Association of retinal vessel pathology and brain atrophy in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.

Background: Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) allows non-invasive assessment of retinal vessel structures. Thinning and loss of retinal vessels is evident in eyes of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and might be associated with a proinflammatory disease phenotype and worse prognosis. We investigated whether changes of the retinal vasculature are linked to brain atrophy and disability in MS. Material and methods: This study includes one longitudinal observational cohort (n=79) of patients with relapsing-remitting MS. Patients underwent annual assessment of the expanded disability status scale (EDSS), timed 25-foot walk, symbol digit modalities test (SDMT), retinal optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCTA, and brain MRI during a follow-up duration of at least 20 months. We investigated intra-individual associations between changes in the retinal architecture, vasculature, brain atrophy and disability. Eyes with a history of optic neuritis (ON) were excluded. Results: We included 79 patients with a median disease duration of 12 (interquartile range 2 - 49) months and a median EDSS of 1.0 (0 - 2.0). Longitudinal retinal axonal and ganglion cell loss were linked to grey matter atrophy, cortical atrophy, and volume loss of the putamen. We observed an association between vessel loss of the superficial vascular complex (SVC) and both grey and white matter atrophy. Both observations were independent of retinal ganglion cell loss. Moreover, patients with worsening of the EDSS and SDMT revealed a pronounced longitudinal rarefication of the SVC and the deep vascular complex. Discussion: ON-independent narrowing of the retinal vasculature might be linked to brain atrophy and disability in MS. Our findings suggest that retinal OCTA might be a new tool for monitoring neurodegeneration during MS.

The OSCAR-MP Consensus Criteria for Quality Assessment of Retinal Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a noninvasive high-resolution imaging technique for assessing the retinal vasculature and is increasingly used in various ophthalmologic, neuro-ophthalmologic, and neurologic diseases. To date, there are no validated consensus criteria for quality control (QC) of OCTA. Our study aimed to develop criteria for OCTA quality assessment. METHODS: To establish criteria through (1) extensive literature review on OCTA artifacts and image quality to generate standardized and easy-to-apply OCTA QC criteria, (2) application of OCTA QC criteria to evaluate interrater agreement, (3) identification of reasons for interrater disagreement, revision of OCTA QC criteria, development of OCTA QC scoring guide and training set, and (4) validation of QC criteria in an international, interdisciplinary multicenter study. RESULTS: We identified 7 major aspects that affect OCTA quality: (O) obvious problems, (S) signal strength, (C) centration, (A) algorithm failure, (R) retinal pathology, (M) motion artifacts, and (P) projection artifacts. Seven independent raters applied the OSCAR-MP criteria to a set of 40 OCTA scans from people with MS, Sjogren syndrome, and uveitis and healthy individuals. The interrater kappa was substantial (κ 0.67). Projection artifacts were the main reason for interrater disagreement. Because artifacts can affect only parts of OCTA images, we agreed that prior definition of a specific region of interest (ROI) is crucial for subsequent OCTA quality assessment. To enhance artifact recognition and interrater agreement on reduced image quality, we designed a scoring guide and OCTA training set. Using these educational tools, 23 raters from 14 different centers reached an almost perfect agreement (κ 0.92) for the rejection of poor-quality OCTA images using the OSCAR-MP criteria. DISCUSSION: We propose a 3-step approach for standardized quality control: (1) To define a specific ROI, (2) to assess the occurrence of OCTA artifacts according to the OSCAR-MP criteria, and (3) to evaluate OCTA quality based on the occurrence of different artifacts within the ROI. OSCAR-MP OCTA QC criteria achieved high interrater agreement in an international multicenter study and is a promising QC protocol for application in the context of future clinical trials and studies.

Dynamics of Retinal Vessel Loss After Acute Optic Neuritis in Patients With Relapsing Multiple Sclerosis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Rarefication of the retinal vasculature as measured by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) is a novel finding in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to analyze longitudinal dynamics of the retinal vasculature following an acute inflammatory relapse including acute optic neuritis (ON) and to search for associations with alterations of the retinal architecture and visual function. METHODS: This prospective longitudinal cohort study included patients with relapsing-remitting MS or clinically isolated syndrome having an acute ON (n = 20) or a non-ON relapse (n = 33). Patients underwent examinations at baseline and after 7, 14, 28, 90, and 180 days with OCT, OCT-A, and assessment of the high- (HCVA) and low-contrast visual acuity (LCVA). RESULTS: Retinal vessel loss of the superficial vascular complex (SVC) evolves early after ON and reaches a plateau between 90 and 180 days (relative vessel loss 15% ± 8% [mean ± SD]). In addition, an 18% ± 18% intraindividual increase of the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) is evident within 180 days after acute ON. Both SVC thinning and FAZ enlargement were associated with worse HCVA and LCVA. Rarefication of the SVC evolved simultaneously to thinning of the common ganglion cell and inner plexiform layer (GCIP) after ON. No alterations of the deep vascular complex were seen in eyes with ON, and no alterations of the retinal vasculature were recognized in patients having acute non-ON relapses. DISCUSSION: Rarefication of the SVC and growing of the FAZ evolve rapidly after ON and are linked to persistent visual disability. ON-related SVC thinning might be closely linked to GCIP atrophy and might occur due to an altered local metabolic activity within inner retinal layers.