Validation of the Grace Risk Score to Predict In-Hospital and 6-Month Post-Discharge Mortality in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome

Abstract Background The wide range of clinical presentations of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) makes it indispensible to use tools for risk stratification and for appropriate risks management; thus, the use of prognosis scores is recommended in the immediat clinical decision-making. Objective To validate the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score as a predictor of in-hospital and 6-month post-discharge mortality in a population diagnosed with ACS. Methods This is a prospective cohort study of consecutive patients diagnosed with ACS between May and December 2018. GRACE scores were calculated, as well as their predictive value for in-hospital and 6-month post-discharge mortality. The validity of the model was assessed by two techniques: discriminative power using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and goodness-of-fit, using the Hosmer-Lemeshow (HL) test, at the 5% level of significance. Results A total of 160 patients were included, mean age 64 (±10.9) years; of which 60% were men. The risk model showed to have satisfactory ability to predict both in-hospital mortality, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.76 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.57-0.95; p = 0.014), and 6-month post-discharge mortality, with AUC of 0.78 (95%CI, 0.62-0.94), p = 0.002. The HL test indicated good-fit for both models of the GRACE score. Conclusion In this study, the GRACE risk score for predicting mortality was appropriately validated in patients with ACS, with good discriminative power and goodness-of-fit. The results suggest that the GRACE score is appropriate for clinical use in our setting.

Análise de segurança do ecocardiograma sob estresse farmacológico com dipiridamol em octogenários / Safety analysis of pharmacological stress echocardiography with dipyridamole in octogenarians

Fundamento: O ecocardiograma sob estresse farmacológico, utilizando dipiridamol, é reconhecido como teste acurado e seguro para investigação diagnóstica e prognóstica de doença arterial coronariana, especialmente útil na avaliação de indivíduos com idade avançada que apresentam comorbidades limitantes ao uso do estresse físico. Poucos estudos avaliaram a segurança desse método em pacientes com mais de 80 anos. Objetivo: Avaliar a segurança do ecocardiograma sob estresse farmacológico com dipiridamol em octogenários. Métodos: Estudo descritivo retrospectivo. Resultados: Foram avaliados 262 pacientes com idade média de 82,8 ± 2,9 anos submetidos à realização de ecocardiograma sob estresse farmacológico com dipiridamol 0,84 mg/kg em 4 minutos. A incidência de complicações foi de 3,4% (9 casos), com apenas uma complicação maior (0,4%), que foi um caso de isquemia prolongada necessitando tratamento invasivo de urgência. As demais complicações foram 2 casos de isquemia prolongada tratadas com betabloqueador; 3 casos de taquicardias supraventriculares transitórias; 1 caso de taquicardia supraventricular sustentada revertida com adenosina; 1 caso de fibrilação atrial; e 1 caso de bloqueio atrioventricular 2:1 transitório. Conclusão: No presente estudo o ecocardiograma sob estresse com dipiridamol mostrou ser um teste seguro na população selecionada de octogenários.

Background: The pharmacological stress echocardiography with dipyridamole is known as safe and accurate test for diagnostic and prognostic investigation of coronary artery disease, particularly useful for elderly who have comorbidities that limit the use of physical stress. Few studies have evaluated the safety of this method in patients over 80 years. Objective: Evaluate the safety of pharmacological stress echocardiography with dipyridamole in octogenarians. Methods: A retrospective descriptive study. Results: The study included 262 patients with a mean age of 82.9 ± 2.9 years who under went a pharmacological stress echocardiogram with dipyridamole 0.84 mg/kg over 4 minutes. The incidence of complications was 3.4% (nine cases), only one major complication (0.4%), which was a case of prolonged ischemia requiring urgent invasive treatment. Other complications were two cases of prolonged ischemia treated with beta blocker, three cases of transient supraventricular tachycardias, one case of sustained supraventricular tachycardia reversed with adenosine,one case of atrial fibrillation and one case of transitory atrioventricular block 2:1. Conclusion: In this study the stress echocardiography with dipyridamole was shown to be a safe test in the selected population of octogenarians.

Embolia gordurosa no diagnóstico diferencial de “cor pulmonale” agudo: relato de caso / Fat embolism in differential diagnosis of acute cor pulmonale: case report

Embolia gordurosa (EG) é definida como a presença de partículas de gordura na circulação sanguínea as quais têm potencial para gerar fenômenos embólicos e lesão tecidual local, principalmente em pacientes vítimas de traumas e fraturas dos ossos longos. Síndrome de embolia gordurosa (SEG) caracteriza-se pelo surgimento de sinais e sintomas específicos secundários ao acometimento de órgãos-alvo como pulmões, cérebro e pele, na vigência de EGDiscutiremos o caso de uma paciente feminina jovem com síndrome de embolia gordurosa e “cor pulmonale” agudo 48 horas após acidente de trânsito com fratura do fêmur.

Prognostic value of myeloperoxidase in coronary artery disease: comparison of unstable and stable angina patients.

BACKGROUND: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory process, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) seems to contribute directly to the pathogenesis of acute coronary syndrome (ACS). OBJECTIVE: To compare MPO levels among the patients with stable and unstable ischemic heart disease and to evaluate their independent prognostic value for cardiovascular events. METHODS: MPO and C-reactive protein (CRP) were assessed in two cohorts of coronary artery disease patients, including 178 patients with stable angina and 130 patients with ACS evaluated at the emergency department. RESULTS: MPO and CRP levels were significantly higher among patients with ACS [MPO 93 (54-127) vs. 9.9 pmol/l (5-21) and high sensitivity-CRP 11 (3-27) vs. 2.6 mg/l (1-5)]. Among patients with stable angina, high sensitivity-CRP levels greater than 3 mg/l were associated with a three-fold risk of further cardiovascular events during a mean follow-up period of 13+/-4 months, although there was no significant association between MPO levels and outcomes. Among patients with ACS, baseline MPO level was an independent predictor of major adverse cardiac events during hospitalization, odds ratio of 3.8 (95% confidence interval: 1.2-12) for the combined endpoint (death, recurrent angina, heart failure, and arrhythmia). CRP levels were associated with hospital mortality in patients with ACS, but were not independently related to cardiovascular events. CONCLUSION: Elevated MPO levels among the ACS patients suggest that this marker may participate in plaque vulnerability and instability process, whereas higher CRP levels were predictive of cardiac events only among the stable angina patients. These findings suggest distinct role of the inflammatory markers studied in the pathophysiology of coronary artery disease.

Myeloperoxidase and coronary arterial disease: from research to clinical practice.

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an enzyme derived of leukocytes that catalyze formation of numerous reactive oxidant species. Besides members of the innate host defense, evidences have been proving the contribution of these oxidants to tissue injury during inflammation. MPO participates in proatherogenic biological activities related to the evolution of cardiovascular disease, including initiation, propagation and acute complications of atherosclerotic process. Thereby, MPO and its inflammatory cascade represents an attractive target for prognostical investigation and therapeutics in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In this review, we present the state of the art in the understanding of biological actions to clinical evidences of the relationship between MPO and coronary arterial disease. Several studies point to the independent effect of MPO levels in the evolution of disease and incidence of events in patients with acute coronary syndrome. However, the additional predictive value of MPO levels in the cardiovascular risk assessment, to incorporate it to the clinical practice as marker of plaque vulnerability, is still not consistent. Additional studies are necessary to confirm its role in the different forms of presentation of ischemic disease, besides the standardization of the assay, fundamental point for transition of this marker from research atmosphere to use in clinical routine: : from laboratory to clinical practice.

Mieloperoxidase e doença arterial coronariana: da pesquisa à prática clínica / Myeloperoxidase and coronary arterial disease: from research to clinical practice

A mieloperoxidase (MPO) é uma enzima derivada de leucócitos que catalisa a formação de numerosas espécies reativas oxidantes. Além de integrantes da resposta imune inata, evidências têm comprovado a contribuição desses oxidantes para o dano tecidual durante inflamação. A MPO participa de atividades biológicas pró-aterogênicas relacionadas à evolução da doença cardiovascular, incluindo iniciação, propagação e as fases de complicação aguda do processo aterosclerótico. Dessa forma, a MPO e sua cascata inflamatória representam um alvo atrativo para investigação prognóstica e terapêutica na doença aterosclerótica cardiovascular. Nesta revisão, apresentamos o estado da arte no entendimento das ações biológicas às evidências clínicas da relação entre MPO e doença arterial coronariana. Vários estudos apontam para o efeito independente dos níveis de MPO na evolução da doença e ocorrência de eventos em pacientes com síndrome coronariana aguda. Entretanto, ainda não é consistente o valor preditivo adicional dos níveis de MPO na estratificação de risco cardiovascular para incorporá-la à prática clínica como sinalizadora de vulnerabilidade de placa. Estudos adicionais são necessários para confirmar seu papel nas diferentes formas de apresentação da cardiopatia isquêmica, além da padronização do ensaio, ponto fundamental para a transição desse marcador do ambiente de pesquisa para uso na rotina clínica.

Myeloperoxidase (MPO) is an enzyme derived of leukocytes that catalyze formation of numerous reactive oxidant species. Besides members of the innate host defense, evidences have been proving the contribution of these oxidants to tissue injury during inflammation. MPO participates in proatherogenic biological activities related to the evolution of cardiovascular disease, including initiation, propagation and acute complications of atherosclerotic process. Thereby, MPO and its inflammatory cascade represents an attractive target for prognostical investigation and therapeutics in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. In this review, we present the state of the art in the understanding of biological actions to clinical evidences of the relationship between MPO and coronary arterial disease. Several studies point to the independent effect of MPO levels in the evolution of disease and incidence of events in patients with acute coronary syndrome. However, the additional predictive value of MPO levels in the cardiovascular risk assessment, to incorporate it to the clinical practice as marker of plaque vulnerability, is still not consistent. Additional studies are necessary to confirm its role in the different forms of presentation of ischemic disease, besides the standardization of the assay, fundamental point for transition of this marker from research atmosphere to use in clinical routine: : from laboratory to clinical practice.