AngioJet thrombectomy in the treatment of pulmonary embolism complicated with left subclavian artery embolism: a case report.

Coexistence of pulmonary embolism (PE) and arterial thrombosis in a single patient is rare. Management of such cases is challenging because there is no unified standard on how to treat this type of disease. We herein report a case involving a 73-year-old man who was admitted to the hospital because of a 2-day history of chest tightness. Pulmonary computed tomography angiography revealed a filling defect of the main pulmonary artery and bilateral branches as well as a left subclavian artery embolism. AngioJet mechanical thrombectomy (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA) was used to treat the PE, and this was combined with left brachial artery incision and thrombectomy for treatment of the left subclavian artery embolism. The patient recovered well after the operation. The prognosis was good after 9 months of regular follow-up. AngioJet mechanical thrombectomy combined with left brachial artery incision thrombectomy may be a feasible treatment option for cases of PE combined with left subclavian artery embolism.

ADAMTS13 inhibits H2O2-induced human venous endothelial cell injury to attenuate deep-vein thrombosis by blocking the p38/ERK signaling pathway.

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a common complication in hematologic malignancies and immunologic disorders. Endothelial cell injury and dysfunction comprise the critical contributor for the development of DVT. A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 13 (ADAMTS13), a plasma metalloprotease that cleaves von Willebrand factor, acts as a critical regulator in normal hemostasis. This study was aimed to explore the role of ADAMTS13 in endothelial cell injury during DVT and the possible mechanism. First, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Then, the mRNA and protein expressions of ADAMTS13 were evaluated with the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot. After treatment with recombinant ADAMTS13 (rADAMTS13; rA13), the viability and apoptosis of H2O2-induced HUVECs were assessed by cell counting kit-8 assay and terminal-deoxynucleoitidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling staining. In addition, the levels of prostaglandin F1-alpha, endothelin-1, and reactive oxygen species were detected using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate assay. The expressions of proteins related to p38/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway were estimated with the western blot. Then, p79350 (p38 agonist) was used to pretreat cells to analyze the regulatory effects of rA13 on p38/ERK signaling in H2O2-induced HUVEC injury. The results revealed that ADAMTS13 expression was significantly downregulated in H2O2-induced HUVECs. The reduced viability and increased apoptosis of HUVECs induced by H2O2 were revived by ADAMTS13. ADAMTS13 also suppressed the oxidative stress in HUVECs after H2O2 treatment. Besides, ADAMTS13 was found to block p38/ERK signaling pathway, and p79350 reversed the impacts of ADAMTS13 on the damage of HUVECs induced by H2O2. To sum up, ADAMTS13 could alleviate H2O2-induced HUVEC injury through the inhibition of p38/ERK signaling pathway.

Hydroxysafflor yellow A inhibits endothelial cell ferroptosis in diabetic atherosclerosis mice by regulating miR-429/SLC7A11.

CONTEXT: Ferroptosis may play an essential role in lipid peroxidation and endothelial dysfunction of aortic endothelial cells (ECs) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with atherosclerosis (AS). Hydroxysafflor yellow A (HSYA) has shown substantial antioxidant stress and anti-ferroptosis. OBJECTIVE: This study confirms whether HSYA improves symptoms in a mouse model of T2DM/AS and elucidates the underlying mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: ApoE-/- mice were fed with high fat combined with 30 mg/kg streptozotocin to establish a T2DM/AS model. Then mice were treated with intraperitoneal injections of 2.25 mg/kg HSYA for 12 weeks. Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial cells (HUVEC) induced by 33.3 mM d-glucose +100 µg/mL ox-LDL were used to construct a high lipid and high glucose cell model treated with 25 µM HSYA. The changes in oxidative stress- and ferroptosis-related markers were detected, and the regulatory effect of HSYA on the miR-429/SLC7A11 was also verified. Normal ApoE-/- mice or HUVEC cells were used as the control group. RESULTS: HSYA effectively reduced atherosclerotic plaque formation in the T2DM/AS mouse model and inhibited HUVEC ferroptosis, such as upregulating GSH-Px, SLC7A11 and GPX4, but inhibited ACSL4. Furthermore, HSYA also downregulated the expression of miR-429, which further regulated SLC7A11 expression. After miR-429 mimic or SLC7A11 siRNA transfection in the HUVEC, the antioxidative stress and anti-ferroptosis effects of HSYA were significantly abolished. CONCLUSIONS: HSYA is expected to become an important health drug to prevent the occurrence and development of T2DM/AS.

GATA6 Inhibits Neuronal Autophagy and Ferroptosis in Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion Injury Through a miR-193b/ATG7 axis-dependent Mechanism.

Ferroptosis is a newly described form of regulated necrotic cell death, which is engaged in the pathological cell death related to stroke, contributing to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Therefore, we performed this study to clarify the role of GATA6 in neuronal autophagy and ferroptosis in cerebral I/R injury. The cerebral I/R injury-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) as well as the downstream factors of GATA6 were predicted bioinformatically. Moreover, the relations between GATA6 and miR-193b and that between miR-193b and ATG7 were evaluated by chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase reporter assays. Besides, neurons were treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD), followed by overexpression of GATA6, miR-193b, and ATG7 alone or in combination to assess neuronal autophagy and ferroptosis. At last, in vivo experiments were performed to explore the impacts of GATA6/miR-193b/ATG7 on neuronal autophagy and ferroptosis in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO)-stimulated cerebral I/R injury. It was found that GATA6 and miR-193b were poorly expressed in cerebral I/R injury. GATA6 transcriptionally activated miR-193b to downregulate ATG7. Additionally, GATA6-mediated miR-193b activation suppressed neuronal autophagy and ferroptosis in OGD-treated neurons by inhibiting ATG7. Furthermore, GATA6/miR-193b relieved cerebral I/R injury by restraining neuronal autophagy and ferroptosis via downregulation of ATG7 in vivo. In summary, GATA6 might prevent neuronal autophagy and ferroptosis to alleviate cerebral I/R injury via the miR-193b/ATG7 axis.

USP11 plays a critical role in the onset and progression of acute graft-versus-host disease：Novel target for precision therapeutics.

Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) is considered a result of "cytokine storm." Targeted therapeutic interventions on cytokines via ubiquitination regulatory pathways may provide a potential approach for aGvHD treatment. Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 11 (USP11) has been reported to play key roles in a variety of physiopathological processes by regulating the stability and function of several vital protein molecules. However, its role in aGvHD remains unclear. In this study, we identified USP11 was associated with aGvHD in patients. In the aGvHD mouse model, the colon and liver were more seriously affected in recipient mice who received USP11 wt bone marrow (BM) cells and eased after the donor was treated with a USP11 inhibitor or received USP11 ko BM cells. In mouse models, IL-6 was identified as a major effecter in accelerating aGvHD induced by USP11. In the cell model, IL-6 mRNA transcript was affected by USP11. In addition, USP11 also inhibited IL-6 degradation by affecting IL-6 ubiquitination. Furthermore, the positive correlation between USP11 and IL-6 was confirmed in the GvHD patients' samples. Collectively, all results indicated that USP11 played a critical role in the onset and progression of aGvHD. USP11 might be a potential target for aGvHD treatment.

Retrospective Analysis of the Safety and Efficacy of AngioJet Rheolytic Thrombectomy for Acute Pulmonary Embolism: A Single-Center Study.

BACKGROUND: To investigate the efficacy, safety, and feasibility of AngioJet Rheolytic Thrombectomy (ART) in the treatment of acute pulmonary embolism (APE). METHODS: Twelve patients with intermediate- or high-risk APE received ART and were followed up for 6-32 months. The technical success rate, clinical success rate, mortality, complication, and ancillary and laboratory tests before and after operation were analyzed retrospectively. RESULTS: The technical and clinical success rates of ART were both 91.67% (11/12). Except for the patient who died of heart failure during the operation, the rest of patients had no serious complications. After operation, arterial oxygen partial pressure increased while hemoglobin and troponin decreased (P < 0.05). All patients were free of recurrence of APE after 6-32 months of follow-up. Pulmonary artery thrombosis significantly reduced or disappeared. CONCLUSIONS: ART is an effective treatment for intermediate- and high-risk APE. It quickly clears the main pulmonary artery thrombus, relieves pulmonary hypertension, and improves the long-term prognosis of patients.

RGD1564534 represses NLRP3 inflammasome activity in cerebral injury following ischemia-reperfusion by impairing miR-101a-3p-mediated Dusp1 inhibition.

BACKGROUND: Mitochondrial autophagy, the elimination of damaged mitochondria through autophagy, contributes to neuron survival in cerebral ischemia. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)/microRNAs (miRNAs)/mRNAs are important regulatory networks implicated in various biological processes, including cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. Therefore, this work clarifies a novel RGD1564534-mediated regulatory network on mitochondrial autophagy in cerebral I/R injury. METHODS: Differentially expressed lncRNAs in cerebral I/R injury were predicted by bioinformatics analysis. Expression of RGD1564534 was examined in the established middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats and oxygen glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-exposed neurons. We conducted luciferase activity, RNA pull-down and RIP assays to illustrate the interaction among RGD1564534, miR-101a-3p and Dusp1. Gain- or loss-of-function approaches were used to manipulate RGD1564534 and Dusp1 expression. The mechanism of RGD1564534 in cerebral I/R injury was evaluated both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS: RGD1564534 was poorly expressed in the MCAO rats and OGD/R-treated cells, while its high expression attenuated nerve damage, cognitive dysfunction, brain white matter and small vessel damage in MCAO rats. In addition, RGD1564534 promoted mitochondrial autophagy and inhibited NLRP3 inflammasome activity. RGD1564534 competitively bound to miR-101a-3p and attenuated its binding to Dusp1, increasing the expression of Dusp1 in neurons. By this mechanism, RGD1564534 enhanced mitochondrial autophagy, reduced NLRP3 inflammasome activity and suppressed the neuron apoptosis induced by OGD/R. CONCLUSION: Altogether, RGD1564534 elevates the expression of Dusp1 by competitively binding to miR-101a-3p, which facilitates mitochondrial autophagy-mediated inactivation of NLRP3 inflammasome and thus retards cerebral I/R injury.

lncRNA H22954 Inhibits Angiogenesis in Acute Myeloid Leukemia through a PDGFA-dependent Mechanism.

BACKGROUND: Angiogenesis is a hallmark of cancer, which is regulated by diverse factors, including long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAS). Our previous study showed that the long non-coding RNA H22954 inhibits tumor growth, albeit whether it is involved in the angiogenesis of cancer re-mains unknown. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the role of lncRNA H22954 in angiogenesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and the underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS: Bioinformatics analysis was conducted to screen the targeted molecule of H22954. Western blot and ELISA analysis detected PDGFA protein expression, and RT-qPCR detected H22954 and PDGFA expression in cell lines and AML samples. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and half-life assay were applied to validate the relationship between H22954 and PDGFA. The functional experi-ment was conducted to investigate the role of H22954 in tube formation. RESULTS: Overexpression of H22954 inhibited angiogenesis in mouse xenograft tumors and cultured acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. Bioinformatics analysis and luciferase assay revealed that H22954 targeted the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the platelet-derived growth factor subunit A (PDGFA) gene. In transfected cells, H22954 overexpression reduced PDGFA expression and protein levels. Tube formation was rescued following the addition of exogenous human PDGFA to the con-ditioned medium from cells overexpressing H22954. The expression of H22954 in K562 cells re-duced the half-life of PDGFA mRNA. Furthermore, H22954 expression was inversely correlated with PDGFA expression in patient samples. CONCLUSION: These findings indicate that H22954 inhibits angiogenesis in AML through the down-regulation of PDGFA expression. Administering recombinant lncRNA H22954 may be a therapeutic approach for patients with AML.

Different Grades of Collateral Circulation for Evaluating Cerebral Hemodynamic Status in Carotid Artery Stenosis.

Normally, ipsilateral hemodynamic compromise of patients with carotid stenosis (CS) is subjectively identified by collateral circulation through cerebral angiography in the clinical process. It is unclear whether collaterals would linearly determine cerebral perfusion in CS patients. This study aimed to investigate the independent role of collateral circulation on cerebral perfusion in CS patients and the underlying interrelations among them. From 2017 to 2020, 124 CS patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy (CEA) with both preoperative CTP and digital substruction angiography (DSA) images were enrolled. Division of subgroups was based on degree of CS (50-70%, 70-90%, and near-occlusion (NO)) and grades of collateral circulation by DSA. Differences in CTP parameters between CS patients with different collateral circulation were analyzed. Among 124 CS patients, grades 2 and 3 were highly associated with carotid NO (n = 22, 32.35% and n = 22, 32.35%) compared with others (P < 0.0001). The collateral circulation was found to have poor relation with cerebral perfusion parameters in all enrolled patients but significantly improved ipsilateral cerebral perfusion in patients with carotid NO (P < 0.05). Linear hemodynamic compromise was barely related to degree of CS in lobes supplied by middle cerebral artery (MCA) except the frontal lobe (P < 0.05). The grades of collateral circulation are positively associated with degree of CS while having nonsignificant effect on cerebral perfusion. Overall, severity of CS is poorly related to hemodynamic status while the perfectibility of compensation defined by grades of collateral circulation effectively alleviates ipsilateral cerebral perfusion deficit in carotid NO.

MiR-296-5p ameliorates deep venous thrombosis by inactivating S100A4.

Deep venous thrombosis is one of the most common venous thromboembolic diseases and has a low cure rate and a high postoperative recurrence rate. Furthermore, emerging evidence indicates that microRNAs are involved in deep venous thrombosis. miR-296-5p is an important microRNA that plays a critical role in various cellular functions, and S100A4 is closely related to vascular function. miR-296-5p is downregulated in deep venous thrombosis patients, and its predicted target S100A4 is upregulated in deep venous thrombosis patients. Therefore, it was hypothesized that miR-296-5p may play a vital role in the development of deep venous thrombosis by targeting S100A4. An Ox-LDL-stimulated HUVEC and deep venous thrombosis mouse model was employed to detect the biological functions of miR-296-5p and S100A4. Dual luciferase reporter assays and pull-down assays were used to authenticate the interaction between miR-296-5p and S100A4. ELISA and Western blotting were employed to detect the protein levels of thrombosis-related factors and the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT)-related factors. The miR-296-5p levels were reduced, while the S100A4 levels were enhanced in deep venous thrombosis patients, and the miR-296-5p levels were negatively correlated with the S100A4 levels in deep venous thrombosis patients. miR-296-5p suppressed S100A4 expression by targeting the 3' UTR of S100A4. MiR-296-5p knockdown accelerated ox-LDL-induced HUVEC apoptosis, oxidative stress, thrombosis-related factor expression, and EndMT, while S100A4 knockdown antagonized these effects in ox-LDL-induced HUVECs. S100A4 knockdown reversed the effect induced by miR-296-5p knockdown. Moreover, the in vivo studies revealed that miR-296-5p knockdown in deep venous thrombosis mice exacerbated deep venous thrombosis formation, whereas S100A4 knockdown had the opposite effect. These results indicate that elevated miR-296-5p inhibits deep venous thrombosis formation by inhibiting S100A4 expression. Both miR-296-5p and S100A4 may be potential diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for deep venous thrombosis.

Recanalization of symptomatic chronic internal carotid artery occlusions by hybrid treatment.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of hybrid revascularization by carotid endarterectomy and endovascular intervention in the treatment of chronic internal carotid artery occlusion (ICAO). METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients who received hybrid treatment for symptomatic chronic ICAO between December 2016 and December 2018. Fifty-six patients with long-segment ICAO were enrolled and divided into the short duration (1-3 months) and long ICAO duration (>3 months) groups, and their clinical and angiographic data were analyzed. RESULTS: The mean duration was 106.8 ± 36.1 days from the date of ICAO diagnosis to revascularization. Totally, 10 patients (17.8%, n = 56) in the short duration group while no patients in the long duration group failed recanalization (n = 7). Perioperative complications included intraoperative thromboembolism in 1 (1.8%) patient and subarachnoid hemorrhage in 2 (3.6%) patients. Early phase postoperative hypertension was noted in 11 (19.6%) patients and cervical hemorrhage in 1 (1.8%) patient. No severe neurological deficits occurred. Overall, the 6-month modified Rankin score, Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores in patients with successful recanalization significantly improved versus the baseline (P < 0.05). After successful recanalization, the long duration group demonstrated more stents for revascularization compared with the short duration group (P < 0.05). Five (10.8%) patients had recurrent transient ischemic attack, and 1 (2.2%) patient developed stroke in the successful revascularization group during 6 months of follow-up. ICA restenosis occurred in 5 (8.9%) patients and re-occlusion was noted in 1 (1.8%) patient. CONCLUSIONS: Hybrid operation may be feasible and effective for patients with symptomatic chronic complete ICAO according to our limited data. The original occlusion site from the carotid bifurcation and the duration of ICAO should be considered as independent indicators for successful recanalization as well as perioperative outcomes.

Efficacy and safety of Buyang Huanwu decoction in the treatment of varicose veins of the lower extremities: A protocol of randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Varicose veins of the lower extremities are common chronic venous diseases in the clinic. Although Western medicine has various surgical methods to treat varicose veins in the lower extremities, there are still a variety of complications. Some studies have shown that Buyang Huanwu decoction treatment of varicose veins of the lower extremities has a certain effect, and can reduce the occurrence of postoperative complications, but there is no evidence of evidence-based medicine. The research carried out in this scheme is to systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of Buyang Huanwu decoction in the treatment of varicose veins in the lower extremities, and to provide reliable evidence for guiding clinical practice. METHODS: This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group clinical trial, which studies the effectiveness and safety of Buyang Huanwu decoction in the treatment of varicose veins of the lower extremities. The patients are randomly and evenly divided into treatment group and control group, the former one is given Buyang Huanwu decoction and the latter one is given placebo. The study will last 49 days, including a 7-day washout period, 14-day intervention and 28-day follow-up, focusing on its efficacy and safety indicators. Observation indicators include: TCM syndrome score, Venous Clinical Severity Score (VCSS), Venous Disability Scote (VDS), Aberdeen Varicose Vein Questionnaire (AVVQ), Hemorheology Indicators, Adverse Reactions, etc. Data analysis is performed using SPSS 25.0 software. DISCUSSION: This study will evaluate the effectiveness and safety of Buyang Huanwu decoction and provide clinical evidence for the treatment of varicose veins of the lower extremities. TRIAL REGISTRATION: OSF Registration number: DOI 10.17605/OSF.IO/WGJXT.

A Systematic Review of Total Thoracic Endovascular Aortic Repair in Treatment of Kommerell Diverticulum Combined with Right-Sided Aortic Arch.

Kommerell diverticulum (KD) combined with right-sided aortic arch (RAA) and aberrant left subclavian artery (ALSA) are rare and limited to a few case reports and small series. Thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR), which is mini-invasive, is widely utilized in complicated aortic disease. We performed a systematic review of the literature to identify all patients who underwent endovascular repair for KD in terms of technical feasibility and procedural outcomes. Published and accepted studies only in English as well as article reference lists were searched and extracted to assess case series reporting solely TEVAR in KD patients. There were 28 patients with KD/RAA identified from 19 studies. All of them underwent endovascular technique for KD exclusion and the median age was 69 years (range 39-83 years). Hypertension (n=17) was the most common comorbidity in this cohort, followed by diabetes mellitus (n=3), hyperlipidemia (n=3), and smoking (n=3). The presenting symptoms were dysphagia (n=8, 29%), intermittent back pain (n=4, 14%), and acute aortic dissection (n=6, 21%), while asymptomatic was found in 9 patients (n=9, 32%). A technical success rate of 100% was reported associated with various managements of ALSA, proximal embolization (n=19, 68%), in-situ revascularization (n=3, 11%), and left carotid-subclavian bypass (n=3, 11%). All patients survived without severe complications and were discharged home within less than 14 days. The mean follow-up time was 9.3 months, patency was found in all patients, thrombosis and distinct shrinkage of KD aneurysm as indicated by CT-scans were noted (n=20, 71%), and type II endoleak was found in only 4 patients (n=4, 14%). TEVAR appears to be safe and offers favorable results, but it still needs substantial evidence to support routine use in KD. TEVAR is an alternative to open repair in selected cases, but it needs further investigation in a large cohort.

microRNA-331-3p maintains the contractile type of vascular smooth muscle cells by regulating TNF-α and CD14 in intracranial aneurysm.

Dysfunction of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) may be linked to intracranial aneurysm (IA) formation. VSMCs possess a phenotypic plasticity, capable of changing from a mature, contractile to a less differentiated, synthetic phenotype. In this study, we identify a microRNA candidate miR-331-3p that participates in regulating differentiation properties of VSMCs. The expression of TNF-α and CD14 was quantified in IA wall tissues obtained from 96 IA patients and their associations with clinicopathological features of IA were assessed. Then the interactions between miR-331-3p, TNF-α and CD14 were evaluated by determination of luciferase activity. Differentiated properties of VSMCs were assessed from phenotypic markers of contractile VSMCs, a-SMA and E-cadherin, and of synthetic VSMCs, ICAM-1, MCP-1, IL-6, MMP-2 and MMP-9. Rat IA models by ligation of left carotid artery and left renal artery and histological analysis of induced IAs were performed. The TNF-α and CD14 was highly expressed in IA wall tissues and associated with the type and diameter of aneurysm. Depletion of TNF-α or CD14 retarded VSMC apoptosis and transformation to the synthetic type but facilitated cell proliferation. Elevations in miR-331-3p, a direct negative regulator of both TNF-α and CD14, also reduced VSMC apoptosis and prevented VSMCs from synthetic type and increase their proliferation. Furthermore, miR-331-3p was demonstrated to inhibit the formation of IA by down-regulating TNF-α and CD14 in vivo. In conclusion, miR-331-3p maintains the contractile type of VSMCs, thus possibly inhibiting the progression of IA. These findings provide potential new strategies for the clinical treatment of IA.

Thoracic endovascular aortic repair in penetrating aortic ulcer combined with isolated left vertebral artery: A case report.

RATIONALE: Penetrating aorta ulcer (PAU) with isolated left vertebral artery (ILVA) is a rare condition, accounting for no more than 1% of all kinds of aorta diseases. And traditional treatment was open surgery with total arch replacement by elephant trunk. Here, we report a case of PAU combined with ILVA managed by thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) technique. PATIENT CONCERNS: A 65-year-old male with chronic hypertension and Nicotine abuse underwent intermittent back pain for 2 years and aggravated a bit for 1 week. DIAGNOSES: Preoperative computed tomography angiogram (CTA) indicated PAU combined with ILVA. INTERVENTIONS: TEVAR was performed for PAU following with retrograde in situ fenestration and chimney technique for revascularization of ILVA and left subclavian artery (LSA), respectively. OUTCOMES: The operation was successfully and the patient was discharged from hospital after 1 week of treatment. Postoperatively, the images of CTA illustrated the patency of aorta, ILVA, and LSA without obvious endoleak. Besides, no ischemia attack or other relative syndromes were detected at 6-months follow-up. LESSONS: This case demonstrates that TEVAR is an alternative to elephant trunk especially for PAU with ILVA. And it also showed the precise exposure of ILVA and necessity to reconstruct ILVA during TEVAR operation in order to reduce the occurrence of ischemia attack.

Metformin inhibits endothelial progenitor cell migration by decreasing matrix metalloproteinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, via the AMPK/mTOR/autophagy pathway.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of metformin on endothelial progenitor cell (EPC) migration and to explore the possible mechanisms. EPCs were treated with metformin, and the migration of EPCs was evaluated by wound healing and Matrigel invasion assays. We also examined the expression levels of of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in EPCs with or without metformin treatment via RT-PCR and western blot analysis, and activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in EPCs under different conditions was examined by zymography. Moreover, we also assessed the AMPK/mTOR/autophagy pathway to explore the possible mechanisms. Metformin treatment significantly downregulated matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 expression, and subsequently decreased the migration of EPCs. Increased levels of phosphorylated (p)-AMPK and LC3II expression, as well as decreased levels of p-mTOR and p62 contributed to this phenomenon. The AMPK inhibitor compound C reversed the effect exerted by metformin. In conclusion, our results showed that metformin inhibited the migration of EPCs by decreasing MMP-2 and MMP-9. The AMPK/mTOR/autophagy pathway was demonstrated to be involved in the regulatory mechanisms.

Risk factors for and causes and treatment of recurrence of inferior vena cava type of Budd-Chiari syndrome after stenting in China: A retrospective analysis of a large cohort.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the risk factors for recurrence of inferior vena cava (IVC)-type Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) after stenting and evaluate the feasibility and primary outcomes of endovascular therapies for recurrent BCS. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 219 patients was performed to identify risk factors for recurrence. The images of the recurrent patients during follow-up duration and interventional surgery were also reviewed to find the possible reasons of recurrence. The outcome of endovascular therapies for recurrent BCS was evaluated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: Among the 219 patients, 172 patients with primary IVC-type BCS underwent stenting and 28 patients experienced recurrence. Multivariate analysis identified age, Child-Pugh score, MELD and total bilirubin as independent recurrent indicators. Possible causes of recurrence include thrombosis in the stent, re-obstruction in or above the stent, and stent-related hepatic vein obstruction. Twenty-five patients with recurrent BCS underwent endovascular therapies with a few complications and achieved a high level of short- and mid-term patency. CONCLUSION: Age, total bilirubin and severity of liver function are the main risk factors for BCS recurrence. These risks might contribute to thrombosis or subsequent fibrous obstruction. Endovascular therapies are effective and safe management options that yield positive outcomes for recurrent BCS. KEY POINTS: • Risk factors for recurrent Budd-Chiari syndrome were identified by multivariate analysis. • Causes of recurrent Budd-Chiari syndrome were investigated by assessing radiological images. • There is a correlation between risk factors and causes of recurrence. • Endovascular therapies for recurrent Budd-Chiari syndrome are effective and safe.

Mid-term outcome of endovascular treatment for acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis.

Purposes of the study To evaluate the benefit of stenting the iliac vein in patients with residual iliac vein stenosis treated with catheter-directed thrombolysis for acute iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis. Procedures In this randomized prospective study, patients with a first-time acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis that had persisted <14 days were treated with catheter-directed thrombolysis. After catheter-directed thrombolysis, patients with >50% residual iliac vein stenosis were randomly divided into two groups: catheter-directed thrombolysis + Stent Group and catheter-directed thrombolysis Alone Group. Patients received urokinase thrombolysis and low-molecular-weight heparin/oral warfarin during the hospitalization period and were administrated oral warfarin after discharge. Cumulative deep vein patency, the Clinical Etiology Anatomic Pathophysiologic classification system, the Venous Clinical Severity Score and the Chronic Venous Insufficiency Questionnaire score were evaluated. Findings The cumulative deep vein patency rate was 74.07% in the catheter-directed thrombolysis + Stent Group and 46.59% in the catheter-directed thrombolysis Alone Group. The mean postoperative Clinical Etiology Anatomic Pathophysiologic classification and Venous Clinical Severity Score was significantly lower in the catheter-directed thrombolysis + Stent Group than in the catheter-directed thrombolysis Alone Group. The mean postoperative Chronic Venous Insufficiency Questionnaire score was significantly higher in the catheter-directed thrombolysis + Stent Group than the catheter-directed thrombolysis Alone Group. Conclusions Placement of an iliac vein stent in patients with residual iliac vein stenosis after catheter-directed thrombolysis for acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis increases iliac vein patency and improves clinical symptoms and health-related quality of life at mid-term follow-up compared to patients treated with catheter-directed thrombolysis alone.

Autophagy inhibits endothelial progenitor cells migration via the regulation of MMP2, MMP9 and uPA under normoxia condition.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to explore the role of autophagy on the regulation of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) migration under normoxic condition. METHODS: After EPCs were isolated and characterized in vitro, we employed Atg5 knocking down and rapamycin to monitor the autophagy, and performed wound healing and transwell assay to assess the cell migration. On the mechanism, the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA) was evaluated. RESULTS: Atg5 knocking down and rapamycin could respectively inhibit and enhance autophagy, which could result in significantly increased and decreased cell migration in wound healing and transwell assay under normoxic condition. Moreover, Atg5 knocking down could significantly increase the expression of MMP2, MMP9 and uPA in EPCs while rapamycin could decrease the expression of uPA and MMP9. In addition, the mTOR-P70 S6K pathway was also involved in EPCs migration regulation. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrated that autophagy could regulate the EPCs migration through mTOR-P70 S6K pathway, and MMP2, MMP9 and uPA may also involve in the regulation mechanism.

Biocompatibility of porcine small intestinal submucosa and rat endothelial progenitor cells in vitro.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the biocompatibility of the small intestinal submucosa (SIS) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) by co-cultivating EPCs and SIS in vitro and observing EPC growth on the SIS. METHODS: The porcine SIS was prepared and bone marrow mononuclear cells (BMMNCs) were isolated from 3 or 4-week old male SD rats. Cellular morphology was observed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and viabilities by the MTT assays. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) were phenotyped by immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Vascular lumen formation was evaluated by the Matrigel tube formation assays. EPCs were seeded onto the SIS and production of angiogenin-1 and endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) by EPCs was examined by ELISA and immunoblotting assays. RESULTS: Light microscopy and SEM showed that the mechanically and chemically treated small intestinal submucosa was composed of cell-free extracellular matrix. Immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry revealed that the EPCs expressed appropriate surface markers including CD34, CD133, and VEGFR-2. Furthermore, the EPCs formed lumen-like structures and the SIS significantly enhanced the growth of EPCs in vitro. CONCLUSION: SIS has good biocompatibility with EPCs. SIS pre-seeded with EPCs can be potentially applied as an alternative scaffold material in artificial blood vessel prosthesis.