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Sildenafil is a drug used to successfully manage a variety of cardiopulmonary disorders in people and dogs, but there is limited information on its use in cats. The objective was to review the medical records of cats that received sildenafil as part of their clinical management. Medical records and pharmacy databases were searched for cats that received sildenafil for ≥24 h between 2009 and 2021, and data were collected from medical records. Fifty-five cats received sildenafil for ≥24 h and were included in the study: 43 with primary cardiac disease (acquired, n = 28; congenital, n = 15) and 12 with primary respiratory disease. Side effects possibly attributed to sildenafil were identified in two cats (systemic hypotension, n = 1; polydipsia, n = 1), and sildenafil was discontinued in the cat with hypotension. Sildenafil was discontinued in an additional three cats due to a lack of improvement in clinical signs. No cat was documented to develop worsening pulmonary edema within 72 h of starting sildenafil. Median duration of sildenafil administration was 87 days (range, 2-2362 days). Sildenafil administration in cats appeared to be generally well-tolerated. Studies are needed to determine whether sildenafil administration to cats with cardiopulmonary disease improves the quality of life or survival times.
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BACKGROUND: Hypercoagulability has been documented in cats with cardiac disease. However, hemostatic parameters, including viscoelastic coagulation monitoring (VCM) have not been reported in cats with arterial thromboembolism (ATE). HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: Compare VCM parameters in cats with acute cardiogenic ATE and in control cats. ANIMALS: Sixteen cats with ATE and 30 control cats. METHODS: Multicenter university-based prospective study. Cardiogenic ATE was diagnosed based on physical examination and by ultrasonographically-diagnosed left atrial enlargement. Viscoelastic coagulation monitor analysis, CBC, serum biochemistry profile and coagulation profile were performed at admission in cats with ATE. Analysis from healthy control cats was performed using blood collected by direct venipuncture. Our objective was comparison of VCM parameters clot time (CT), clot formation time (CFT), alpha angle (Angle), maximum clot formation (MCF), amplitude at 10 and 20 minutes (A10 and A20, respectively) and clot lysis index at 30 and 45 minutes (LI30 and LI45, respectively) between ATE and control cats. RESULTS: Cats with ATE had a decreased angle compared to control cats, with a median (range) of 43° (30-48°) compared to 47° (14-59°; P = .01). The parameters A10, A20 and MCF were decreased in ATE cats compared to control cats with a median (range) of 19 units (8-32) compared to 22 units (6-38), 24.5 units (11-40) compared to 29 units (10-47) and 29.5 units (13-44) compared to 33.5 units (14-53), respectively (P = .01, .01 and .01, respectively). The parameters CT, CFT, LI30 and LI45 were similar between groups (P = .22, .09, .62 and .34, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Cats with cardiogenic ATE cats have VCM parameters consistent with hypocoagulability compared with healthy cats.
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Enfermedades de los Gatos , Tromboembolia , Animales , Gatos , Enfermedades de los Gatos/sangre , Tromboembolia/veterinaria , Tromboembolia/sangre , Femenino , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Pruebas de Coagulación Sanguínea/veterinaria , Coagulación Sanguínea/fisiología , Estudios de Casos y ControlesRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Apparently healthy dogs of various breeds eating nontraditional, high-pulse diets can have larger left ventricular diameter, lower systolic function, and more ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) compared with dogs eating traditional, low-pulse diets. It is unknown whether Irish Wolfhounds eating high-pulse diets have similar cardiac abnormalities. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To compare electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings between Irish Wolfhounds eating high- or low-pulse diets. ANIMALS: Ninety-seven Irish Wolfhounds. METHODS: Retrospective study of Irish Wolfhounds that had echocardiography performed at dog shows between October 2018 and May 2021. Demographic information, echocardiographic measurements, cardiac rhythm (1-minute lead II rhythm strip), and main diet were recorded retrospectively. Diets were classified as high-pulse or low-pulse based on the presence and location of pulses (peas, lentils, chickpeas, or dry beans) on the ingredient list. RESULTS: Thirty-five of 97 Irish Wolfhounds (36%) were eating high-pulse diets and 62 of 97 (64%) were eating low-pulse diets. There were no significant differences between diet groups in echocardiographic measurements. A significantly higher percentage of dogs in the high-pulse diet group (6/35 [17%]) had VPCs compared with those in the low-pulse diet group (1/62 [2%]; effect size = 0.15 [95% confidence interval: 0.004-0.31]; P = .005). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: In this retrospective study of apparently healthy Irish Wolfhounds, high-pulse diets were associated with a higher prevalence of VPCs which could represent early cardiac abnormalities.
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Dieta , Enfermedades de los Perros , Ecocardiografía , Electrocardiografía , Animales , Perros , Estudios Retrospectivos , Ecocardiografía/veterinaria , Masculino , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de los Perros/dietoterapia , Femenino , Electrocardiografía/veterinaria , Dieta/veterinaria , Alimentación Animal/análisisRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine in adult chickens which of 3 CPR techniques, sternal compressions (SC), SC with interposed caudal coelomic compressions (ICCC), or lateral compressions (LC), results in the highest mean systolic (SAP), diastolic (DAP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) as measured directly from the carotid artery. DESIGN: Prospective, nonblinded, experimental crossover study. SETTING: University teaching hospital laboratory. ANIMALS: Ten retired laying hens. INTERVENTIONS: Birds were sedated, anesthetized, and placed in dorsal recumbency. A carotid artery catheter was placed to directly measure arterial pressure. Ventricular fibrillation was induced with direct cardiac stimulation using a 9-Volt battery. Each bird then received 2 minutes of the 3 different cardiac compression techniques in a random order by 3 different compressors, with the compressor order also randomized. Birds were subsequently administered IV epinephrine, and transthoracic defibrillation was attempted. At the end of experimentation, each bird was euthanized, and simple gross necropsies were performed. Linear mixed models followed by pairwise paired t-tests were performed to evaluate differences in pressures generated by each technique. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: The primary study outcomes were SAP, DAP, and MAP over 2 minutes of compressions for each compression technique. Pressures from ICCC (SAP: 27.6 ± 5.3 mm Hg, DAP: 18.7 ± 5.2 mm Hg, MAP: 21.7 ± 5.2 mm Hg) were significantly higher than those from LC (SAP: 18.9 ± 5.4 mm Hg, DAP: 11.6 ± 4.1 mm Hg, MAP: 14.1 ± 4.5 mm Hg). Pressures from SC (SAP: 24.5 ± 6.4 mm Hg, DAP: 15.2 ± 4.3 mm Hg, MAP: 18.3 ± 5.0 mm Hg) were not significantly different from ICCC or LC. CONCLUSIONS: External compressions can generate detectable increases in arterial pressure in chickens with ventricular fibrillation. SC with ICCC generated significantly higher arterial pressures than LC. SC alone generated blood pressures that were not significantly different from those generated by SC with ICCC or LC.
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Reanimación Cardiopulmonar , Pollos , Animales , Femenino , Humanos , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Reanimación Cardiopulmonar/veterinaria , Reanimación Cardiopulmonar/métodos , Estudios Cruzados , Estudios Prospectivos , Fibrilación Ventricular/veterinaria , Prueba de Estudio ConceptualRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of cardiac cachexia on the metabolomic profile in dogs with myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). ANIMALS: 3 groups of dogs with MMVD enrolled between November 30, 2018, and April 7, 2022: (1) Dogs with congestive heart failure (CHF) and cachexia (CHF-cachexia group; n = 10); (2) dogs with CHF that had no cachexia (CHF-no cachexia group; n = 10); and (3) dogs with asymptomatic disease (American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine [ACVIM] Stage B2) with no cachexia (B2 group; n = 10). METHODS: Metabolomic profiles were analyzed from serum samples using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy. Dogs in the 3 groups were compared, with statistical significance defined as P < .05 with a low false discovery rate (q < .10) and nominal statistical significance defined as P < .05 but q > .10. RESULTS: Numerous metabolites were significantly (n = 201) or nominally significantly (n = 345) different between groups. For example, when comparing the CHF-cachexia vs CHF-no cachexia groups, lipids were the predominant metabolite differences, including many medium- and long-chain dicarboxylates and dicarboxylate acylcarnitines. For comparisons of the CHF-cachexia vs B2 groups and the CHF-no cachexia vs B2 groups, amino acids, nucleotides, and cofactors/vitamins were the predominant metabolite differences. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Some significant metabolite differences were identified between dogs with and without cardiac cachexia.
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Enfermedades de los Perros , Insuficiencia Cardíaca , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas , Humanos , Perros , Animales , Válvula Mitral , Caquexia/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/complicaciones , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/veterinaria , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/complicaciones , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/veterinariaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To compare signalment, clinical signs, diet, echocardiographic findings, and outcome for pit bull-type breeds diagnosed between 2015 and 2022 with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) or with DCM diagnosed by a cardiologist but that did not meet all study echocardiographic criteria (DCM-C). ANIMALS: 91 dogs with DCM and 11 dogs with DCM-C. PROCEDURES: Data were collected on clinical findings, echocardiographic measurements, and diet at the time of diagnosis (for 76/91 dogs); echocardiographic changes; and survival. RESULTS: For dogs with diet information available for time of diagnosis, 64/76 (84%) dogs were eating nontraditional commercial diets, while 12/76 (16%) were eating traditional commercial diets. There were few differences between diet groups at baseline, with congestive heart failure and arrhythmias common in both groups. Thirty-four dogs with known baseline diet and diet change status had follow-up echocardiograms between 60 and 1,076 days later (traditional diet, n = 7; nontraditional diet that changed diets, 27; and nontraditional diet group without diet change, 0). Dogs in the nontraditional diet group that changed diets had a significantly greater decrease in normalized left ventricular diameter (diastolic, P = .02; systolic, P = .048) and the left atrium-to-aorta ratio (P = .002) and a significantly greater increase in fractional shortening (P = .02) compared to dogs eating traditional diets. Dogs eating nontraditional diets with diet change (n = 45; P < .001) and dogs eating traditional diets (12; P < .001) had a significantly longer survival time compared to dogs eating nontraditional diets without diet change (4). Dogs with DCM-C also had significant echocardiographic improvements after diet change. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Congestive heart failure and arrhythmias were common in pit bull-type breeds with DCM. Those eating nontraditional diets that changed diets had significant improvements in echocardiographic measurements after diet change.
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Cardiomiopatía Dilatada , Enfermedades de los Perros , Insuficiencia Cardíaca , Animales , Perros , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/veterinaria , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Ecocardiografía/veterinaria , Dieta/veterinaria , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/veterinariaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: There are ongoing investigations into diet-associated dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs, but there has been minimal investigation into possible diet-associated dilated cardiomyopathy in cats. The objective of this study was to compare cardiac size and function, cardiac biomarkers and taurine concentrations in healthy cats eating high- vs low-pulse diets. We hypothesized that cats eating high-pulse diets would have larger hearts, lower systolic function and higher biomarker concentrations than cats eating low-pulse diets and that there would be no difference in taurine concentrations between the diet groups. METHODS: Echocardiographic measurements, cardiac biomarkers, and plasma and whole-blood taurine concentrations were compared between cats eating high- and low-pulse commercial dry diets in a cross-sectional study. RESULTS: There were no differences between the high- (n = 21) and low-pulse (n = 31) diet groups with regard to age, sex and breed, but more cats in the high-pulse group were overweight or obese (67% vs 39%; P = 0.05). Diet duration was not different in the groups, but the range was wide (6-120 months). No differences were found between the diet groups for key cardiac measurements, biomarker concentrations, or plasma or whole-blood taurine concentrations. However, there were significant negative correlations between diet duration and measures of left ventricular wall thickness in the high-pulse, but not the low-pulse, diet group. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study did not detect significant associations between high-pulse diets and cardiac size, function and biomarkers, but the secondary observation of significant negative correlations between time on high-pulse diets and left ventricular wall thickness warrants further evaluation.
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Cardiomiopatía Dilatada , Enfermedades de los Perros , Gatos , Animales , Perros , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/diagnóstico , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/veterinaria , Taurina , Estudios Transversales , Dieta/veterinaria , Ecocardiografía/veterinaria , BiomarcadoresRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine if human automated external defibrillators (AEDs) could successfully record cardiac electrical activity in dogs, make appropriate recommendations regarding shock delivery, and characterize skin preparation required for a readable ECG based on dog haircoat characteristics. DESIGN: Prospective study of AED use in dogs conducted between January and March 2021. SETTING: University teaching hospital. ANIMALS: Three groups of client-owned dogs were evaluated. Group 1 consisted of 23 healthy dogs with sinus rhythms, group 2 consisted of 9 dogs with documented cardiac arrhythmias, and group 3 consisted of 9 dogs receiving CPR following naturally occurring cardiopulmonary arrest. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Haircoat characteristics and clipping or ECG paste required to obtain a readable ECG were recorded. The time interval from a readable ECG by the investigator until AED shock advisement was measured. Correctness of shock advice was recorded. Analyses were performed using commercial statistical software. P-values <0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: The attending veterinarian judged the ECG on the AED to be readable in all dogs. Time to shock advisement in all dogs was median 18 (range: 7-180) seconds. Dogs with heavy, long, or double haircoats required clipping in 24 of 27 (89%) cases to obtain a readable ECG. ECG paste on the AED pad was required in 36 of 40 dogs (90%) in order to obtain a readable ECG. The AED advice for delivery of shock was appropriate in 51 of 52 (98%) queries of the machine across all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Human AEDs can successfully record cardiac electrical activity in dogs. AEDs appropriately recommend delivery of a shock most times, contingent on skin preparation. Dogs with double, long, or heavy haircoats should be clipped prior to pad application. ECG paste will aid AED reading in all haircoat types. Further investigation is warranted into AED use in dogs, particularly in general practices.
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Reanimación Cardiopulmonar , Enfermedades de los Perros , Paro Cardíaco , Humanos , Perros , Animales , Estudios Prospectivos , Desfibriladores/veterinaria , Paro Cardíaco/veterinaria , Arritmias Cardíacas/veterinaria , Reanimación Cardiopulmonar/educación , Reanimación Cardiopulmonar/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/terapiaRESUMEN
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), caused by genetic and environmental factors, usually progresses to heart failure, a major cause of death in elderly people. A diet-associated form of DCM was recently identified in pet dogs eating non-traditional (NT) diets. To identify potential dietary causes, we analyzed metabolomic signatures and gene set/pathway enrichment in (1) all dogs based on disease, diet, and their interactions and (2) dogs with DCM based on diet. Metabolomic analysis was performed in 38 dogs with DCM eating NT diets (DCM-NT), 8 dogs with DCM eating traditional diets, 12 healthy controls eating NT diets, and 17 healthy controls eating traditional diets. Overall, 153 and 63 metabolites differed significantly between dogs with DCM versus healthy controls and dogs eating NT versus traditional diets, respectively, with 12 metabolites overlapping both analyses. Protein-protein interaction networks and gene set enrichment analysis identified 105 significant pathways and gene sets including aging-related pathways (e.g., nuclear factor-kappa B, oxidative damage, inflammation). Seventeen metabolites differed significantly in dogs with DCM eating NT versus traditional diets (e.g., fatty acids, amino acids, legume biomarkers), suggesting different mechanisms for primary versus diet-associated DCM. Our multifaceted metabolomic assessment of DCM in dogs highlighted diet's role in some forms of DCM.
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Cardiomiopatía Dilatada , Enfermedades de los Perros , Insuficiencia Cardíaca , Perros , Animales , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinaria , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/complicaciones , Biomarcadores , Metabolómica , Enfermedades de los Perros/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To compare metabolomic profiles of dogs eating grain-free (GF) versus grain-inclusive (GI) diets (1) for healthy dogs at baseline and (2) for dogs with subclinical cardiac abnormalities at 12 months after a diet change. SAMPLE: Serum samples from 23 dogs eating GF diets and 79 dogs eating GI diets, of which 17 (8 eating a GF diet and 9 eating a GI diet) were reevaluated 12 months after a diet change. PROCEDURES: Metabolomic profiles were developed by means of ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy of serum samples. Baseline results for the GF group were compared with those for the GI group. Dogs from both groups with subclinical cardiac abnormalities were transitioned to a GI, pulse-free, intervention diet, and samples collected 12 months later were compared between diet groups. Statistical significance for biochemical group differences was defined as P < .05 with a false discovery rate (q) < .10. RESULTS: Baseline differences in lipid metabolism and amino acid metabolism were found between the GF and GI diet groups. There were 46 metabolites that were higher and 82 metabolites that were lower in the GF group (n = 23), compared with the GI group (79). Comparison of the GF (n = 8) and GI (9) groups 12 months after the diet change showed only 6 metabolites that were higher and 11 metabolites that were lower in the GF group, compared with the GI group. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Metabolomic pathway differences between dogs eating GF versus GI diets highlight the important effect of diet in metabolomics analyses. The clinical importance of these differences and how they might relate to cardiac disease in dogs remains undetermined.
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Dieta , Grano Comestible , Animales , Dieta/veterinaria , PerrosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: A recent study showed higher high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) concentrations in healthy dogs eating grain-free (GF) compared to those eating grain-inclusive (GI) diets. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: Healthy dogs with subclinical cardiac abnormalities eating GF diets at baseline will show improvements in cardiac biomarkers and echocardiographic variables after diet change, whereas healthy dogs eating GI diets at baseline will not improve. ANIMALS: Twenty healthy dogs with subclinical cardiac abnormalities (12 Golden Retrievers, 5 Doberman Pinschers, 3 Miniature Schnauzers). METHODS: This prospective study included dogs with increased hs-cTnI or N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) concentrations, or echocardiographic abnormalities. Mixed modeling was used to evaluate echocardiographic, hs-cTnI, and NT-proBNP differences between groups (GF or GI diet at baseline) over time (1 y after diet change). RESULTS: Ten GF and 10 GI dogs were evaluated. There were statistically significant time: group interactions for hs-cTnI (P = .02) and normalized left ventricular internal systolic diameter (LVIDsN; P = .02), with GF dogs showing larger decreases in these variables than GI dogs. Median (range) hs-cTnI (ng/mL) for GF dogs was 0.141 (0.012-0.224) at baseline and 0.092 (0.044-0.137) at 1 y, and for GI dogs was 0.051 (0.016-0.195) at baseline and 0.060 (0.022-0.280) at 1 y. Median LVIDsN for GF dogs was 1.01 (0.70-1.30) at baseline and 0.87 (0.79-1.24) at 1 y, and for GI dogs was 1.05 (0.84-1.21) at baseline and 1.10 (0.85-1.28) at 1 y. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Decreased hs-cTnI and LVIDsN in GF dogs after diet change supports reversibility of these subclinical myocardial abnormalities.
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Ecocardiografía , Péptido Natriurético Encefálico , Animales , Biomarcadores , Dieta/veterinaria , Perros , Ecocardiografía/veterinaria , Fragmentos de Péptidos , Estudios Prospectivos , Troponina IRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Recent studies have investigated dogs with presumed diet-associated dilated cardiomyopathy (daDCM), but prospective studies of multiple breeds are needed. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To evaluate baseline features and serial changes in echocardiography and cardiac biomarkers in dogs with DCM eating nontraditional diets (NTDs) or traditional diets (TDs), and in dogs with subclinical cardiac abnormalities (SCA) eating NTD. ANIMALS: Sixty dogs with DCM (NTD, n = 51; TDs, n = 9) and 16 dogs with SCA eating NTDs. METHODS: Echocardiography, electrocardiography, and measurement of taurine, cardiac troponin I, and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide were performed in dogs with DCM or SCA. Diets were changed for all dogs, taurine was supplemented in most, and echocardiography and cardiac biomarkers were reassessed (3, 6, and 9 months). RESULTS: At enrollment, there were few differences between dogs with DCM eating NTDs or TDs; none had low plasma or whole blood taurine concentrations. Improvement in fractional shortening over time was significantly associated with previous consumption of a NTD, even after adjustment for other variables (P = .005). Median survival time for dogs with DCM was 611 days (range, 2-940 days) for the NTD group and 161 days (range, 12-669 days) for the TD group (P = .21). Sudden death was the most common cause of death in both diet groups. Dogs with SCA also had significant echocardiographic improvements over time. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Dogs with DCM or SCA previously eating NTDs had small, yet significant improvements in echocardiographic parameters after diet changes.
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Cardiomiopatía Dilatada , Enfermedades de los Perros , Animales , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/veterinaria , Dieta/veterinaria , Perros , Ecocardiografía/veterinaria , Estudios ProspectivosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: There is a lack of clinical data on hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) in dogs. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To investigate signalment, clinical signs, diagnostic findings, and survival in dogs with HCM. ANIMALS: Sixty-eight client-owned dogs. METHODS: Retrospective multicenter study. Medical records were searched between 2003 and 2015. The diagnosis of left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy was made by echocardiographic examination. RESULTS: Three hundred and forty-five dogs with LV hypertrophy were identified, of which 277 were excluded. The remaining 68 dogs were 0.3 to 14 years old and predominantly <10 kg (85%), and without a sex predilection. Twenty-four % were Shih Tzu and 24% terrier breeds. Most (80%) had a systolic heart murmur. Owner-determined exercise intolerance (37%) and syncope (18%) were most commonly reported signs. The majority (84%) of dogs had symmetrical LV hypertrophy, whereas asymmetrical septal and LV free wall hypertrophy was observed in 9% and 6% of dogs, respectively. Isolated basal interventricular septal hypertrophy was not observed. Commonly recorded were systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve (60%) and LV diastolic dysfunction (89% of dogs where diastolic function was evaluated). Six dogs died unexpectedly, and 3 developed congestive heart failure. Known survival times were between 1 day and 114 months after diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in dogs should be considered as a differential diagnosis if LV hypertrophy is identified. Small breed dogs are overrepresented, and it is uncommon for dogs with HCM to develop CHF although sudden death can occur.
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Cardiomiopatía Hipertrófica , Enfermedades de los Perros , Insuficiencia Cardíaca , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda , Animales , Cardiomiopatía Hipertrófica/diagnóstico , Cardiomiopatía Hipertrófica/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Perros , Ecocardiografía/veterinaria , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/veterinaria , Hipertrofia Ventricular Izquierda/veterinaria , Estudios Retrospectivos , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda/veterinariaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To describe the indications and clinical response for dogs and cats treated with esmolol. DESIGN: Retrospective case series from 2003 to 2020. SETTING: Single university veterinary teaching hospital. ANIMALS: Twenty-two dogs and 6 cats. INTERVENTIONS: Animals received either a bolus or bolus and continuous rate infusion of the ultrashort-acting beta receptor antagonist, esmolol. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Twenty-two animals were treated for either a supraventricular or sinus tachycardia, 5 were treated for a ventricular tachycardia, and 1 was treated for atrial fibrillation. Esmolol was most frequently used in dogs (N = 9) who had ingested a toxin such as albuterol, amphetamine, or chocolate. Esmolol was administered at median bolus dose of 330 µg/kg (range 10-1000 µg/kg) and continued as a continuous rate infusion in 15 animals at a median dose of 50 µg/kg/min. Defining success as a reduction in heart rate of 20% or greater, esmolol therapy was considered successful in 13 of 28 animals (46%). Animals treated for a toxicosis were more likely to have a successful rate reduction than those treated for other causes (P = 0.006). Nineteen animals survived to discharge. Both treatment success (P = 0.046) and treatment for a toxicosis (P = 0.003) were associated with survival. CONCLUSIONS: Esmolol administration was well tolerated by dogs and cats with tachycardia due to intoxication. Heart rate reduction by at least 20% was achieved in 46% of cases. Animals with toxin ingestion were more likely to be discharged from the hospital.
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Enfermedades de los Gatos , Enfermedades de los Perros , Propanolaminas , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/farmacología , Antagonistas Adrenérgicos beta/uso terapéutico , Animales , Enfermedades de los Gatos/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades de los Gatos/tratamiento farmacológico , Gatos , Enfermedades de los Perros/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Perros , Frecuencia Cardíaca , Hospitales Veterinarios , Hospitales de Enseñanza , Propanolaminas/uso terapéutico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Taquicardia/tratamiento farmacológico , Taquicardia/veterinariaRESUMEN
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a disease of the heart muscle that affects both humans and dogs. Certain canine diets have been associated with DCM, but the diet-disease link is unexplained, and novel methods are needed to elucidate mechanisms. We conducted metabolomic profiling of 9 diets associated with canine DCM, containing ≥ 3 pulses, potatoes, or sweet potatoes as main ingredients, and in the top 16 dog diet brands most frequently associated with canine DCM cases reported to the FDA (3P/FDA diets), and 9 non-3P/FDA diets. We identified 88 named biochemical compounds that were higher in 3P/FDA diets and 23 named compounds that were lower in 3P/FDA diets. Amino acids, amino acid-derived compounds, and xenobiotics/plant compounds were the largest categories of biochemicals that were higher in 3P/FDA diets. Random forest analyses identified the top 30 compounds that distinguished the two diet groups with 100% predictive accuracy. Four diet ingredients distinguished the two diet groups (peas, lentils, chicken/turkey, and rice). Of these ingredients, peas showed the greatest association with higher concentrations of compounds in 3P/FDA diets. Moreover, the current foodomics analyses highlight relationships between diet and DCM in dogs that can identify possible etiologies for understanding diet-disease relationships in dogs and humans.
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Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/etiología , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/metabolismo , Dieta/efectos adversos , Alimentación Animal/efectos adversos , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Animales , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/veterinaria , Dieta/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/etiología , Perros , Ecocardiografía , Lens (Planta)/metabolismo , Metabolómica , Oryza/metabolismo , Pisum sativum/metabolismoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The benefits of pimobendan in the treatment of congestive heart failure (CHF) in cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) have not been evaluated prospectively. HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVES: To investigate the effects of pimobendan in cats with HCM and recent CHF and to identify possible endpoints for a pivotal study. We hypothesized that pimobendan would be well-tolerated and associated with improved outcome. ANIMALS: Eighty-three cats with HCM and recently controlled CHF: 30 with and 53 without left ventricular outflow tract obstruction. METHODS: Prospective randomized placebo-controlled double-blind multicenter nonpivotal field study. Cats received either pimobendan (0.30 mg/kg q12h, n = 43), placebo (n = 39), or no medication (n = 1) together with furosemide (<10 mg/kg/d) with or without clopidogrel. The primary endpoint was a successful outcome (ie, completing the 180-day study period without a dose escalation of furosemide). RESULTS: The proportion of cats in the full analysis set population with a successful outcome was not different between treatment groups (P = .75). For nonobstructive cats, the success rate was 32% in pimobendan-treated cats versus 18.2% in the placebo group (odds ratio [OR], 2.12; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-8.34). For obstructive cats, the success rate was 28.6% and 60% in the pimobendan and placebo groups, respectively (OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.06-1.26). No difference was found between treatments for the secondary endpoints of time to furosemide dose escalation or death (P = .89). Results were similar in the per-protocol sets. Adverse events in both treatment groups were similar. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: In this study of cats with HCM and recent CHF, no benefit of pimobendan on 180-day outcome was identified.
Asunto(s)
Cardiomiopatía Hipertrófica , Enfermedades de los Gatos , Enfermedades de los Perros , Insuficiencia Cardíaca , Animales , Cardiomiopatía Hipertrófica/tratamiento farmacológico , Cardiomiopatía Hipertrófica/veterinaria , Cardiotónicos/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de los Gatos/tratamiento farmacológico , Gatos , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Perros , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/tratamiento farmacológico , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/veterinaria , Estudios Prospectivos , PiridazinasRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Associations of diet with dilated cardiomyopathy are under investigation. OBJECTIVES: That cardiac assessment would show abnormalities in healthy dogs eating grain-free (GF) diets or diets with Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-listed ingredients of concern (peas, lentils, or potatoes) as top 10 ingredients (FDA-PLP), but not in dogs eating grain-inclusive (GI) diets or diets without FDA-listed ingredients of concern (PLP) in the top 10 ingredients (NoFDA-PLP). ANIMALS: One hundred eighty-eight healthy Doberman Pinschers, Golden Retrievers, Miniature Schnauzers, and Whippets. METHODS: This study was an observational cross-sectional study. Echocardiograms, cardiac biomarkers, and blood and plasma taurine concentrations were compared between dogs eating GF (n = 26) and GI (n = 162) diets, and between FDA-PLP (n = 39) and NoFDA-PLP (n = 149) diets, controlling for age and breed. Demographic characteristics, murmurs, genetic status, and ventricular premature complexes (VPCs) during examination were compared between dogs eating different diet types. RESULTS: No differences in echocardiographic variables, N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide or whole blood taurine were noted between dogs eating different diet types. Dogs eating GF diets had higher median high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (hs-cTnI) (GF 0.076 ng/mL [Interquartile range (IQR), 0.028-0.156] vs. GI 0.048 [IQR, 0.0026-0.080]; P < .001) and higher median plasma taurine (GF 125 nmol/mL [IQR, 101-148] vs GI 104 [IQR, 86-123]; P = .02) than dogs eating GI diets. Dogs eating FDA-PLP diets had higher median hs-cTnI (0.059 ng/mL [IQR, 0.028-0.122]) than dogs eating NoFDA-PLP diets (0.048 [IQR, 0.025-0.085]; P = .006). A greater proportion of dogs eating FDA-PLP diets (10%) had VPCs than dogs eating NoFDA-PLP diets (2%; P = .04). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Higher hs-cTnI in healthy dogs eating GF and FDA-PLP diets might indicate low-level cardiomyocyte injury.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros , Taurina , Animales , Biomarcadores , Estudios Transversales , Dieta/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Perros , Ecocardiografía/veterinaria , Péptido Natriurético Encefálico , Fragmentos de Péptidos , FitomejoramientoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate cardiac size and early growth through echocardiographic, body weight (BW), body condition score (BCS), morphometric and biomarker changes in cats followed from 6 to 24 months of age. METHODS: Twenty-four female European shorthair colony cats were evaluated at birth for BW and at 6, 12, 18 and 24 months of age for BW, BCS, head length (HL) and head width (HW), N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and echocardiographic measurements. RESULTS: BCS, HW, left ventricular free wall in diastole, left atrium diameter and aortic diameter increased significantly between 6 and 12 months, while BW, HL and interventricular septum in diastole increased significantly between 6, 12 and 18 months, and BW decreased significantly between 18 and 24 months. NT-proBNP decreased significantly between 6 and 12 months. IGF-1 increased significantly between 6 and 12 months but decreased significantly between 12 and 18 months. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: This study prospectively evaluated changes in echocardiographic measurements, BW, BCS, HL, HW, IGF-1 and NT-proBNP in cats during the first 2 years of life. Results show a comparable change over time for different variables. These findings contribute to the understanding of a possible relationship between cardiac measures and body size from young age through to adulthood.
Asunto(s)
Ecocardiografía , Ventrículos Cardíacos , Animales , Biomarcadores/sangre , Gatos , Ecocardiografía/veterinaria , Femenino , Ventrículos Cardíacos/diagnóstico por imagen , Factor I del Crecimiento Similar a la Insulina/análisis , Péptido Natriurético Encefálico/sangre , Fragmentos de Péptidos/sangreRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: The United States Food and Drug Administration is investigating possible diet-associated dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) in dogs and cats. OBJECTIVES: To retrospectively review DCM cases for signalment, diet information, echocardiographic changes, and survival. ANIMALS: Client-owned dogs (n = 71). METHODS: Medical records of dogs diagnosed with DCM between January 1, 2014 and September 30, 2018 were reviewed. Dogs were grouped into "traditional" or "nontraditional" diet categories and whether or not diet was changed after diagnosis. RESULTS: For dogs eating nontraditional diets, those that had their diets changed had a larger percentage decrease in normalized systolic left ventricular internal dimension (P = .03) and left atrial:aorta ratio (P < .001) compared to those that did not have their diets changed. Survival time was significantly longer for dogs with DCM eating nontraditional diets that had their diets changed (median survival, 337 days; range, 9-1307 days) compared to dogs eating nontraditional diets that did not have their diets changed (median survival, 215 days; range, 1-852 days; P = .002). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Dogs with DCM eating nontraditional diets can experience improvement in cardiac function after diet change but additional research is needed to examine possible associations between diet and DCM.