Surgical aortic valve replacement etiologies, hemodynamics, and outcomes in 1346 patients from the Malaysian heart centre.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the characteristics and outcomes of surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) both isolated and in combination with other cardiac surgery in Malaysia from 2015 to 2021. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 1346 patients analyzed on the basis of medical records, echocardiograms and surgical reports. The overall sample was both considered as a whole and divided into aortic stenosis (AS)/aortic regurgitation (AR)-predominant and similar-severity subgroups. RESULTS: The most common diagnosis was severe AS (34.6%), with the 3 most common etiologies being bicuspid valve degeneration (45.3%), trileaflet valve degeneration (36.3%) and rheumatic valve disease (12.2%). The second most common diagnosis was severe AR (25.5%), with the most common etiologies being root dilatation (21.0%), infective endocarditis (IE) (16.6%) and fused prolapse (12.2%). Rheumatic valve disease was the most common mixed disease. A total of 54.5% had AS-predominant pathology (3 most common etiologies: bicuspid valve degeneration valve, degenerative trileaflet valve and rheumatic valve disease), 36.9% had AR-predominant pathology (top etiologies: root dilatation, rheumatic valve disease and IE), and 8.6% had similar severity of AS and AR. Overall, 62.9% of patients had trileaflet valve morphology, 33.3% bicuspid, 0.6% unicuspid and 0.3% quadricuspid. For AS, the majority were high-gradient severe AS (49.9%), followed by normal-flow low-gradient (LG) severe AS (10.0%), paradoxical low-flow (LF)-LG severe AS (6.4%) and classical LF-LG severe AS (6.1%). The overall in-hospital and total 1-year mortality rates were 6.4% and 14.8%, respectively. Pure severe AS had the highest mortality. For AS-predominant pathology, the etiology with the highest mortality was trileaflet valve degeneration; for AR-predominant pathology, it was dissection. The overall survival probability at 5 years was 79.5% in all patients, 75.7% in the AS-predominant subgroup, 83.3% in the AR-predominant subgroup, and 87.3% in the similar-severity subgroup. CONCLUSIONS: The 3 most common causes of AS- predominant patients undergoing SAVR is bicuspid valve degeneration, degenerative trileaflet valve and rheumatic and for AR-predominant is root dilatation, rheumatic and IE. Rheumatic valve disease is an important etiology in our SAVR patients especially in mixed aortic valve disease. Study registration IJNREC/562/2022.

Echocardiography and strain analysis in Malaysian elite athletes versus young healthy adults.

Background: Athletes have changes that can mimic pathological cardiomyopathy. Methods: Echocardiographic study of 50 male, female athletes (MA, FA) and non-athletes (MNA, FNA) age 18 to 30 years. These athletes participate in sports with predominantly endurance component. All participants exhibit no known medical illnesses or symptoms. Results: MA have thicker wall (IVSd) than MNA. No MA have IVSd > 1.2 cm and no FA have IVSd > 1.0 cm. Left ventricle internal dimension (LVIDd), left ventricle end diastolic volume index (LVEDVi) is bigger in athletes. None have LVIDd > 5.8 cm. Right ventricle fractional area change (FAC) is lower in athletes. (MA vs MNA, p = 0.013, FA vs FNA, p = 0.025). Athletes have higher septal and lateral e' (Septal e'; MA 13.57 ± 2.66 cm/s vs MNA 11.46 ± 2.93 cm/s, p < 0.001, Lateral e'; MA 17.17 ± 3.07 cm/s vs MNA 14.82 ± 3.14 cm/s, p < 0.001), (Septal e'; FA 13.46 ± 2.32 cm/s vs FNA 12.16 ± 2.05 cm/s, p = 0.04, Lateral e'; FA 16.92 ± 2.97 cm/s vs FNA 15.44 ± 2.29 cm/s, p = 0.006).No difference in Global longitudinal (GLS), Right ventricle free wall (RVFWS) and Global circumferential strain (GCS). Left atrial reservoir (LArS) and left atrial booster strain (LAbS) is smaller in athletes. (LArS, MA 44.12 ± 9.55% vs MNA 52.95 ± 11.17%, p < 0.001 LArS, FA 48.07 ± 10.06% vs FNA 53.64 ± 8.99%, p = 0.004), (LAbS, MA 11.59 ± 5.13% vs MNA 17.35 ± 5.27%, p < 0.001 LAbS FA 11.77 ± 4.65% vs FNA 15.30 ± 4.19%, p < 0.001). Conclusion: Malaysian athletes have thicker wall and bigger left ventricle than controls. No athletes have IVSd > 1.2 cm and/or LVIDd > 5.8 cm. There is no difference in GLS, RVFWS and GCS but athletes have smaller LArS and LAbS.

Performance of Echocardiographic Algorithms for Assessment of High Aortic Bioprosthetic Valve Gradients.

BACKGROUND: Bioprosthetic aortic valve dysfunction (BAVD) is a challenging diagnosis. Commonly used algorithms to classify high-gradient BAVD are the 2009 American Society of Echocardiography, 2014 Blauwet-Miller, and 2016 European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging algorithms. We sought (1) to evaluate the accuracy of existing algorithms against objectively proven BAVD and (2) to propose an improved algorithm. METHODS: This was a retrospective study of 266 patients with objectively proven BAVD (pathology of explanted valves, four-dimensional computed tomography prior to transcatheter valve-in-valve replacement, or therapeutically confirmed bioprosthetic thrombosis) who were treated. Of those, 191 had obstruction, 48 had regurgitation, 15 had mixed stenosis and regurgitation, and 12 had patient-prosthesis mismatch (PPM). Normal controls were matched 1:1 (age, prosthesis size, and type), of which 43 had high gradients (PPM in 30, high flow in nine, and normal prosthesis in nine). Algorithm assignment was based on the echocardiogram leading to BAVD diagnosis and the predischarge "fingerprint" echocardiogram after surgical or transcatheter aortic valve replacement. A novel algorithm (Mayo Clinic algorithm) incorporating valve appearance in addition to Doppler parameters was developed to improve observed deficiencies. RESULTS: The accuracy of existing algorithms was suboptimal (2009 American Society of Echocardiography, 62%; 2014 Blauwet-Miller, 62%; 2016 European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging, 57%). The most common overdiagnosis was PPM (22%-29% of patients and controls with high gradients). The novel Mayo Clinic algorithm correctly identified the mechanism in 256 of 307 patients and controls (83%). Recognition of regurgitation was substantially improved (42 of 47 patients, 89%), and the number of PPM misdiagnoses was significantly reduced (five patients). CONCLUSION: Currently recommended algorithms misclassify a significant number of BAVD patients. The accuracy was improved by a newly proposed algorithm.

Comprehensive echocardiographic and speckle tracking strain analysis in rheumatic mitral stenosis patients before and after transvenous mitral commissurotomy.

Percutaneous Transvenous Mitral Commissurotomy (PTMC) is the first line treatment for rheumatic mitral stenosis (MS). We sought to evaluate (1) changes in 2-dimensional (2D) echocardiographic and strain values and (2) differences in these values for patients in atrial fibrillation (AF) and sinus rhythm (SR) pre, immediately and 6 months post PTMC. Retrospective study of 136 patients who underwent PTMC between 2011 and 2021. We analyzed their 2D echocardiogram, Global Longitudinal Strain (GLS), Left Atrial Reservoir Strain (LAr-S) and Right Ventricle Free Wall Strain (RVFW-S) pre, immediately and 6 months post PTMC. At 6 months, mitral valve area increases from 0.94 ± 0.23 cm2 to 1.50 ± 0.42 cm2. Ejection fraction (EF) did not change post PTMC (pre; 55.56 ± 6.62%, immediate; 56.68 ± 7.83%, 6 months; 56.28 ± 7.00%, p = 0.218). Even though EF is preserved, GLS is lower pre-procedure; - 11.52 ± 3.74% with significant improvement at 6 months; - 15.16 ± 4.28% (p < 0.001). Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) improved at 6 months from 1.95 ± 0.43 to 2.11 ± 0.49 (p = 0.004). RVFW-S increases at 6 months from - 17.37 ± 6.03% to - 19.75 ± 7.19% (p = 0.011). LAr-S improved from 11.23 ± 6.83% pre PTMC to 16.80 ± 8.82% at 6 months (p < 0.001) post PTMC. Pre-procedure patients with AF have lower strain values (More LV, RV and LA dysfunction) with statistically significant difference for LAr-S (p < 0.001), GLS (p < 0.001) and RVFW-S (p < 0.001) than patients in SR. Patients with severe rheumatic MS have subclinical left and right ventricle dysfunction despite preserved EF and relatively normal TAPSE with significant improvement seen at 6 months post PTMC. AF patients have lower baseline strain values than SR patients.

Intramyocardial dissecting haematoma mimicking left ventricular clot, a rare complication of myocardial infarction: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Intramyocardial dissecting haematoma is a rare complication of myocardial infarction (MI) associated with high mortality rates. Studies and research of this occurrence are limited largely to isolated case reports or case series. CASE SUMMARY: We report a case of late presenting MI, where on initial echocardiogram had what was thought to be an intraventricular clot. However, upon further evaluation, the patient actually had an intramyocardial haematoma, with the supporting echocardiographic features to distinguish it from typical left ventricular (LV) clot. While this prevented the patient from receiving otherwise unnecessary anticoagulation, this diagnosis also put him at a much higher risk of mortality. Despite exhaustive medical and supportive management, death as consequence of pump failure occurred after 2 weeks. DISCUSSION: This report highlights the features seen on echocardiography which support the diagnosis of an intramyocardial haematoma rather than an LV clot, notably the various acoustic densities, a well visualized myocardial dissecting tear leading into a neocavity filled with blood, and an independent endocardial layer seen above the haematoma. Based on this report, we wish to highlight the importance of differentiating intramyocardial haematomas from intraventricular clots in patients with recent MI.