Consensus on intake questionnaire data elements in the development of an aerodigestive registry.

OBJECTIVE: To define the essential elements of the intake questionnaire that will be a part of a larger multicenter registry for aerodigestive patients. METHODS: A modified Delphi method was utilized to obtain consensus on the data elements that should warrant inclusion in the final research database. Patient questionnaires from the eight participating institutions were reviewed and individual elements were aggregated into 14 categories. RESULTS: A total of 198 initial elements were voted on for inclusion. The categories included demographics, respiratory symptoms, gastrointestinal symptoms, ear nose and throat symptoms, feeding, birth history, medical history, surgical history, family history, social history, medications prior to evaluation, devices used prior to evaluation, prior diagnostic evaluations, and prior evaluation by aerodigestive team members. 83 of the 198 elements met consensus for inclusion in the final registry for an inclusion rate of 41.9 %. Three separate rounds of ranking were required to obtain consensus. CONCLUSION: The aerodigestive registry is an important initiative that will help foster research and help guide future management. The intake questionnaire of the registry is a critical component of this project, and the consensus obtained during this study should help create a streamlined and efficient registry that will help all aerodigestive patients on a national level.

Use of temporary tracheostomy occlusion to reduce the risk of sternal wound infection after sternotomy in congenital cardiac surgery.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a method of reducing the risk of sternal wound infection after sternotomy in children with a pre-existing tracheostomy. To report our outcomes using this method from 1 January, 2013 to 31 August, 2023. METHODS: We describe a method for temporarily occluding the tracheal stoma with a removable implant with the primary goal of reducing the risk of sternotomy wound infection by preventing soilage due to tracheostomal secretions. We then performed a retrospective review of all children who underwent temporary tracheostomal occlusion between 1 January, 2013 and 31 August, 2023 at our quaternary care children's hospital. Clinical variables were extracted from the hospital medical records. The rates of antibiotic use and minor and major complications during the period when the stoma plug was in place were recorded. RESULTS: Totally, 19 patients underwent tracheal stoma plugging prior to sternotomy and were included in our analysis. There were two cases of sternal wound infection; one case occurred while the stoma plug was in place, and one developed four days following plug removal. There was one minor complication, with one patient requiring stoma revision via serial dilation at bedside at the time of recannulation. There were no deaths. CONCLUSION: Temporary occlusion of the tracheal stoma with an impermeable plug is a viable option for reducing the risk of sternal wound infection in children with a pre-existing tracheostomy who are undergoing sternotomy.

Assessing National Trends and Perceived Safety of Off-Label Ciprofloxacin-Dexamethasone Use by Pediatric Otolaryngologists.

OBJECTIVES: Off-label use of Ciprodex® (ciprofloxacin-dexamethasone: CPD), an antibiotic-steroid combination solution, in the airway has been reported by pediatric otolaryngologists with anecdotal success. We examined national trends regarding off-label CPD use including prevalence, common indications, prescriber patterns, adverse events, and accessibility. METHODS: 15-item cross-sectional survey was distributed to American Society of Pediatric Otolaryngology members from January-April 2022. Univariate analyses were performed to compare responses for users of off-label CPD versus non-users. Ease of access was compared across geographies and practice types using multivariate logistic regressions. RESULTS: Of the 163 complete responses (26.6% response rate), 156 (95.7%) reported using off-label CPD. Most common indications for off-label CPD were tracheal granulation (87.8%, n = 137) and choanal atresia (82.1%, n = 128). Ease of access was significantly increased in the Midwest (OR:18.79, 95%CI:3.63-1.24, p = 0.001) and West (OR:29.92, 95%CI:3.55-682.00, p = 0.006). Ease of access was significantly lower at tertiary referral centers (OR:0.11, 95%CI:0.01-0.64, p = 0.041) and private practices (OR:0.04, 95%CI:0.002-0.33, p = 0.009) compared to academic free-standing children's hospitals. Two-thirds of respondents reported feeling "Very Comfortable" with the safety profile of off-label CPD; 99.4% (n = 156) felt that the benefits outweighed the risks of off-label use. Seven respondents (4.5%) reported adverse events (e.g., local allergic reaction, cushingoid symptoms) from off-label use. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings (26.6% response rate) suggest that off-label CPD is commonly used by pediatric otolaryngologists, many of whom reported feeling that the benefits of off-label CPD outweigh the risks. Our results establish a baseline for future efforts to assess the efficacy and safety of off-label CPD and to improve its accessibility. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: V Laryngoscope, 134:2922-2930, 2024.

The International Network on Oesophageal Atresia (INoEA) consensus guidelines on the transition of patients with oesophageal atresia-tracheoesophageal fistula.

Oesophageal atresia-tracheoesophageal fistula (EA-TEF) is a common congenital digestive disease. Patients with EA-TEF face gastrointestinal, surgical, respiratory, otolaryngological, nutritional, psychological and quality of life issues in childhood, adolescence and adulthood. Although consensus guidelines exist for the management of gastrointestinal, nutritional, surgical and respiratory problems in childhood, a systematic approach to the care of these patients in adolescence, during transition to adulthood and in adulthood is currently lacking. The Transition Working Group of the International Network on Oesophageal Atresia (INoEA) was charged with the task of developing uniform evidence-based guidelines for the management of complications through the transition from adolescence into adulthood. Forty-two questions addressing the diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of gastrointestinal, surgical, respiratory, otolaryngological, nutritional, psychological and quality of life complications that patients with EA-TEF face during adolescence and after the transition to adulthood were formulated. A systematic literature search was performed based on which recommendations were made. All recommendations were discussed and finalized during consensus meetings, and the group members voted on each recommendation. Expert opinion was used when no randomized controlled trials were available to support the recommendation. The list of the 42 statements, all based on expert opinion, was voted on and agreed upon.

Characteristics and Outcomes of Surgical Treatment for Bronchial Anomalies.

OBJECTIVES: Bronchial anomalies are rare but challenging conditions to treat in children, encompassing a variety of structural abnormalities that could compromise airway patency. This includes complete rings, absent cartilage, traumatic avulsions, bronchoesophageal fistulas, and cartilaginous sleeves. The objective of this study is to describe the characteristics and outcomes of a series of pediatric cases of bronchial anomalies that were treated by slide tracheobronchoplasty. METHODS: This is a single-institution retrospective case series of pediatric patients with bronchial anomalies who underwent surgical treatment between February 2004 and April 2020. Data extracted from electronic medical records included patient demographics, comorbidities, and surgical outcomes. RESULTS: There were a total of 29 patients included in the study, of which 14 had complete bronchial rings, 8 had absent bronchial rings, 4 had traumatic bronchial avulsions, 2 had bronchoesophageal fistulas, and one had a cartilaginous sleeve. Median follow-up time was 13 months (with a range of 0.5-213 months). The overall mortality rate was 17.2% (5 patients), all of whom had complete bronchial rings. Patients with complete bronchial rings also had a higher rate of not only cardiac (85.7%) and pulmonary comorbidities (85.7%) but also secondary airway lesions (78.6%). CONCLUSION: This is the largest series to date describing surgical treatment for bronchial anomalies. Complete bronchial rings were the most common anomaly treated, followed by absent rings and trauma. Surgical treatment can be successful but mortality rates are higher in patients with complete bronchial rings, possibly due to higher rates of pulmonary and cardiac comorbidities. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 133:3334-3340, 2023.

Revision Endoscopic Posterior Costal Cartilage Grafting: Is It Feasible?

The objective of this work is to examine the feasibility of revision endoscopic posterior costal cartilage graft (EPCCG) placement for posterior glottic stenosis (PGS) and bilateral vocal fold immobility (BVFI). Revision and primary cases were compared with respect to decannulation rates, and it was hypothesized that there would be no difference in outcomes. Twenty-one patients met inclusion criteria (14 primary, 7 revision). Thirteen (62%) had a primary indication of PGS, and 8 (42%) were for BVFI. There were no differences between revision and primary groups with respect to age, gender, or comorbidities (p > .05). There was no difference between groups with respect to decannulation rate (85% primary vs 100% revision, p = .32). Thus, revision EPCCG appears to have comparable results to primary EPCCG with respect to decannulation rate and time to decannulation. EPCCG may be a feasible alternative to open airway reconstruction for PGS and BVFI in selected patients.

International Pediatric Otolaryngology Group: Consensus guidelines on the diagnosis and management of non-tuberculous mycobacterial cervicofacial lymphadenitis.

INTRODUCTION: Non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection commonly manifests as subacute or chronic cervicofacial lymphadenitis in immunocompetent children. The optimal management of this pathology remains controversial. OBJECTIVES: This international consensus guideline aims to understand the practice patterns for NTM cervicofacial lymphadenitis and to address the primary diagnostic and management challenges. METHODS: A modified three-iterative Delphi method was used to establish expert recommendations on the diagnostic considerations, expectant or medical management, and operative considerations. The recommendations herein are derived from current expert consensus and critical review of the literature. SETTING: Multinational, multi-institutional, tertiary pediatric hospitals. RESULTS: Consensus recommendations include diagnostic work-up, goals of treatment and management options including surgery, prolonged antibiotic therapy and observation. CONCLUSION: The recommendations formulated in this International Pediatric Otolaryngology Group (IPOG) consensus statement on the diagnosis and management of patients with NTM lymphadenitis are aimed at improving patient care and promoting future hypothesis generation.

Hospital Prices for Pediatric Tympanostomy Tube Placement and Adenotonsillectomy in 2021.

OBJECTIVES: Hospital prices vary substantially for myringotomy with tympanostomy tube placement (M&T) and adenotonsillectomy (T&A). The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services recently implemented hospital price transparency requirements to help families make financially informed decisions about where to seek care. We sought to determine price availability and the extent of price variation for these procedures. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional analysis of the Turquoise Health Hospital Rates Data Platform, which extracts prices for facility fees from publicly available hospital chargemasters. We determined the proportion of hospitals serving pediatric patients that published payer-specific prices for M&T and T&A. We additionally characterized the extent of variation in payer-specific prices both across and within hospitals. RESULTS: Approximately 40% (n = 909 of 2,266 hospitals) serving pediatric patients disclosed prices for M&T or T&A. Among disclosing hospitals, across-center ratios (adjusted for Medicare hospital wage indices) ranged from 11.0 (M&T; 10th percentile adjusted median price: $536.80 versus 90th percentile adjusted median price: $5,929.93) to 23.4 (revision adenoidectomy age >12 years; 10th percentile: $393.82 versus 90th percentile: $9,209.88). Median within-center price ratios for procedures ranged from 2.2 to 2.7, indicating that some private payers reimbursed the same hospital more than twice as much as other payers for the same procedure. CONCLUSION: The majority of hospitals serving pediatric patients were non-compliant with federal requirements to disclose prices for M&T and T&A. Among disclosing hospitals, there was wide variation in payer-specific prices between and within institutions. Further research is necessary to understand whether disclosure of prices will enable families to make more financially informed decisions. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Laryngoscope, 133:948-955, 2023.

Compensation Rates for Pediatric Otolaryngology Procedures Under the Medicare Physician Fee Schedule in 2021.

INTRODUCTION: The Medicare Physician Fee Schedule (PFS) is the basis for physician reimbursement by public and private payers. The PFS values physician services according to the estimated time and intensity required to perform them; intensity reflects the summation of technical skill, cognitive load, and risk-related stress. The fee schedule uses relative value units (RVUs) as a metric that permits comparison across procedures. Recent debate has focused on whether the methods by which the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) estimate procedural intensity are valid. We therefore sought to investigate current CMS estimates of intensity (RVUs/min) for surgical procedures performed by pediatric otolaryngologists. METHODS: We performed a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of fiscal year 2021 PFS valuations for pediatric otolaryngology key indicator procedures specified by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. We additionally examined general otolaryngology procedures, including adenotonsillectomy and tympanostomy tube insertion. We utilized the 2021 Medicare PFS conversion factor of $34.89/RVU to convert intensity (wRVUs/min) to a compensation rate ($/min). Primary outcomes were: (1) total compensation rate and (2) intraservice (i.e., incision-to-closure) compensation rate for each studied procedure. RESULTS: Our study sample included 167 unique procedures. The mean (standard deviation) total compensation rate for all included procedures was $1.35/min ($0.29/min) and the mean intraservice rate was $1.71/min ($0.89/min). Intraservice compensation rates ranged from $-1.50/min (drainage of throat abscess) to $4.75/min (pediatric tracheostomy). DISCUSSION: Total and intraservice compensation rates under the Medicare PFS vary widely for surgical procedures performed by pediatric otolaryngologists. Further investigation is necessary to examine the validity of assumptions underlying these procedural intensity valuations. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: NA Laryngoscope, 133:1739-1744, 2023.

Laryngotracheal separation through the cricoid ring for management of tracheobronchomegaly.

Tracheobronchomegaly is a rare condition characterized by diffuse dilation of the trachea and main bronchi. In ventilator-dependent neonates with tracheobronchomegaly, a tracheostomy may be hazardous due to the lack of an appropriate tracheostomy tube size that can fit the enlarged trachea. Here, we describe a modification of the laryngotracheal separation procedure to permit ventilation in a child with tracheobronchomegaly and severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Outcomes in Pediatric Thyroidectomy: Results From a Multinational, Multi-institutional Database.

OBJECTIVE: Traditionally, data regarding thyroidectomy were extracted from billing databases, but information may be missed. In this study, a multi-institutional pediatric thyroidectomy database was used to evaluate recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury and hypoparathyroidism. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective multi-institutional cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary care pediatric hospital systems throughout North America. METHODS: Data were individually collected for thyroidectomies, then entered into a centralized database and analyzed using univariate and multivariable regression models. RESULTS: In total, 1025 thyroidectomies from 10 institutions were included. Average age was 13.9 years, and 77.8% were female. Average hospital stay was 1.9 nights and 13.5% of patients spent at least 1 night in the pediatric intensive care unit. The most frequent pathology was papillary thyroid carcinoma (42%), followed by Graves' disease (20.1%) and follicular adenoma (18.2%). Overall, 1.1% of patients experienced RLN injury (0.8% permanent), and 7.2% experienced hypoparathyroidism (3.3% permanent). Lower institutional volume (odds ratio [OR], 3.57; 95% CI, 1.72-7.14) and concurrent hypoparathyroidism (OR, 3.51; 95% CI, 1.64-7.53) correlated with RLN injury on multivariable analysis. Graves' disease (OR, 2.27; 95% CI, 1.35-3.80), Hashimoto's thyroiditis (OR, 4.67; 95% CI, 2.39-9.09), central neck dissection (OR, 3.60; 95% CI, 2.36-5.49), and total vs partial thyroidectomy (OR, 7.14; 95% CI, 4.55-11.11) correlated with hypoparathyroidism. CONCLUSION: These data present thyroidectomy information and complications pertinent to surgeons, along with preoperative risk factor assessment. Multivariable analysis showed institutional volume and hypoparathyroidism associated with RLN injury, while hypoparathyroidism associated with surgical indication, central neck dissection, and extent of surgery. Low complication rates support the safety of thyroidectomy in pediatric tertiary care centers.

Surgical Treatment of Type III Laryngotracheoesophageal Clefts: Techniques and Outcomes.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Determine surgical and swallowing outcomes after surgery for type III laryngotracheoesophageal cleft (LTEC). STUDY DESIGN: Case series with chart review. METHODS: Chart review was performed on patients with type III LTEC between 2000 and 2019. Demographics, surgical outcomes, and swallowing outcomes were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients met inclusion criteria (28 open and 5 endoscopic repairs). Mean age was 3.4 years for the open group and 0.9 years for the endoscopic group. Seventeen (51.5%) patients had a syndromic diagnosis, most commonly Opitz syndrome and Trisomy 21. Mean follow-up was 33.6 months. Thirteen (39.4%) patients had a previous repair attempt prior to repair at our institution. Twenty-four (70.6%) patients had a tracheostomy prior to or at the time of surgical repair and 13 (38.2%) remain tracheostomy-dependent. Nine patients (27.3%) required a revision cleft repair and four (12.1%) required two revisions. Thirty-one patients had an intact repair at last follow-up (93.9). Two patients died outside the hospital over a year after surgery. Preoperatively 13 of 17 patients with swallowing evaluations aspirated. After repair, 11 of 20 patients were deemed safe for all consistencies and seven were safe for thickened. Endoscopic approaches were performed during the last 2 years of the study and had significantly lower operative time (354.4 minutes vs. 171.5 minutes). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic and open approaches are effective for treatment of type III LTEC with 27.3% requiring revision and 93.9% of repairs intact at last follow-up. Overall swallowing outcomes were good in patients who underwent postoperative instrumental swallow evaluation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 132:1112-1117, 2022.

GABA receptor associated protein changes the electrostatic environment around the GABA type A receptor.

We have performed fully atomistic molecular dynamics simulations of the intracellular domain of a model of the GABAA receptor with and without the GABA receptor associated protein (GABARAP) bound. We have also calculated the electrostatic potential due to the receptor, in the absence and presence of GABARAP. We find that GABARAP binding changes the electrostatic properties around the GABAA receptor and could lead to increased conductivity of chloride ions through the receptor. We also find that ion motions that would result in conducting currents are observed nearly twice as often when GABARAP binds. These results are consistent with data from electrophysiological experiments.

Slide Tracheoplasty for Repair of Complex Tracheoesophageal Fistulas.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Repair of large, recurrent, and complex tracheoesophageal fistulas (TEFs) is challenging and numerous different surgical approaches exist. These various techniques each carry a set of risks and possible complications such as fistula recurrence, tracheal stenosis or pouches, esophageal stenosis, and recurrent laryngeal nerve injury. Slide tracheoplasty is a reconstructive technique successfully used in many different airway pathologies, including TEF repair. This study examines the success, limits, and complications related to slide tracheoplasty for repair of complex TEFs. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. METHODS: Patients undergoing TEF repair using a cervical or thoracic approach slide tracheoplasty, at a single institution, between July 2008 and December 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. Demographic data, comorbidities, TEF etiology and surgical history, slide tracheoplasty details and outcomes, and postoperative complication data were examined using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Twenty-six patients underwent 27 slide tracheoplasties for TEF (20 cervical approaches, 7 thoracic approaches) with a mean age of 5.2 years (IQR 0.7-7.6) at time of surgery. The most common TEF etiologies included congenital (n = 13), tracheostomy tube erosion (n = 5), and button battery ingestion (n = 4). Fistulas ranged in size from <0.5 mm to 4 cm and 59% had previous endoscopic or open repairs. There were two TEF recurrences (7.4%), one of which was successfully revised and the other which was treated with stent placement. Postoperative complications included dehiscence (3.7%), unilateral vocal fold paralysis (3.7%), and mild tracheal stenosis (18.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Slide tracheoplasty is an effective surgical technique for treating complex congenital and acquired TEFs with lower rates of complications when compared to other techniques. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 132:1542-1547, 2022.

Factors associated with success following transcervical innominate artery suspension.

OBJECTIVE: Aortopexy including innominate artery suspension is a well-established treatment of anterior vascular compression and associated tracheomalacia. We report the results of our case series of cervical approach to innominate artery suspension and hypothesize that increased distance from the innominate to the sternum is predictive of superior symptomatic outcome. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective Case Series. METHODS: All cases of cervical innominate artery suspension at our institution over the last 10 years were reviewed. CT scans of the neck and chest were reviewed to obtain anatomical measurements including anterior-posterior thoracic outlet distance, thymic thickness, and sternum-innominate artery distance. Measurements were compared with surgical outcomes as verified by follow up bronchoscopy and clinical course to determine factors predictive of success. RESULTS: Ten cases of cervical innominate artery suspension were performed by the otolaryngology service at our institution over the last 10 years. Six patients had improvement in their symptoms. The average sternum-innominate artery distance (SID) was larger (14.4 mm (95% CI 9.1-19.7)) in patients who had improvement in clinical symptoms following innominate suspension compared to those that did not improve (6.3 mm (95% CI 2.5-10.1)) (p value = 0.02). Similarly, the anterior-posterior distance of the thoracic outlet was larger (34.9 mm (95% CI 27.4-42.4)) in patients who had improvement post-op compared to those that did not improve (22.6 mm (95% CI 18.2-27.2) (p value = 0.01). Two patients required spine surgery to achieve improvement in their symptoms. CONCLUSION: Cervical innominate artery suspension is successful in carefully selected patients. More space in the thoracic outlet and larger distance from the innominate artery to the sternum is associated with symptomatic improvement.

Acquired tracheal stenosis: Cervical slide tracheoplasty.

Acquired tracheal stenosis can result from iatrogenic injury or, less commonly, tracheal tumors. Symptoms can arise insidiously and typically include respiratory distress, sleep disordered breathing, or exercise intolerance. Diagnostic evaluation includes cross-sectional imaging and endoscopy. Various endoscopic and open procedures exist to address acquired tracheal stenosis and treatment should be tailored to the patient. Cervical slide tracheoplasty without cardiopulmonary bypass is a versatile technique that can address different types of tracheal stenosis. It allows for immediate reconstruction with vascularized tissue and continued opportunity for growth as the child ages, with high success rates with minimal morbidity.

Laryngeal webs and laryngotracheoesophageal clefts: State of the art.

Laryngeal webs and laryngotracheoesophageal clefts (LTECs) are rare malformations of the larynx. Both can have a wide range of symptoms. While webs typically affect voice and airway and LTECs typically affect swallowing and airway, this is not always the case. A high index of suspicion is required for timely and accurate diagnosis. A discussion of management and treatment options will be presented. Both endoscopic and open surgical techniques exist for both pathologies and will be reviewed.

Endoscopic Repair of Type 1 Laryngeal Clefts and Deep Interarytenoid Notches: Cold Steel Versus Laser.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Endoscopic repair is the preferred surgical treatment for type 1 laryngeal clefts (T1LCs) and deep interarytenoid notches (DINs). No studies exist showing differences in repair rates using laser and cold steel. Our objective is to assess overall success and revision rate for endoscopic cleft repair and determine whether there is any difference in surgical outcomes between cold steel and laser techniques. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective chart review, cohort study. METHODS: Retrospective review at a quaternary care pediatric hospital. Included all patients who underwent endoscopic repair for T1LCs and DINs between January 2010 and December 2019. Demographics, comorbidities, surgical data, outcomes, and revision status were collected and analyzed. We excluded patients who did not have a follow-up at our institution. RESULTS: A total of 194 patients were identified, 14 were excluded for lack of follow-up data so 180 were analyzed. Of these, 127 had cold steel repair and 53 had laser repair. There is no significant difference in demographics or comorbidities. In the cold steel group, 4 of 127 (3.1%) had breakdown and in the laser group, 10 of 53 (18.9%) had breakdown. Patients who failed after a cold steel repair tended to break down later (median 12.7 months) when compared to laser repairs (median 2.1 months). Nine of the 10 patients with breakdown after laser repair were noted on initial postoperative evaluation. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic cleft repair is a well-described and effective method for repair of T1LCs and DINs. Both cold steel and laser have high success rates; however, higher failure rates were noted in the laser repair group. Failure after laser repair may occur earlier than failure after cold steel repair. But this did not reach significance. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3 Laryngoscope, 131:2805-2810, 2021.

Airway and Swallowing Outcomes Following Laryngotracheoplasty With Posterior Grafting in Children.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Evaluate swallowing and airway outcomes following laryngotracheoplasty with posterior grafting (LTP PCCG). METHODS: Retrospective review of pediatric patients undergoing LTP PCCG from 2016 to 2019 at a tertiary care pediatric hospital. We included demographics, indications, approach, and revision status. We evaluated preoperative and postoperative instrumental and functional swallow evaluations, and we also gathered information on airway outcomes. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients were included in the study. Median (interquartile range [IQR]) age was 4.0 (2.0, 7.0) years old. Primary indication for surgery was bilateral vocal cord immobility (BVCI) in 11 (35.5%) and posterior glottic stenosis (PGS) in 20 (64.5%). Mean (standard deviation) length of follow-up was 11.0 (8.3) months. Twelve patients had gastrostomy tubes (GT) before surgery, and no patients required placement of GT after surgery. Of the remaining 19 patients, 6 required nasogastric feeding for >4 weeks (average length 1.8 months, longest 3.5 months). At last follow-up, 25 (80.6%) patients were primarily orally fed. Eighteen patients had tracheotomies prior to surgery. No patients without a tracheostomy required placement of tracheostomy before or after surgery and only 1 patient had a tracheostomy at last follow-up. Average time to decannulation was 3.7 months, with surgery-specific success of 87.1% and overall success of 96.8%. Four (12.9%) patients required a major intervention to achieve decannulation. CONCLUSION: LTP PCCG is an effective surgical technique to address PGS and BVCI with high decannulation rates. It may cause temporary swallowing dysfunction, but in this series a majority of children were orally fed at last follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 131:2798-2804, 2021.

Demographic Characteristics of Children Diagnosed with Bacterial Tracheitis.

OBJECTIVES: Examine the presentation and clinical course of patients with bacterial tracheitis (BT). Identify if socioeconomic differences exist among children who present with BT. METHODS: This was a retrospective case series from a tertiary care pediatric medical center. The study group included patients less than 18 years old who were diagnosed with BT from January 2011 to March 2019. Patients with a tracheostomy and those who developed BT after prolonged hospitalization were excluded. Patient demographics were compared with the demographics of the counties surrounding the hospital. RESULTS: 33 patients with BT met inclusion criteria. The most common presenting symptoms were difficulty breathing, stridor, and sore throat (81.8% each), followed by cough (78.8%). Median length of stay was 3 days [interquartile range (IQR):2-4]. 19 patients (57.5%) were admitted to the intensive care unit. Intubation was required for 13 patients (39.4%), for a median length of 2 days [IQR:2-2]. Methicillin sensitive staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacterial etiology (33%). Mean presenting age was 8.58 years [95% confidence interval:7.3-9.9] and 14 patients were female (42.4%). 31 patients were white (93.9%), 1 was black (3%), and 1 was Hispanic (3%). BT patients were more likely to have private insurance compared to comparison (81.8% vs 63.4%, P < .001). CONCLUSION: Children who presented with BT were more likely to be privately insured than a comparison population.