Delayed hypoxia during pediatric posterior spinal fusion secondary to intraoperative pneumothorax: Case report.

Rarely will a pneumothorax caused intraoperatively not manifest signs such as hypoxia, tachypnea, and tachycardia until later. If this occurs, diagnosis and treatment with needle decompression or chest tube must happen quickly for patient safety.

Detection of subclinical Harlequin syndrome in pediatric patients.

BACKGROUND: Harlequin syndrome presents as differences in facial coloring due to unilateral flushing. This is the result of the inability to flush on the affected side due to the disruption of vasomotor and sudomotor sympathetic activity. The neurologically intact side appears flushed. A 2°C temperature difference between the flushed and nonflushed sides of the face has been detected in patients presenting with Harlequin syndrome. This difference in temperature might be detectable even in the absence of unilateral flushing, and this subclinical manifestation of the syndrome may occur more often than realized. AIM: To measure and compare the difference in the change in temperature on both sides of the face in patients with a thoracic epidural. METHODS: Fifteen pediatric patients receiving thoracic epidurals for the correction of pectus excavatum via Nuss procedure were enrolled. Temperature measurements on each side of the face were collected at three time points: prior to epidural placement in the holding area, one hour after epidural analgesia had been instituted, and after the patient awakened in the recovery area. The primary outcome is whether or not a temperature difference occurred between the two sides of the face over time. RESULTS: Comparing the pre-op temperature change to post-op temperature change for each side of the face, patient 2 had a large increase in temperature on the left side of the face with a decrease in temperature on the right side of the face. The largest observed difference between the changes in temperature from pre-op to post-op between the right and left sides of the face was 1.85°C in patient 2. This was more than two standard deviations from the mean difference in the patient population. Patient 15 also had a large difference in change in temperature from pre-op to post-op between the right and left sides of the face with an observed difference of 1.14°C, although this was not more than two standard deviations from the mean. None of the patients had unilateral facial flushing. CONCLUSION: Asymmetric effects or distribution of local anesthetic used in thoracic epidurals may result in asymmetric blockade of efferent sympathetic nervous system activity. This may cause differences in temperature between the two sides of the face without unilateral flushing. This phenomenon has previously been termed subclinical Harlequin syndrome. Subclinical Harlequin syndrome may be more common than anticipated and may be detected by comparing temperature differences in patients.

Instillation of 5% Povidone-Iodine Ophthalmic Drops Decreases the Respiratory Rate in Children Undergoing Strabismus Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of topical application of ophthalmic 5% povidone-iodine eye drops, which has been reported to cause apnea in spontaneously breathing children during general anesthesia. METHODS: The authors conducted a randomized, controlled, single-blinded study comparing the effect of balanced salt solution eye drops and povidone-iodine eye drops on respiration in spontaneously breathing children during general anesthesia with sevoflurane via a laryngeal mask airway. Fifty patients received balanced salt solution eye drops and 50 patients received 5% povidone-iodine eye drops. RESULTS: None of the control patients had a significant change in respiration. Thirty of the 50 (60%) povidone-iodine patients had a slowing of respiration within the first 6 breaths after eye drop instillation (P < .001). The median time of respiratory pause in those 30 patients was 18.5 seconds (range: 4.36 to 96.2 seconds). Among the povidone-iodine patients, children with a history of a prior tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy and/or bilateral myringotomy had a 7.2 times greater chance of experiencing a change in respiration after instillation of the povidone-iodine eye drops. CONCLUSIONS: Topical application of 5% povidone-iodine eye drops causes a slowing and pause in spontaneous ventilation in a majority of children prior to strabismus surgery. This may represent activation of the diving reflex. [J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 2019;56(6):378-382.].

Anesthetic challenges and outcomes for procedures in the intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging suite: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Hybrid operating room suites with intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging enable image guided surgery in a fully functional operating room environment. While this environment creates challenges to anesthetic care, the effects on anesthetic adverse events and outcomes are largely unknown. This systematic scoping review aims to map the existing knowledge about anesthetic care in advanced imaging hybrid operating rooms. METHODS: A broad-based literature search was performed using the PubMed (Medline), Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases. References published in English between January 1994 and August 2017 were included. Quality of evidence was assessed using the GRADE guidelines. RESULTS: Forty-seven manuscripts were eligible for data collection. Adverse events were heterogeneously defined across 17 manuscripts and occurred in 0 to 100% (quality of evidence mostly very low). Monitoring difficulty was reported in 4 manuscripts of very low data quality. Interference between the magnet and the electrocardiogram was investigated in 2 manuscripts (quality of evidence low and very low, respectively). None of the reported events appeared to result in long-term patient harm. Author recommendations or a narrative review of the literature were provided in 40 manuscripts. Common safety concerns included lower equipment reliability, inaccessibility of the patient and airway, and the relative isolation of the suite (in relationship to other anesthesia care areas). Most authors also emphasized the importance of safety checklists, protocols, and provider training. DISCUSSION: While intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging hybrid operating rooms are increasingly utilized, the existing literature does not allow estimating adverse event rates in this location. Prospective studies quantifying the effect of the environment on anesthesia outcomes are lacking. Despite this, there is a broad consensus regarding the anesthetic and safety concerns. More research is needed to inform practice standards and training requirements for this challenging environment.