths may lead to a physical, social, and mental state that compromises their integral development. Conclusion: Sports diversification should be considered first at an early age and, afterward, the specialization once the bases of strength, conditioning, neuromuscular training, and a specific psychomotor maturation have been achieved, so that sports performance and health are not compromised in the medium or long term. It is necessary to consider that few children enter elite sports, so for many of them, sports education will be the basis for exercising their citizenship as active people.

Resumo Objetivos: Explorar e discutir literatura científica teórica e prática para comparar a diversificação e especialização esportiva precoce como uma abordagem esportiva e educacional. Métodos: uma revisão sistemática foi realizada seguindo as diretrizes do PRISMA, um total de 61 estudos foram incluídos Resultados: Treinadores, pais e crianças acreditam que a melhor maneira de desenvolver talentos esportivos e ingressar na elite do esporte é participar de uma única disciplina e fazer o mais cedo possível para alcançar a especialização e o máximo de habilidades técnicas, físicas e psicológicas. Os caminhos da especialização esportiva podem levar a uma situação física, social e mental que comprometa seu desenvolvimento integral. Conclusão: Primeiro, a diversificação esportiva pode ser considerada em uma idade precoce e depois a especialização, uma vez que os princípios básicos de força, condicionamento e treinamento neuromuscular tenham sido alcançados, bem como a maturação psicomotora específica para que seu desempenho esportivo e saúde não sejam comprometidos a médio ou longo prazo. É necessário considerar que poucas crianças conseguem obter um lugar nos esportes de elite, de modo que, para muitas delas, a educação em torno do esporte será a base para o exercício de sua cidadania como pessoas ativas.

Home-based circuit training improves blood lipid profile, liver function, musculoskeletal fitness, and health-related quality of life in overweight/obese older adult patients with knee osteoarthritis and type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial during the COVID-19 pandemic.

BACKGROUND: There is strong evidence showing the association between obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and knee pain resulting from osteoarthritis. Regular exercise has been reported as a foundational piece of the preventive therapy puzzle for knee osteoarthritis (KOA) patients. Nonetheless, evidence-based exercise protocols for people with comorbidities, such as obesity, T2DM, and KOA are limited. Therefore, the present trial aimed to assess the effectiveness of a 12-week home-based circuit training (HBCT) protocol on various indices related to cardiometabolic health, musculoskeletal fitness, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among overweight/obese older adult patients with KOA and T2DM during the COVID-19 lockdown. METHODS: This is a randomized controlled trial study registered at the National Medical Research Register (ID: RSCH ID-21-01180-KGTNMRR ID-21-02367-FUM) and obtained approval on December 9, 2021. Seventy overweight or obese patients with KOA and T2DM (62.2 ± 6.1 years; 56% female) were randomly assigned to the intervention group (n = 35, HBCT) or the no-exercise control group (n = 35, CON). HBCT performed a 12-week progressive protocol (seven exercises; 15-30 repetitions per exercise, 1 min passive rest between exercises; 2-4 rounds per session; 20-60 min total session duration). Blood samples were collected, and assays were performed to assess the lipid profile, liver function, and fasting blood glucose (FBG). In addition, the 30-s Chair Stand Test (30CST) was used to evaluate lower body muscular strength and endurance while the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test was used to evaluate lower limb function, mobility, and the risk of falls for all the participants. HRQoL was assessed using the Osteoarthritis Knee and Hip Quality of Life (OAKHQoL). All the assessments were conducted at pre-, mid-, and post-training stages during the application or practice of the exercise protocol, rather than during the training sessions themselves. RESULTS: HBCT significantly reduced total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, FBG and knee pain (p < 0.05). Furthermore, HBCT induced meaningful increases in high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), lower body muscular strength, endurance, function, mobility, and HRQoL in overweight/obese older adults with T2DM and KOA (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The present outcomes recommend that an injury-free HBCT program may improve various indicators related to cardiometabolic health, musculoskeletal fitness, and HRQoL in elderly with overweight/obesity, T2DM and KOA. These findings offer valuable insights for clinicians and practitioners seeking evidence-based exercise interventions tailored for patients managing substantial metabolic and musculoskeletal health challenges in clinical practice.

Calculating Load and Intensity Using Muscle Oxygen Saturation Data.

The study aimed to calculate training intensity and load using muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2) during two differentiated physical tasks. 29 university athletes participated in a 40-m Maximal Shuttle Run Test (MST, 10 × 40-m with 30 s recovery between sprints) and a 3000-m time trial run. Distance and time were used to calculate external load (EL). Internal load indicators were calculated based on percentage of maximum heart rate (%HRMAX) and SmO2 variables: muscle oxygen extraction (∇%SmO2) and the cardio-muscle oxygen index (CMOI) was also provided by relating ∇%SmO2 ÷ %HRMAX, and the training load were calculated as the product of speed (m/min × IL) and the efficiency index [Effindex (m/min ÷ IL)]. A student t test was applied based on Bayesian factor analysis. As expected, EL differed in the 40-m MST (331 ± 22.8) vs. 3000-m trials (222 ± 56.8) [BF10 = 6.25e+6; p = <0.001]. Likewise, IL showed higher values in 40-m MST (39.20 ± 15.44) vs. 3000-m (30.51 ± 8.67) in CMOI: [BF10 = 1.70; p = 0.039]. Training load was greater in 40-m MST (85.77 ± 27.40) vs. 3000-m (15.55 ± 6.77) [(m/min × ∇%SmO2): BF10 = 12.5; p = 0.003] and 40-m MST (129.27 ± 49.44) vs. 3000-m (70.63 ± 32.98) [(m/min × CMOI): BF10 = 169.6; p = <0.001]. Also, the Effindex was higher in 40-m MST (10.19 ± 4.17) vs. 3000-m (6.06 ± 2.21) [(m/min × ∇%SmO2): BF10 = 137.03; p = <0.001] and 40-m MST (9.69 ± 4.11) vs. 3000-m (7.55 ± 1.87) [(m/min × CMOI): BF10 = 1.86; p = 0.035]. This study demonstrates calculations of training intensity and load based on SmO2 as an internal load indicator along with speed as an external load indicator during two differentiated exercises.

Muscle Oxygen Extraction during Vascular Occlusion Test in Physically Very Active versus Inactive Healthy Men: A Comparative Study.

An increase in the delivery and use of oxygen to the musculature in physically active subjects are determinants of improving health-related aerobic capacity. Additional health benefits, such as an increase in the muscle mass and a decrease in fat mass, principally in the legs, could be achieved with weekly global physical activity levels of more than 300 min. The objective was to compare the muscle vascular and metabolic profiles of physically very active and inactive subjects. Twenty healthy men participated in the study; ten were assigned to the physically very active group (25.5 ± 4.2 years; 72.7 ± 8.1 kg; 173.7 ± 7.6 cm) and ten to the physically inactive group (30.0 ± 7.4 years; 74.9 ± 11.8 kg; 173.0 ± 6.4 cm). The level of physical activity was determined by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). A resting vascular occlusion test (5 min of an ischemic phase and 3 min of a reperfusion phase) was used, whereas a near-field infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) device was used to evaluate the muscle oxygenation in the right vastus lateralis of the quadriceps muscle. The area under the curve of the deoxyhemoglobin (HHb) during the ischemic phase and above the curve of the tissue saturation index (TSI) during the reperfusion phase were obtained to determine muscle metabolic and vascular responses, respectively. Physically very active group showed a higher absolute HHb (3331.9 ± 995.7 vs. 6182.7 ± 1632.5 mmol/s) and lower TSI (7615.0 ± 1111.9 vs. 5420.0 ± 781.4 %/s) and relative to body weight (46.3 ± 14.6 vs. 84.4 ± 27.1 mmol/s/kg and 106.0 ± 20.6 vs. 73.6 ± 13.8 %/s/kg, respectively), muscle mass (369.9 ± 122.2 vs. 707.5 ± 225.8 mmol/kg and 829.7 ± 163.4 vs. 611.9 ± 154.2 %/s/kg) and fat mass (1760.8 ± 522.9 vs. 2981.0 ± 1239.9 mmol/s/kg and 4160.0 ± 1257.3 vs. ±2638.4 ± 994.3 %/s/kg, respectively) than physically inactive subjects. A negative correlation was observed between HHb levels and TSI (r = -0.6; p < 0.05). Physically very active men (>300 min/week) present better muscle oxidative metabolism and perfusion and perform significantly more physical activity than physically inactive subjects. Extra benefits for vascular health and muscle oxidative metabolism are achieved when a subject becomes physically very active, as recommended by the World Health Organization. In addition, a higher level of physical activity determined by GPAQ is related to better vascular function and oxidative metabolism of the main locomotor musculature, i.e., the quadriceps.

The Professional Level and its Impact on Muscle Mechanical and Functional Performance in Costa Rican Soccer Players / Nivel profesional e impacto en el desempeño mecánico y funcional muscular en los jugadores de fútbol de Costa Rica / Nível profissional e impacto no desempenho mecânico e funcional dos músculos dos jogadores de futebol da Costa Rica

Abstract: This study aimed to compare the mechanical and functional muscle performance of three different competitive soccer teams of the Costa Rica professional league (U17, Pro A, and Pro B). Age 20.09 ± 4.32 years old, weight body mass 70.85 ± 7.45 kg, height 174.56 ± 4.97 cm; body fat percentage 13.9 ± 5.06 %; lean body mass 57.90 ± 4.88 kg; lean body mass right lower limb 10.11 ± 0.87 kg; lean body mass leth lower limb 10.09 ± 0.92 kg. The variables assessed were muscle time of contraction, muscle radial displacement, delay time, squat jump, and countermovement jump. The devices used were dual ray absorptiometry, tensiomyography, and jump platform. There were differences in weight, body mass, and body fat % (Pro A< U17<Pro B). There was a difference in group squat jump performance (Pro A> U17). There were no significant differences in muscle time of contraction, delay time, or radial deformation. The knowledge of differences in both muscle functional and mechanical performance could lead to new training and recovery methods and protocols considering the player's professional levels.

Resumen: El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el rendimiento muscular mecánico y funcional de tres equipos de fútbol competitivos diferentes de la liga profesional de Costa Rica (U17, Pro A, Pro B). Edad 20.09 ± 4.32 años, ; masa corporal 70.85 ± 7.45 kg, ; altura 174.56 ± 4.97 cm; porcentaje de grasa 13.9 ± 5.06 %; masa magra 57.90 ± 4.88 kg; masa magra extremidad inferior derecha 10.11 ± 0.87 kg; masa magra izquierda miembro inferior izquierdo 10.09 ± 0,92 kg. Las variables evaluadas fueron: tiempo de contracción muscular, desplazamiento radial del músculo, tiempo de retraso, salto en cuclillas y salto de contraataque. Los dispositivos utilizados fueron la absorciometría de doble rayo, la tensiomiografía y la plataforma de salto. Se encontraron diferencias en la masa corporal y la grasa. % (Pro A < U17 < Pro B). Hubo diferencias en el rendimiento del salto en sentadilla por grupos (Pro A > U17). No hubo diferencias significativas en el tiempo de contracción muscular, el tiempo de retraso o la deformación radial. El conocimiento de las diferencias en Ttanto en el rendimiento funcional como en el mecánico del músculo podría conducir a nuevos métodos y protocolos de entrenamiento y recuperación considerando los niveles profesionales del jugador.

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o desempenho mecânico e funcional de três diferentes equipes de futebol competitivas da liga profissional costarriquenha (U17, Pro A, Pro B). Idade 20,09 ± 4,32 anos, massa corporal 70,85 ± 7,45 kg, altura 174,56 ± 4,97 cm; percentual de gordura 13,9 ± 5,06%; massa magra 57,90 ± 4,88 kg; massa magra extremidade inferior direita 10,11 ± 0,87 kg; massa magra membro inferior esquerdo 10,09 ± 0,92 kg. As variáveis avaliadas foram: tempo de contração muscular, deslocamento radial do músculo, tempo de atraso, salto de cócoras e contra salto. Os dispositivos utilizados foram a absorciometria por raios-X com dupla energia, a tensiomiografia e a plataforma de salto. Foram encontradas diferenças na massa corporal e na gordura. % (Pro A <U17 <Pro B). Houve diferenças no desempenho do salto de agachamento por grupo (Pro A> U17). Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas no tempo de contração muscular, tempo de atraso ou deformação radial. O conhecimento das diferenças tanto no desempenho muscular funcional quanto mecânico poderia levar a novos métodos e protocolos de treinamento e recuperação, considerando os níveis profissionais do jogador.

Examining the Interaction between Exercise, Gut Microbiota, and Neurodegeneration: Future Research Directions.

Physical activity has been demonstrated to have a significant impact on gut microbial diversity and function. Emerging research has revealed certain aspects of the complex interactions between the gut, exercise, microbiota, and neurodegenerative diseases, suggesting that changes in gut microbial diversity and metabolic function may have an impact on the onset and progression of neurological conditions. This study aimed to review the current literature from several databases until 1 June 2023 (PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and Google Scholar) on the interplay between the gut, physical exercise, microbiota, and neurodegeneration. We summarized the roles of exercise and gut microbiota on neurodegeneration and identified the ways in which these are all connected. The gut-brain axis is a complex and multifaceted network that has gained considerable attention in recent years. Research indicates that gut microbiota plays vital roles in metabolic shifts during physiological or pathophysiological conditions in neurodegenerative diseases; therefore, they are closely related to maintaining overall health and well-being. Similarly, exercise has shown positive effects on brain health and cognitive function, which may reduce/delay the onset of severe neurological disorders. Exercise has been associated with various neurochemical changes, including alterations in cortisol levels, increased production of endorphins, endocannabinoids like anandamide, as well as higher levels of serotonin and dopamine. These changes have been linked to mood improvements, enhanced sleep quality, better motor control, and cognitive enhancements resulting from exercise-induced effects. However, further clinical research is necessary to evaluate changes in bacteria taxa along with age- and sex-based differences.

Bio-Banding in Handball: Academy Players' Perceptions Based on Maturity Status and Gender.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate young male and female handball players' perceptions of the bio-banding concept. The estimated biological maturity status was assessed in a sample of 46 male and 40 female handball players (aged 14.06±1.40 years), who competed in both an annual age-group and bio-banded tournament. To test the players' perception of bio-banding, a post-competition questionnaire was conducted. A series of ANOVA and one-sample t-tests were used in order to examine the differences in perception between the different maturity groups. An inductive thematic analysis of the qualitative data recorded in the open-ended questions was also carried out. The results showed that early-maturing boys enjoyed the bio-banding tournament more than late-maturing boys (p<0.05). Conversely, no differences were found in girls (p>0.05). Furthermore, discussions were conducted based on the qualitative analysis of the players' written comments regarding their overall experience, finding individual variance in biological maturity may be less relevant in female sports contexts due to gender-related differences. Thus, a greater influence on play and leadership in late maturing boys and early maturing girls, a greater physical challenge in early maturing boys and an opportunity to express themselves technically and tactically in late maturing boys and on-time maturing girls were observed. Therefore, stakeholders must consider the different consequences of bio-banding in order to maximize the athlete's sport development process.

Two decades of research in human movement science in Costa Rica: future growth and development / Dos décadas de investigación en ciencias del movimiento humano en Costa Rica: crecimiento y desarrollo futuro

Rojas-Valverde, D. (2023). Two decades of research in human movement science in Costa Rica: future growth and development. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1), 1-20. This manuscript provides a thorough analysis of the two-decade study of human movement science in Costa Rica, emphasizing the noteworthy expansion and advancement of the field. To enhance athletic performance, avoid injuries, treat diseases, and encourage physical exercise, researchers in Costa Rica have developed in-depth analyses, from the basic mechanics of human movement to the development of novel methods and technologies to do so. This article also looks at the potential for Costa Rica to become a leader in the field of human movement science research in the region, as well as its future growth and development. To spur innovation and enhance the outcomes of this research, the author discusses the significance of collaboration with specialists from across the world as well as the requirement for ongoing investment in research and development. The future challenges section provides keys to maintaining the exponential growth of recent years to foster development in issues such as the participation of women in the area, the permanent renewal of study plans, and the incorporation of cross-cutting axes of systematization and research in academic and labour processes. Finally, this study offers a path for the development of human movement science research in Costa Rica, with the potential to significantly move forward in the worldwide endeavour to enhance human movement, performance, and health.

Rojas-Valverde, D. (2023). Dos décadas de investigación en ciencias del movimiento humano en Costa Rica: crecimiento y desarrollo futuro. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1), 1-20. Este manuscrito proporciona un análisis completo del estudio de dos décadas de la ciencia del movimiento humano en Costa Rica, enfatizando la notable expansión y avance del campo. Con el fin de mejorar el rendimiento deportivo, evitar lesiones, tratar enfermedades y fomentar el ejercicio físico, investigadores en Costa Rica han desarrollado análisis profundos, desde la mecánica básica del movimiento humano hasta la creación de métodos y tecnología novedosos para hacerlo. El artículo también analiza el potencial de Costa Rica para convertirse en un líder en el campo de la investigación de la ciencia del movimiento humano en la región, así como su futuro crecimiento y desarrollo. Con el fin de estimular la innovación y mejorar los resultados de esta investigación, el autor analiza la importancia de la colaboración con especialistas de todo el mundo, así como el requisito de una inversión continua en investigación y desarrollo. La sección de retos futuros entrega claves para mantener el crecimiento exponencial de los últimos años y evolucionar en temas como la participación de la mujer en el área, la renovación permanente de los planes de estudio y la incorporación de ejes transversales de sistematización e investigación en los procesos universitarios y laborales. Al final, esta investigación ofrece un camino para el desarrollo de la ciencia del movimiento humano en Costa Rica, con el potencial de avanzar significativamente en el esfuerzo mundial para mejorar el movimiento, el rendimiento y la salud humanos.

Rojas-Valverde, D. (2023). Duas décadas de pesquisa em ciência do movimento humano na Costa Rica: crescimento e desenvolvimento futuros. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1),1-20. Este manuscrito fornece uma análise abrangente do estudo de duas décadas da ciência do movimento humano na Costa Rica, enfatizando a notável expansão e o avanço do campo. Para melhorar o desempenho esportivo, prevenir lesões, tratar doenças e promover o exercício físico, os pesquisadores da Costa Rica desenvolveram análises aprofundadas, desde a mecânica básica do movimento humano até a criação de novos métodos e tecnologias para isso. O artigo também analisa o potencial da Costa Rica para se tornar líder no campo da pesquisa da ciência do movimento humano na região, bem como seu crescimento e desenvolvimento futuros. Com a finalidade de estimular a inovação e melhorar os resultados desta pesquisa, o autor discute a importância da colaboração com especialistas de todo o mundo, bem como a necessidade de investimento contínuo em pesquisa e desenvolvimento. A seção sobre desafios futuros fornece as chaves para manter o crescimento exponencial dos últimos anos e evoluir em áreas como a participação das mulheres no campo, a renovação permanente dos planos de estudo e a incorporação de temas transversais de sistematização e pesquisa nos processos universitários e de trabalho. Por fim, esta pesquisa oferece um caminho para o desenvolvimento da ciência do movimento humano na Costa Rica, com o potencial de avançar significativamente o esforço global para melhorar a saúde, o movimento e o desempenho humanos.

Anthropometric, aerobic and muscle power profile of young Costa Rican basketball players / Perfil antropométrico, aeróbico y de potencia muscular de jugadores juveniles de baloncesto costarricenses

Gutiérrez-Vargas, R., Ugalde-Ramírez, A., Pino-Ortega, J., Trejos-Montoya, J.A., Blanco-Romero, L., Sánchez-Ureña, B., Gutiérrez-Vargas, J.C. y Rojas-Valverde, D. (2022). Perfil antropométrico, aeróbico y de potencia muscular de jugadores juveniles de baloncesto costarricenses. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1), 1-17. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir un perfil antropométrico, aeróbico y de potencia muscular de basquetbolistas juveniles costarricenses según sexo, posiciones de juego y categoría de edad. Se evaluaron 99 jugadores juveniles (43 mujeres y 56 hombres; 18 bases, 51 aleros y 30 pívots; 42 categoría U16 y 57 categoría U18) de ocho equipos diferentes. La experiencia deportiva de los jugadores fue de 6.5 ± 3.1 años. Se realizaron las siguientes evaluaciones: altura, peso, índice de masa corporal, masa músculo-esquelética, porcentaje de grasa, prueba de contramovimiento (CMJ) y prueba de Yo-Yo de Recuperación Intermitente Nivel I. Los principales resultados mostraron valores significativamente mayores en hombres que en mujeres en peso, talla, masa músculo-esquelética, distancia recorrida en la prueba Yo-Yo, en el VO2max, altura en el CMJ y en el tiempo de vuelo. El porcentaje de grasa fue mayor en mujeres que en hombres. Los jugadores pívots presentaron significativamente mayor estatura, peso corporal y porcentaje de grasa que las otras posiciones de juego. Los bases y los aleros cubrieron más metros en la prueba Yo-Yo y tuvieron mayor VO2máx que los pívots. Entre las categorías U16 y U18 no se encontraron diferencias significativas en ninguna variable. Modelos de regresión mostraron la influencia del peso, porcentaje de grasa corporal, masa músculo esquelética y la edad sobre el VO2máx y CMJ. Como conclusión, según el sexo y las posiciones de juego de los jugadores, estos indicadores variaron. Además, esta información será útil para procesos de promoción, desarrollo y diseño de entrenamientos de baloncesto juvenil en Costa Rica.

Gutiérrez-Vargas, R., Ugalde-Ramírez, A., Pino-Ortega, J., Trejos-Montoya, J.A., Blanco-Romero, L., Sánchez-Ureña, B., Gutiérrez-Vargas, J.C. e Rojas-Valverde, D. (2022). Perfil antropométrico, aeróbico e de potência muscular de jogadores juvenis de basquete da Costa Rica. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1), 1-17. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever um perfil antropométrico, aeróbico e de potência muscular de jogadores juvenis de basquete da Costa Rica segundo o sexo, as posições de jogo e a categoria de idade. Foram avaliados 99 jogadores juvenis (43 mulheres e 56 homens; 18 armadores, 51 alas e 30 pivôs; 42 na categoria U16 e 57 na categoria U18) de oito equipes diferentes. A experiência esportiva dos jogadores foi de 6,5 ± 3,1 anos. Foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações: altura, peso, índice de massa corporal, massa musculoesquelética e porcentagem de gordura, teste de salto com contramovimento (SCM) e teste de Yo-Yo de Recuperação Intermitente Nível I. Os principais resultados mostraram valores significativamente maiores em homens do que em mulheres com relação ao peso, tamanho, massa muscular esquelética, distância percorrida no teste Yo-Yo, VO2max, altura no SCM e no tempo de voo. A porcentagem de gordura foi maior em mulheres do que em homens. Os jogadores pivôs apresentaram significativamente maior estatura, peso corporal e porcentagem de gordura do que as outras posições de jogo. Os armadores e os alas cobriram mais metros no teste Yo-Yo e tiveram maior VO2max do que os pivôs. Entre as categorias U16 e U18 não foram encontradas diferenças significativas em nenhuma variável. Modelos de regressão mostraram a influência do peso, da porcentagem de gordura corporal, da massa musculoesquelética e da idade no VO2max e SCM. Conclui-se, portanto, que esses indicadores variam segundo o sexo e as posições dos jogadores. Além disso, essa informação será útil para processos de fomentação, desenvolvimento e desenho de treinamentos de basquete juvenil na Costa Rica.

Gutiérrez-Vargas, R., Ugalde-Ramírez, A., Pino-Ortega, J., Trejos-Montoya, J.A., Blanco-Romero, L., Sánchez-Ureña, B., Gutiérrez-Vargas, J.C. & Rojas-Valverde, D. (2022). Anthropometric, aerobic and muscle power profile of young Costa Rican basketball players. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 21(1), 1-17. The purpose of this study was to describe an anthropometric, aerobic and muscle power profile of young Costa Rican basketball players according to sex, play positions and age. The assessment was carried outa on 99 young players (43 women and 56 men; 18 guards, 51 forwards and 30 centers; 42 in the U16 category and 57 in the U18 category) from eight different teams. The sports experience of the players was 6.5 ± 3.1 years. The following parameters were assessed: height, weight, body mass index, skeletal muscle mass and body fat percentage, countermovement test (CMJ) and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level I. The main results showed significantly higher values in men than in women in terms of weight, height, skeletal muscle mass, distance covered in the yo-yo test, VO2max, height in CMJ and in flight time. Body fat percentage was higher in women than in men. Centers showed significantly higher height, weight and body fat percentage than other play positions. Guards and forwards covered more meters in the yo-yo test and showed higher VO2max than centers. No significant differences were found between the U16 and U18 categories in any variable. Regression models showed the influence of weight, body fat percentage, skeletal muscle mass and age on VO2max and CMJ. In conclusion, these indicators varied according to the sex and play position of the players. Additionally, this information will be useful for processes of promotion, development and training design of youth basketball in Costa Rica.

Wearable Sports Technology Development in Costa Rica: Inertial Measurement Unit Integration for Real-Time External Load Monitoring / Desarrollo de tecnología deportiva portátil en Costa Rica: integración de una unidad de medición inercial para monitoreo de carga externa en tiempo real / Desenvolvimento de tecnologia desportiva portátil na Costa Rica: integração de uma unidade de medição por inércia para monitorização da carga externa em tempo real

Abstract: The increasing trend and projection for the use of wearable sensors technology in the general population have led to the development of different inertial measurement units (IMU) to monitor activity and motion variables during exercise or sports. This study aims to systematize the practical experience of developing an inertial measurement device to quantify external load in real time for runners. This article shows the installed capacity of Costa Rican higher education institutions to integrate existing sensors available in the international market in a single device to program it and use it for different sport science purposes. Two scientific laboratories joined resources and integrated an interdisciplinary team composed of exercise physiologists, sports scientists, physiotherapists, and electromechanical engineers who globally faced the challenge of creating SafeRun IMU. In this case, an IMU was constructed with great success, capable of quantifying external load variables controlled from a mobile device in real-time. The results showed an acceptable agreement and reliability of the data extracted from the IMU. The information collected from this IMU could be used to control and quantify external load to develop or redirect exercise programming and prescription and prevent overuse injuries or physical overload conditions. This device differs from other existing ones due to its small size and portability, which benefits its commercialization and massification.

Resumen: La creciente tendencia y proyección para el uso de tecnología de sensores portátiles en la población en general ha llevado al desenvolvimiento de diferentes dispositivos de medición inercial, para monitorear las variables de actividad y movimiento durante el ejercicio o los deportes. El objetivo del presente estudio es sistematizar la experiencia práctica de desarrollar un dispositivo de medición inercial, con el fin de cuantificar la carga externa en tiempo real para los corredores. Este artículo demostró la capacidad instalada de las instituciones de educación superior de Costa Rica para integrar los sensores existentes disponibles en el mercado internacional en un solo dispositivo, con el propósito de programarlo y usarlo en diferentes fines de ciencias del deporte. Dos laboratorios científicos unieron esfuerzos e integraron un equipo interdisciplinario compuesto por fisiólogos del ejercicio, científicos del deporte, fisioterapeutas e ingenieros electromecánicos, quienes, de manera global, afrontaron el reto de la creación de la IMU. En este caso, se desarrolló una IMU con gran éxito, capaz de cuantificar las variables de carga externa controladas desde un dispositivo móvil en tiempo real. Los resultados mostraron un nivel de concordancia y fiabilidad aceptable de los datos extraídos de la IMU. La información obtenida de esta IMU podría usarse para controlar y cuantificar la carga externa, con miras a desplegar o redirigir la programación y prescripción de ejercicios, así como con el afán de prevenir lesiones por sobreuso o condiciones de sobrecarga física.

Resumo: A crescente tendência e projeção para o uso da tecnologia de sensores portáteis na população em geral levou ao desenvolvimento de diferentes dispositivos de medição inercial para monitorar as variáveis de atividade e de movimento durante o exercício ou esportes. O objetivo do presente estudo é sistematizar a experiência prática de desenvolvimento de um dispositivo de medição inercial, a fim de quantificar a carga externa em tempo real para os corredores. Este artigo demonstrou a capacidade instalada das instituições de ensino superior da Costa Rica para integrar os sensores existentes disponíveis no mercado internacional em um único dispositivo, com a finalidade de programá-lo e usá-lo para diferentes fins de ciência do esporte. Dois laboratórios científicos uniram forças e integraram uma equipe interdisciplinar composta por fisiologistas do exercício, cientistas do esporte, fisioterapeutas e engenheiros eletromecânicos, que, de forma global, enfrentaram o desafio de criar a IMU. Neste caso, foi desenvolvida uma IMU de grande sucesso, capaz de quantificar variáveis de carga externas controladas a partir de um dispositivo móvel em tempo real. Os resultados mostraram um nível aceitável de concordância e confiabilidade dos dados extraídos da IMU. As informações obtidas desta IMU poderiam ser utilizadas para monitorar e quantificar a carga externa, com o objetivo de implantar ou redirecionar a programação e prescrição de exercícios, bem como com o objetivo de evitar lesões por uso excessivo ou condições de sobrecarga física.

Crucial workload variables in female-male elite Brazilian Beach Handball: An exploratory factor analysis.

This study aimed to identify the most important variables of male and female beach handball workload demands and compare them by sex. A total of 92 elite Brazilian beach handball players (54 male: age 22.1 ± 2.6 years, height 1.8 ± 0.5 m, weight 77.6 ± 13.4 kg; and 38 female: age 24.4 ± 5.5 years, height 1.7 ± 0.5 m, weight 67.5 ± 6.5 kg) were analyzed in 24 official matches during a four-day congested tournament. From 250 variables measured by the inertial measurement unit, fourteen were extracted for analysis using Principal Component Analysis as selection criteria. Five Principal Components (PC) were extracted that explained 81.2-82.8% of total variance (overview of workload demands during beach handball). Specifically, 36.2-39.3% was explained by PC1 (DistanceExpl, Distance, Distance4-7 km/h, and Acc), 15-18% by PC2 (AccMax, Acc3-4 m/s, Dec4-3 m/s), 10.7-12.9% by PC3 (JumpsAvg Take-Off, JumpsAvg Landing and PLRT), 8-9.4% by PC4 (Distance> 18.1 km/h, SpeedMax), and 6.7-7.7% by PC5 (HRAvg and Step Balance). Sex-related differences were found in the PC distribution of variables, as well as in selected variables (HRAvg, Dec4-3 m/s, Acc3-4 m/s, JumpsAvg Take-Off, JumpsAvg Landing, AccMax, Distance, Distance4-7 km/h, Acc, SpeedMax) with higher values in male players (p < .05). In conclusion, the sex-related PC distribution and workload demands in beach handball should consider for training design and injury prevention programs.

A Proposal of Speed Zone Classification in Basketball: A New-Criteria Based on Maximum Registered Values / Propuesta para la clasificación de las zonas de velocidad en baloncesto: Un nuevo criterio basado en los máximos valores registrados

Abstract The quantification of training load has become mandatory for coaches and team staff. Within the analyzed variables, distance covered at different speed zones is one of the most studied. However, there is no consensus in the definition of speed zones in the published articles about each team sport, so it makes difficult a comparison between them. Therefore, the purposes of this article were to establish a criteria standard in the classification of speed zones in team sports and to analyze its practical application in basketball. Five speed categories were established for basketball following the methodology described above: 0-10km/h, >10-13.8 km/h, >13.8-17.6 km/h, >17.6-21.5 km/h, and >21.5 km/h. The results showed differences between periods in high-speed displacements and sprints, maximum speed, total decelerations, and accelerations. In conclusion, the categorization of workload based on standard deviation according to maximum speed could be a viable option to individualize the analysis of distance covered per speeds in team sports such as basketball. Its use may lead to a better understanding and contextualization of the locomotion data in specific sports and teams.

Resumen La cuantificación de la carga de entrenamiento se ha convertido en una obligación para el personal entrenador y el personal técnico en los deportes de equipo. Dentro de las variables analizadas, la distancia recorrida en distintas zonas de velocidad es una de las más estudiadas. Sin embargo, no existe consenso en la definición de zonas de velocidad en los artículos publicados sobre cada uno de estos deportes, por lo que dificulta la comparación entre ellos. Por tanto, los objetivos de este artículo fueron establecer un criterio estándar en la clasificación de zonas de velocidad en los deportes de equipo y analizar su aplicación práctica en baloncesto. Se establecieron cinco categorías de velocidad para el baloncesto siguiendo la metodología descrita anteriormente: 0-10 km/h, >10-13,8 km/h, >13,8-17,6 km/h, >17,6-21,5 km/h y >21,5 km/h. Los resultados muestran entre períodos en desplazamientos de alta velocidad y esprints, velocidad máxima, desaceleraciones y aceleraciones totales. En conclusión, la categorización de las demandas basadas en la desviación estándar, según la velocidad máxima, podría ser una opción viable para individualizar el análisis de la distancia recorrida por velocidades en deportes de equipo como el baloncesto. Su utilización puede ayudar a una mejor comprensión y contextualización de los datos de desplazamientos en deportes y equipos específicos.

Resumo A quantificação da carga de treinamento se tornou uma obrigação para treinadores e pessoal técnico em esportes coletivos. Entre as variáveis analisadas, a distância percorrida em diferentes zonas de velocidade é uma das mais estudadas. Entretanto, não há consenso na definição de zonas de velocidade nos artigos publicados sobre cada esporte coletivo, o que torna difícil a comparação entre eles. Portanto, os objetivos deste artigo eram estabelecer um critério padrão na classificação das zonas de velocidade nos esportes coletivos e analisar sua aplicação prática no basquetebol. Foram estabelecidas cinco categorias de velocidade para o basquetebol seguindo a metodologia descrita acima: 0-10 km/h, >10-13,8 km/h, >13,8-17,6 km/h, >17,6-21,5 km/h, >21,5 km/h. Os resultados mostram entre períodos de alta velocidade e sprints, velocidade máxima, desacelerações e acelerações totais. Em conclusão, a categorização das demandas com base no desvio padrão de acordo com a velocidade máxima poderia ser uma opção viável para individualizar a análise da distância percorrida pelas velocidades em esportes coletivos como o basquetebol. Seu uso pode ajudar a compreender e contextualizar melhor os dados de movimento em esportes e equipes específicas.

Anthropometric, aerobic and muscle power profile of young Costa Rican basketball players / Perfil antropométrico, aeróbico y de potencia muscular de jugadores juveniles de baloncesto costarricenses

Gutiérrez-Vargas, R., Ugalde-Ramírez, A., Pino-Ortega, J., Trejos-Montoya, J.A., Blanco-Romero, L., Sánchez-Ureña, B., Gutiérrez-Vargas, J.C. & Rojas-Valverde, D. (2022). Anthropometric, aerobic and muscle power profile of young Costa Rican basketball players. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(2), 1-15. The purpose of this study was to describe an anthropometric, aerobic and muscle power profile of young Costa Rican basketball players according to sex, play positions and age. The assessment was carried outa on 99 young players (43 women and 56 men; 18 guards, 51 forwards and 30 centers; 42 in the U16 category and 57 in the U18 category) from eight different teams. The sports experience of the players was 6.5 ± 3.1 years. The following parameters were assessed: height, weight, body mass index, skeletal muscle mass and body fat percentage, countermovement test (CMJ) and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level I. The main results showed significantly higher values in men than in women in terms of weight, height, skeletal muscle mass, distance covered in the yo-yo test, VO2max, height in CMJ and in flight time. Body fat percentage was higher in women than in men. Centers showed significantly higher height, weight and body fat percentage than other play positions. Guards and forwards covered more meters in the yo-yo test and showed higher VO2max than centers. No significant differences were found between the U16 and U18 categories in any variable. Regression models showed the influence of weight, body fat percentage, skeletal muscle mass and age on VO2max and CMJ. In conclusion, these indicators varied according to the sex and play position of the players. Additionally, this information will be useful for processes of promotion, development and training design of youth basketball in Costa Rica.

Gutiérrez-Vargas, R., Ugalde-Ramírez, A., Pino-Ortega, J., Trejos-Montoya, J.A., Blanco-Romero, L., Sánchez-Ureña, B., Gutiérrez-Vargas, J.C. y Rojas-Valverde, D. (2022). Perfil antropométrico, aeróbico y de potencia muscular de jugadores juveniles de baloncesto costarricenses. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(2), 1-15. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir un perfil antropométrico, aeróbico y de potencia muscular de basquetbolistas juveniles costarricenses según sexo, posiciones de juego y categoría de edad. Se evaluaron 99 jugadores juveniles (43 mujeres y 56 hombres; 18 bases, 51 aleros y 30 pívots; 42 categoría U16 y 57 categoría U18) de ocho equipos diferentes. La experiencia deportiva de los jugadores fue de 6.5 ± 3.1 años. Se realizaron las siguientes evaluaciones: altura, peso, índice de masa corporal, masa de músculo esquelética y porcentaje de grasa, prueba de contramovimiento (CMJ) y prueba de Yo-Yo de Recuperación Intermitente Nivel I. Los principales resultados mostraron valores significativamente mayores en hombres que en mujeres en peso, talla, masa muscular esquelética, distancia recorrida en la prueba Yo-Yo, VO2max, altura en el CMJ y en el tiempo de vuelo. El porcentaje de grasa fue mayor en mujeres que en hombres. Los jugadores pívots presentaron significativamente mayor estatura, peso corporal y porcentaje de grasa que las otras posiciones de juego. Los bases y los aleros cubrieron más metros en la prueba Yo-Yo y tuvieron mayor VO2max que los pívots. Entre las categorías U16 y U18 no se encontraron diferencias significativas en ninguna variable. Modelos de regresión mostraron la influencia del peso, porcentaje de grasa corporal, masa músculo esquelética y la edad sobre el VO2max y CMJ. Como conclusión, según el sexo y las posiciones de juego de los jugadores, estos indicadores variaron. Además, esta información será útil para procesos de promoción, desarrollo y diseño de entrenamientos de baloncesto juvenil en Costa Rica.

Gutiérrez-Vargas, R., Ugalde-Ramírez, A., Pino-Ortega, J., Trejos-Montoya, J.A., Blanco-Romero, L., Sánchez-Ureña, B., Gutiérrez-Vargas, J.C. e Rojas-Valverde, D. (2022). Perfil antropométrico, aeróbico e de potência muscular de jogadores juvenis de basquete da Costa Rica. PENSAR EN MOVIMIENTO: Revista de Ciencias del Ejercicio y la Salud, 20(2), 1-15. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever um perfil antropométrico, aeróbico e de potência muscular de jogadores juvenis de basquete da Costa Rica segundo o sexo, as posições de jogo e a categoria de idade. Foram avaliados 99 jogadores juvenis (43 mulheres e 56 homens; 18 armadores, 51 alas e 30 pivôs; 42 na categoria U16 e 57 na categoria U18) de oito equipes diferentes. A experiência esportiva dos jogadores foi de 6,5 ± 3,1 anos. Foram realizadas as seguintes avaliações: altura, peso, índice de massa corporal, massa musculoesquelética e porcentagem de gordura, teste de salto com contramovimento (SCM) e teste de Yo-Yo de Recuperação Intermitente Nível I. Os principais resultados mostraram valores significativamente maiores em homens do que em mulheres com relação ao peso, tamanho, massa muscular esquelética, distância percorrida no teste Yo-Yo, VO2max, altura no SCM e no tempo de voo. A porcentagem de gordura foi maior em mulheres do que em homens. Os jogadores pivôs apresentaram significativamente maior estatura, peso corporal e porcentagem de gordura do que as outras posições de jogo. Os armadores e os alas cobriram mais metros no teste Yo-Yo e tiveram maior VO2max do que os pivôs. Entre as categorias U16 e U18 não foram encontradas diferenças significativas em nenhuma variável. Modelos de regressão mostraram a influência do peso, da porcentagem de gordura corporal, da massa musculoesquelética e da idade no VO2max e SCM. Conclui-se, portanto, que esses indicadores variam segundo o sexo e as posições dos jogadores. Além disso, essa informação será útil para processos de fomentação, desenvolvimento e desenho de treinamentos de basquete juvenil na Costa Rica.

Pesticide exposure and cortical brain activation among farmworkers in Costa Rica.

BACKGROUND: Previous epidemiological studies have reported associations of pesticide exposure with poor cognitive function and behavioral problems. However, these findings have relied primarily on neuropsychological assessments. Questions remain about the neurobiological effects of pesticide exposure, specifically where in the brain pesticides exert their effects and whether compensatory mechanisms in the brain may have masked pesticide-related associations in studies that relied purely on neuropsychological measures. METHODS: We conducted a functional neuroimaging study in 48 farmworkers from Zarcero County, Costa Rica, in 2016. We measured concentrations of 13 insecticide, fungicide, or herbicide metabolites or parent compounds in urine samples collected during two study visits (approximately 3-5 weeks apart). We assessed cortical brain activation in the prefrontal cortex during tasks of working memory, attention, and cognitive flexibility using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). We estimated associations of pesticide exposure with cortical brain activation using multivariable linear regression models adjusted for age and education level. RESULTS: We found that higher concentrations of insecticide metabolites were associated with reduced activation in the prefrontal cortex during a working memory task. For example, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy; a metabolite of the organophosphate chlorpyrifos) was associated with reduced activation in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (ß = -2.3; 95% CI: -3.9, -0.7 per two-fold increase in TCPy). Similarly, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA; a metabolite of pyrethroid insecticides) was associated with bilateral reduced activation in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (ß = -3.1; 95% CI: -5.0, -1.2 and -2.3; 95% CI: -4.5, -0.2 per two-fold increase in 3-PBA for left and right cortices, respectively). These associations were similar, though weaker, for the attention and cognitive flexibility tasks. We observed null associations of fungicide and herbicide biomarker concentrations with cortical brain activation during the three tasks that were administered. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides may impact cortical brain activation in the prefrontal cortex - neural dynamics that could potentially underlie previously reported associations with cognitive and behavioral function. Furthermore, our study demonstrates the feasibility and utility of fNIRS in epidemiological field studies.