Ablating the glutaredoxin-2 (Glrx2) gene protects male mice against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by limiting oxidative distress.

In the present study, we investigated the consequences of deleting the glutaredoxin-2 gene (Glrx2-/-) on the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in male and female C57BL6N mice fed a control (CD) or high-fat diet (HFD). We report that the HFD induced a significant increase in body mass in the wild-type (Wt) and Glrx2-/- male, but not female, mice, which was associated with the hypertrophying of the abdominal fat. Interestingly, while the Wt male mice fed the HFD developed NAFLD, the deletion of the Glrx2 gene mitigated vesicle formation, intrahepatic lipid accumulation, and fibrosis in the males. The protective effect associated with ablating the Glrx2 gene in male mice was due to enhancement of mitochondrial redox buffering capacity. Specifically, liver mitochondria from male Glrx2-/- fed a CD or HFD produced significantly less hydrogen peroxide (mtH2O2), had lower malondialdehyde levels, greater activities for glutathione peroxidase and thioredoxin reductase, and less protein glutathione mixed disulfides (PSSG) when compared to the Wt male mice fed the HFD. These effects correlated with the S-glutathionylation of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH), a potent mtH2O2 source and key redox sensor in hepatic mitochondria. In comparison to the male mice, both Wt and Glrx2-/- female mice displayed almost complete resistance to HFD-induced body mass increases and the development of NAFLD, which was attributed to the superior redox buffering capacity of the liver mitochondria. Together, our findings show that modulation of mitochondrial S-glutathionylation signaling through Glrx2 augments resistance of male mice towards the development of NAFLD through preservation of mitochondrial redox buffering capacity. Additionally, our findings demonstrate the sex dimorphisms associated with the manifestation of NAFLD is related to the superior redox buffering capacity and modulation of the S-glutathionylome in hepatic mitochondria from female mice.

Metastatic breast cancer cells are metabolically reprogrammed to maintain redox homeostasis during metastasis.

Metabolic rewiring is essential for tumor growth and progression to metastatic disease, yet little is known regarding how cancer cells modify their acquired metabolic programs in response to different metastatic microenvironments. We have previously shown that liver-metastatic breast cancer cells adopt an intrinsic metabolic program characterized by increased HIF-1α activity and dependence on glycolysis. Here, we confirm by in vivo stable isotope tracing analysis (SITA) that liver-metastatic breast cancer cells retain a glycolytic profile when grown as mammary tumors or liver metastases. However, hepatic metastases exhibit unique metabolic adaptations including elevated expression of genes involved in glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) detoxification when compared to mammary tumors. Accordingly, breast-cancer-liver-metastases exhibited enhanced de novo GSH synthesis. Confirming their increased capacity to mitigate ROS-mediated damage, liver metastases display reduced levels of 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine. Depletion of the catalytic subunit of the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione biosynthesis, glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCLC), strongly reduced the capacity of breast cancer cells to form liver metastases, supporting the importance of these distinct metabolic adaptations. Loss of GCLC also affected the early steps of the metastatic cascade, leading to decreased numbers of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and impaired metastasis to the liver and the lungs. Altogether, our results indicate that GSH metabolism could be targeted to prevent the dissemination of breast cancer cells.

MTOR modulation induces selective perturbations in histone methylation which influence the anti-proliferative effects of mTOR inhibitors.

Emerging data suggest a significant cross-talk between metabolic and epigenetic programs. However, the relationship between the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is a pivotal metabolic regulator, and epigenetic modifications remains poorly understood. Our results show that mTORC1 activation caused by the abrogation of its negative regulator tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2) coincides with increased levels of the histone modification H3K27me3 but not H3K4me3 or H3K9me3. This selective H3K27me3 induction was mediated via 4E-BP-dependent increase in EZH2 protein levels. Surprisingly, mTOR inhibition also selectively induced H3K27me3. This was independent of TSC2, and was paralleled by reduced EZH2 and increased EZH1 protein levels. Notably, the ability of mTOR inhibitors to induce H3K27me3 levels was positively correlated with their anti-proliferative effects. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that both activation and inhibition of mTOR selectively increase H3K27me3 by distinct mechanisms, whereby the induction of H3K27me3 may potentiate the anti-proliferative effects of mTOR inhibitors.

p66ShcA promotes malignant breast cancer phenotypes by alleviating energetic and oxidative stress.

Significant efforts have focused on identifying targetable genetic drivers that support the growth of solid tumors and/or increase metastatic ability. During tumor development and progression to metastatic disease, physiological and pharmacological selective pressures influence parallel adaptive strategies within cancer cell sub-populations. Such adaptations allow cancer cells to withstand these stressful microenvironments. This Darwinian model of stress adaptation often prevents durable clinical responses and influences the emergence of aggressive cancers with increased metastatic fitness. However, the mechanisms contributing to such adaptive stress responses are poorly understood. We now demonstrate that the p66ShcA redox protein, itself a ROS inducer, is essential for survival in response to physiological stressors, including anchorage independence and nutrient deprivation, in the context of poor outcome breast cancers. Mechanistically, we show that p66ShcA promotes both glucose and glutamine metabolic reprogramming in breast cancer cells, to increase their capacity to engage catabolic metabolism and support glutathione synthesis. In doing so, chronic p66ShcA exposure contributes to adaptive stress responses, providing breast cancer cells with sufficient ATP and redox balance needed to withstand such transient stressed states. Our studies demonstrate that p66ShcA functionally contributes to the maintenance of aggressive phenotypes and the emergence of metastatic disease by forcing breast tumors to adapt to chronic and moderately elevated levels of oxidative stress.

Elevated Extracellular HSP72 and Blunted Heat Shock Response in Severe COVID-19 Patients.

AIMS: We hypothesized that critically ill patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and insulin resistance would present a reduced Heat Shock Response (HSR), which is a pathway involved in proteostasis and anti-inflammation, subsequently leading to worse outcomes and higher inflammation. In this work we aimed: (i) to measure the concentration of extracellular HSP72 (eHSP72) in patients with severe COVID-19 and in comparison with noninfected patients; (ii) to compare the HSR between critically ill patients with COVID-19 (with and without diabetes); and (iii) to compare the HSR in these patients with noninfected individuals. METHODS: Sixty critically ill adults with acute respiratory failure with SARS-CoV-2, with or without diabetes, were selected. Noninfected subjects were included for comparison (healthy, n = 19 and patients with diabetes, n = 22). Blood samples were collected to measure metabolism (glucose and HbA1c); oxidative stress (lypoperoxidation and carbonyls); cytokine profile (IL-10 and TNF); eHSP72; and the HSR (in vitro). RESULTS: Patients with severe COVID-19 presented higher plasma eHSP72 compared with healthy individuals and noninfected patients with diabetes. Despite the high level of plasma cytokines, no differences were found between critically ill patients with COVID-19 with or without diabetes. Critically ill patients, when compared to noninfected, presented a blunted HSR. Oxidative stress markers followed the same pattern. No differences in the HSR (extracellular/intracellular level) were found between critically ill patients, with or without diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrated that patients with severe COVID-19 have elevated plasma eHSP72 and that their HSR is blunted, regardless of the presence of diabetes. These results might explain the uncontrolled inflammation and also provide insights on the increased risk in developing type 2 diabetes after SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Preventive aerobic training preserves sympathovagal function and improves DNA repair capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in rats with cardiomyopathy.

To evaluate the effect of preventive aerobic exercise training on sympathovagal function, cardiac function, and DNA repair capacity in a preclinical model of doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiomyopathy. Forty male Wistar-Kyoto rats were allocated into four groups (n = 10/group): D (DOX-treated) and C (controls) remained sedentary, and DT (DOX-trained) and CT (control-trained) performed aerobic training 4 days/week, during 4 weeks before exposure to DOX (4 mg/kg/week during 4 weeks) or saline solution. We evaluated cardiac function (echocardiography), hemodynamic and sympathovagal modulation (artery-femoral cannulation), cardiac troponin T levels, and DNA repair capacity (comet assay). Exercise training preserved ejection fraction (D: - 14.44% vs. DT: - 1.05%, p < 0.001), fractional shortening (D: - 8.96% vs. DT: - 0.27%, p = 0.025) and troponin T levels (D: 6.4 ± 3.6 vs. DT: 2.8 ± 1.7 ng/mL, p = 0.010). DOX increased heart rate variability (C: 27.7 ± 7.9 vs. D: 7.5 ± 2.2 ms2, p < 0.001) and induced sympathovagal dysfunction (LF/HF, C: 0.37 ± 0.15 vs. D: 0.15 ± 0.15, p = 0.036) through exacerbation of sympathetic function (LF, C: 0.22 ± 0.01 vs. D: 0.48 ± 0.24 Hz, p = 0.019). Peripheral mononuclear blood cells of DT animals presented lower residual DNA damage (D: 43.4 ± 8.4% vs. DT: 26 ± 3.4%, p = 0.003 after 1 h). Cardioprotective effects of preventive aerobic exercise training are mediated by preservation of sympathovagal function and improvement of DNA repair capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

Sarm1 activation produces cADPR to increase intra-axonal Ca++ and promote axon degeneration in PIPN.

Cancer patients frequently develop chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN), a painful and long-lasting disorder with profound somatosensory deficits. There are no effective therapies to prevent or treat this disorder. Pathologically, CIPN is characterized by a "dying-back" axonopathy that begins at intra-epidermal nerve terminals of sensory neurons and progresses in a retrograde fashion. Calcium dysregulation constitutes a critical event in CIPN, but it is not known how chemotherapies such as paclitaxel alter intra-axonal calcium and cause degeneration. Here, we demonstrate that paclitaxel triggers Sarm1-dependent cADPR production in distal axons, promoting intra-axonal calcium flux from both intracellular and extracellular calcium stores. Genetic or pharmacologic antagonists of cADPR signaling prevent paclitaxel-induced axon degeneration and allodynia symptoms, without mitigating the anti-neoplastic efficacy of paclitaxel. Our data demonstrate that cADPR is a calcium-modulating factor that promotes paclitaxel-induced axon degeneration and suggest that targeting cADPR signaling provides a potential therapeutic approach for treating paclitaxel-induced peripheral neuropathy (PIPN).

Reprogramming of Nucleotide Metabolism Mediates Synergy between Epigenetic Therapy and MAP Kinase Inhibition.

Small cell carcinoma of the ovary, hypercalcemic type (SCCOHT) is a rare but often lethal cancer that is diagnosed at a median age of 24 years. Optimal management of patients is not well defined, and current treatment remains challenging, necessitating the discovery of novel therapeutic approaches. The identification of SMARCA4-inactivating mutations invariably characterizing this type of cancer provided insights facilitating diagnostic and therapeutic measures against this disease. We show here that the BET inhibitor OTX015 acts in synergy with the MEK inhibitor cobimetinib to repress the proliferation of SCCOHT in vivo Notably, this synergy is also observed in some SMARCA4-expressing ovarian adenocarcinoma models intrinsically resistant to BETi. Mass spectrometry, coupled with knockdown of newly found targets such as thymidylate synthase, revealed that the repression of a panel of proteins involved in nucleotide synthesis underlies this synergy both in vitro and in vivo, resulting in reduced pools of nucleotide metabolites and subsequent cell-cycle arrest. Overall, our data indicate that dual treatment with BETi and MEKi represents a rational combination therapy against SCCOHT and potentially additional ovarian cancer subtypes.

Bisphosphoglycerate Mutase Deficiency Protects against Cerebral Malaria and Severe Malaria-Induced Anemia.

The replication cycle and pathogenesis of the Plasmodium malarial parasite involves rapid expansion in red blood cells (RBCs), and variants of certain RBC-specific proteins protect against malaria in humans. In RBCs, bisphosphoglycerate mutase (BPGM) acts as a key allosteric regulator of hemoglobin/oxyhemoglobin. We demonstrate here that a loss-of-function mutation in the murine Bpgm (BpgmL166P) gene confers protection against both Plasmodium-induced cerebral malaria and blood-stage malaria. The malaria protection seen in BpgmL166P mutant mice is associated with reduced blood parasitemia levels, milder clinical symptoms, and increased survival. The protective effect of BpgmL166P involves a dual mechanism that enhances the host's stress erythroid response to Plasmodium-driven RBC loss and simultaneously alters the intracellular milieu of the RBCs, including increased oxyhemoglobin and reduced energy metabolism, reducing Plasmodium maturation, and replication. Overall, our study highlights the importance of BPGM as a regulator of hemoglobin/oxyhemoglobin in malaria pathogenesis and suggests a new potential malaria therapeutic target.

Genome-Wide Screens Reveal that Resveratrol Induces Replicative Stress in Human Cells.

Resveratrol is a natural product associated with wide-ranging effects in animal and cellular models, including lifespan extension. To identify the genetic target of resveratrol in human cells, we conducted genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screens to pinpoint genes that confer sensitivity or resistance to resveratrol. An extensive network of DNA damage response and replicative stress genes exhibited genetic interactions with resveratrol and its analog pterostilbene. These genetic profiles showed similarity to the response to hydroxyurea, an inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase that causes replicative stress. Resveratrol, pterostilbene, and hydroxyurea caused similar depletion of nucleotide pools, inhibition of replication fork progression, and induction of replicative stress. The ability of resveratrol to inhibit cell proliferation and S phase transit was independent of the histone deacetylase sirtuin 1, which has been implicated in lifespan extension by resveratrol. These results establish that a primary impact of resveratrol on human cell proliferation is the induction of low-level replicative stress.

Methotrexate elicits pro-respiratory and anti-growth effects by promoting AMPK signaling.

One-carbon metabolism fuels the high demand of cancer cells for nucleotides and other building blocks needed for increased proliferation. Although inhibitors of this pathway are widely used to treat many cancers, their global impact on anabolic and catabolic processes remains unclear. Using a combination of real-time bioenergetics assays and metabolomics approaches, we investigated the global effects of methotrexate on cellular metabolism. We show that methotrexate treatment increases the intracellular concentration of the metabolite AICAR, resulting in AMPK activation. Methotrexate-induced AMPK activation leads to decreased one-carbon metabolism gene expression and cellular proliferation as well as increased global bioenergetic capacity. The anti-proliferative and pro-respiratory effects of methotrexate are AMPK-dependent, as cells with reduced AMPK activity are less affected by methotrexate treatment. Conversely, the combination of methotrexate with the AMPK activator, phenformin, potentiates its anti-proliferative activity in cancer cells. These data highlight a reciprocal effect of methotrexate on anabolic and catabolic processes and implicate AMPK activation as a metabolic determinant of methotrexate response.

Comparison of N-ethyl maleimide and N-(1-phenylethyl) maleimide for derivatization of biological thiols using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.

The ratio between reduced and oxidized thiols, mainly glutathione and oxidized glutathione, is one of the biomarkers for the evaluation of oxidative stress. The accurate measurement of thiol concentrations is challenging because reduced thiols are easily oxidized during sample manipulation. Derivatization is commonly used to protect thiols from oxidation. The objective of this work was to systematically compare two cell-permeable derivatizing agents: N-ethyl maleimide (NEM) and (R)-(+)-N-(1-phenylethyl)maleimide (NPEM) in terms of derivatization efficiency, ionization enhancement, side product formation, reaction selectivity for thiols, pH dependence of the reaction, and derivative stability. All thiol measurements and the characterization of side products were performed using a biphenyl reversed phase liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Four thiols, cysteine (CYS), homocysteine, N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and glutathione (GSH), were used for the evaluation. Using 1:10 ratio of thiol:derivatizing agent, complete derivatization was obtained within 30 min for both agents tested with the exception of CYS-NEM, where 97% efficiency was obtained. The more hydrophobic NPEM provided better ionization of the thiols, with enhancement ranging from 2.1x for GSH to 5.7x for CYS in comparison to NEM. NPEM derivatization led to more extensive side reactions, such as double derivatization and ring opening, which hindered the accurate measurement of the thiol concentrations. Both NEM and NPEM also showed poor stability of CYS derivative due to its time-dependent conversion to cyclic cysteine-maleimide derivative. Both reagents also showed significant reactivity with amine-containing metabolites depending on the pH used during derivatization, but overall NEM was found to be more selective towards thiol group than NPEM. Taking into account all evaluation criteria, NEM was selected as a more suitable reagent for the thiol protection and derivatization, but strict control of pH 7.0 is recommended to minimize the side reactions. This work illustrates the importance of the characterization of side products and derivative stability during the evaluation of thiol derivatizing agents and contributes fundamental understanding to improve the accuracy of thiol determinations. The key sources of errors during maleimide derivatization include the derivatization of amine-containing metabolites, poor derivative stability of certain thiols (CYS and NAC), and the side reactions especially if ring opening of the reagent is not minimized. Graphical abstract.

Effects of the ingestion of different kinds of white grape juice (Vitis labrusca) during adolescence on body weight, biochemical parameters and oxidative stress in liver of adult Wistar rats.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the ingestion of different white grape juices: organic, conventional and conventional grape juice with 5% lemon juice during adolescence on biochemical serum profile and oxidative stress level in liver of adult Wistar rats. The phenolic and vitamin C composition of the juices were evaluated. During 32 days the rats were treated with the juices or oral water (gavage) for at a dose of 7 µL/g body weight. The animals were divided into 4 groups (n = 16/each). In the end, half of the animals received an intraperitoneal CCl4 injection of 3.0 mL/kg; the other ones received mineral oil. After euthanasia, biochemical parameters were evaluated in serum and oxidative stress in the liver. It is possible to emphasize that the juices have different phenolic and vitamin C contents. The juice consumption didn't alter the weight body and biochemical parameters in adult life.

Fluorescence images combined to statistic test for fingerprinting of citrus plants after bacterial infection.

The citrus greening (or huanglongbing) disease has caused serious problems in citrus crops around the world. An early diagnostic method to detect this malady is needed due to the rapid dissemination of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) in the field. This analytical study investigated the fluorescence responses of leaves from healthy citrus plants and those inoculated with CLas by images from a stereomicroscope and also evaluated their potential for the early diagnosis of the infection caused by this bacterium. The plants were measured monthly, and the evolution of the bacteria on inoculated plants was monitored by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) amplification of CLas sequences. A statistical method was used to analyse the data. The selection of variables from histograms of colours (colourgrams) of the images was optimized using a paired Student's t-test. The intensity of counts for green colours from images of fluorescence had clearly minor variations for healthy plants than diseased ones. The darker green colours were the indicators of healthy plants and the light colours for the diseased. The method of fluorescence images is novel for fingerprinting healthy and diseased plants and provides an alternative to the current method represented by PCR and visual inspection. A new, non-subjective pattern of analysis and a non-destructive method has been introduced that can minimize the time and costs of analyses.

Evaluation of the effects of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus on inoculated citrus plants using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and chemometrics tools.

This study investigated the organic and inorganic constituents of healthy leaves and Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas)-inoculated leaves of citrus plants. The bacteria CLas are one of the causal agents of citrus greening (or Huanglongbing) and its effect on citrus leaves was investigated using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) combined with chemometrics. The information obtained from the LIBS spectra profiles with chemometrics analysis was promising for the construction of predictive models to identify healthy and infected plants. The major, macro- and microconstituents were relevant for differentiation of the sample conditions. The models were then applied to different inoculation times (from 1 to 8 months). The models were effective in the classification of 82-97% of the diseased samples with a 95% significance level. The novelty of this method was in the fingerprinting of healthy and diseased plants based on their organic and inorganic contents.