[Primary stromal cyst of the iris: case report].

Primary stromal cysts of the iris are rare, often asymptomatic, and incidentally found entities. Treatment is usually indicated in cases of enlargement or complications. However, imaging tests are required to determine their cystic nature and make an accurate differential diagnosis with malignant tumors, as well as for long-term follow-up. Ultrasound biomicroscopy is the technique of choice, although in most centers anterior segment optical coherence tomography is a more accessible and available imaging modality. We present a case of primary stromal cyst of the iris with an atypical presentation to illustrate the diagnosis and initial follow-up using anterior segment optical coherence tomography and photographs, and the management of complications. Anterior segment optical coherence tomography may be useful in the initial study and follow-up of anterior non-pigmented lesions where the cyst can be fully seen.

Macular Neovascularization Type Influence on Anti-VEGF Intravitreal Therapy Outcomes in Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the influence of macular neovascularization (MNV) lesion type on 12-month clinical outcomes in treatment-naive eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) treated with anti-VEGF drugs nationwide. DESIGN: Multicenter national nAMD database observational study. SUBJECTS: One thousand six hundred six treatment-naive nAMD eyes (1330 patients) undergoing anti-VEGF therapy for 12 months nationwide. METHODS: Demographics, visual acuity (VA) in logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution letters, number of injections and visits were was collected using a validated web-based tool. Neovascular lesion phenotype was classified as type 1 (T1, n = 711), type 2 (T2, n = 505), type 3 (T3, n = 315), and aneurysmal type 1 (A-T1, n = 75), according to the new proposed consensus classification. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean VA change at 12 months, final VA at 12 months, number of injections, time to lesion inactivation. RESULTS: A total of 1606 treatment-naive nAMD eyes (1330 patients) received a median of 7 injections over 12 months. Mean (± standard deviation) baseline VA was significantly lower for T2 (49.4 ± 23.5 letters) compared with T1 (57.8 ± 20.8) and T3 (58.2 ± 19.4) (both P < 0.05) lesions. Mean VA change at 12 months was significantly greater for A-T1 (+9.5 letters) compared with T3 (+3.1 letters, P < 0.05). Patients with T3 lesions had fewer active visits (24.9%) than those with other lesion types (T1, 30.5%; T2, 32.6%; A-T1, 27.5%; all P < 0.05). Aflibercept was the most used drug in A-T1 lesions (70.1%) and ranibizumab in T1 (40.7%), T2 (57.7%), and T3 (47.6%) lesions. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the relevance of MNV type on clinical outcomes in nAMD and reports significant differences in baseline VA, VA change, and lesion activity at 12 months. This report provides data about lesion-specific clinical features, which may guide the management of nAMD cases and potentially support personalized clinical decision making for these patients. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

Subretinal fluid may protect against macular atrophy in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: 5 years of follow-up from Fight Retinal Blindness registry.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to assess the association of macular atrophy (MA) according to the activity of macular neovascularization (MNV) (inactive, only subretinal fluid [SRFL], or active, i.e. including intraretinal fluid [IRFL]) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). METHODS: Multicentric observational study. Treatment-naïve nAMD eyes without subfoveal MA or subretinal fibrosis (SF) at baseline were included since 1st January 2010 and 30th September 2016 to allow up to 5 years of treatment follow-up. Eyes were grouped based on their predominant activity status as: (1) mostly inactive, (2) mostly active non-SRFL only [IRFL] or (3) mostly active-SRFL only [onlySRFL]. Kaplan-Meier survival curves estimated the time to development of MA or SF. Cox proportional hazards models evaluated predictors of developing subfoveal MA or SF. The main outcome measure was the risk of developing MA according to predominant MNV activity. RESULTS: A total of 973 eyes were eligible for analysis. OnlySRFL eyes had lower risk of developing subfoveal MA (HR [95% CI]: 0.56 [0.36, 0.88]; p = 0.024) and extrafoveal MA (HR [95% CI]: 0.41 [0.27, 0.61]; p < 0.001) than IRFL eyes. IRFL eyes had lower visual acuity (VA) (54.5 letters) and the highest proportion of eyes with vision ≤35 letters (25%) at 5 years while onlySRFL eyes had comparable 5-year VA (63.7 letters) to inactive eyes (63.7 letters). CONCLUSION: Subretinal fluid appears to protect against MA. Distinguishing the compartment of retinal fluid and understanding its relationship with MA and SF can guide the management of nAMD.

Longer treatment intervals are associated with reduced treatment persistence in neovascular age related macular degeneration.

AIMS: To test the hypothesis that patients treated for neovascular age related macular degeneration (nAMD) with longer treatment intervals are more likely to persist with treatment. METHODS: Data were obtained from the prospectively-defined Fight Retinal Blindness! registry. Treatment interval at 2 years was stratified based on the mean treatment interval over the three visits prior to and including the 2-year visit. Rates of non-persistence to follow-up were assessed from 2 to 5 years. RESULTS: Data from 1538 eyes were included. The overall rate of non-persistence was 51% at 5 years. Patients on longer treatment intervals (12-weeks) at 2 years were found to be less persistent to long-term follow-up. These eyes were found to have fewer active disease visits in the first 2 years (40%) than eyes treated at 4-weekly intervals (66%, p < 0.001). In the multivariable analysis, better vision at 2 years was associated with a lower risk of non-persistence (hazards ratio [HR] [95% CI]: 0.95 [0.93, 0.97], P < 0.001), while longer treatment intervals (HR [95% CI]: 1.31 [0.95, 1.8] and 1.54 [1.15, 2.06] for 12-week and > 12-week intervals vs. 4-week intervals, respectively, P = 0.002) and older patients (HR [95% CI]: 1.03 [1.02, 1.04], p < 0.001) were at higher risk of non-persistence. CONCLUSIONS: We found that patients on longer treatment intervals at 2 years were more likely to be non-persistent with treatment in later years. Reinforcing the need for ongoing treatment is important for patients on longer intervals who may feel complacent or that treatment is no longer effective, particularly if newer, longer lasting agents become widely available.

Linfoma orbitario: presentación como ptosis mecánica / Orbital lymphoma: presentation as mechanical ptosis

Los linfomas orbitarios se presentan típicamente como una masa indolora de crecimiento lento, aunque la clínica dependerá del tamaño, localización e invasión de estructuras adyacentes. Son infrecuentes y suelen tener un comportamiento benigno, pero es importante detectarlos por el riesgo de enfermedad sistémica.

Orbital lymphomas typically present as a painless, slow-growing mass, although the clinical presentation will depend on size, location and invasion of adjacent structures. They are infrequent and usually have a benign behavior, but it is important to detect them because of the risk of systemic disease

Influencia del tratamiento intravítreo en la presión intraocular en pacientes con glaucoma y degeneración macular / Influence of Intravitreal Treatment on Intraocular Pressure in Patients with Glaucoma and Macular Degeneration

En los últimos años, la aparición de los fármacos antiangiogénicos ha revolucionado el tratamiento de numerosas enfermedades de la retina, su asociación con la hipertensión ocular tras las inyecciones ha sido objeto de estudio en numerosas ocasiones. Se presenta un caso clínico de una paciente con glaucoma y degeneración macular asociada a la edad con la que se estudió la relación entre la administración de antiangiogénicos intravítreos y la elevación de la presión intraocular, a corto y largo plazo. La administración de fármacos antiangiogénicos es en la actualidad el procedimiento oftalmológico más empleado en las consultas de todo el mundo. La administración de intravítreas se ha asociado a la producción de un pico hipertensivo transitorio en el momento agudo y a la elevación de la presión intraocular a largo plazo. Un estrecho intervalo entre inyecciones ( 7 al año), pacientes con cámara estrecha, fáquicos y con diagnóstico previo de glaucoma son los principales factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de una elevación sostenida de presión intraocular tras el tratamiento intravítreo con antiangiogénicos. Identificar a los pacientes con alto riesgo de desarrollar hipertensión ocular tras el uso de inyecciones intravítreas y adoptar medidas que reduzcan dicho riesgo, como la administración de hipotensores tópicos antes de la inyección, es fundamental para mejorar su salud visual. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 78 años de edad con diagnóstico de glaucoma primario de ángulo abierto de cinco años de evolución en ambos ojos(AU)

In recent years, the emergence of antiangiogenic drugs has revolutionized the treatment of numerous retinal diseases, their association with ocular hypertension after injections has been the subject of study on numerous occasions. We present a clinical case of a patient with glaucoma and age-related macular degeneration in which the relationship between the administration of intravitreal antiangiogenic drugs and the elevation of intraocular pressure, in the short and long term, was studied. The prescribing of antiangiogenic drugs is currently the most widely used ophthalmologic procedure in practices worldwide. Intravitreal administration has been associated with the production of a transitory hypertensive peak in the acute setting and long-term elevation of intraocular pressure. A narrow interval between injections ( 7 per year), patients with narrow chamber, phakic and with a previous diagnosis of glaucoma are the main risk factors for the development of sustained intraocular pressure elevation after intravitreal treatment with antiangiogenics. Identifying patients at high risk of developing ocular hypertension after intravitreal injections and adopting measures to reduce this risk, such as the administration of topical hypotensives before the injection, is essential to improve their eyesight health. The case of a 78-year-old female patient with a diagnosis of primary open-angle glaucoma of five years of evolution in both eyes is presented(AU)

Rituximab: alternativa eficaz para la querotopatía ulcerativa periférica / Rituximab: effective alternative for peripheral ulcerative kerotopathy

El desarrollo de los fármacos biológicos ha permitido controlar de manera óptima las manifestaciones oftalmológicas de las enfermedades autoinmunes, el conocimiento de nuevas vías patogénicas y de nuevas dianas terapéuticas lo que está suponiendo una revolución en el tratamiento médico de numerosas entidades y donde la oftalmología no es una excepción. Se presenta el caso clínico de una paciente con artritis reumatoide con mal control y afectación multisistémica que presentó una queratopatía ulcerativa periférica de mal control que respondió con tratamiento biológico diferente al tradicionalmente usado: el rituximab(AU)

The development of biological drugs has allowed optimal control of the ophthalmologic manifestations of autoimmune diseases, the knowledge of new pathogenic pathways and new therapeutic targets, which is leading to a revolution in the medical treatment in numerous entities and where ophthalmology is no exception. We present the clinical case of a patient with poorly controlled rheumatoid arthritis and multisystemic condition. The patient presented a poorly controlled peripheral ulcerative keratopathy that responded to a different biological treatment than the one traditionally used: rituximab(AU)

Incidence, risk factors and outcomes of submacular haemorrhage with loss of vision in neovascular age-related macular degeneration in daily clinical practice: data from the FRB! registry.

PURPOSE: The main purpose of the study was to report the estimated incidence, cumulative rate, risk factors and outcomes of submacular haemorrhage (SMH) with loss of vision in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) receiving intravitreal injections (IVT) of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitor in routine clinical practice. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of treatment-naïve eyes receiving IVTs of VEGF inhibitors (ranibizumab, aflibercept or bevacizumab) for nAMD from 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2020 that were tracked the Fight Retinal Blindness! registry. Estimated incidence, cumulative rate and hazard ratios (HR) of SMH with loss of vision during treatment were measured using the Poisson regression, Kaplan-Meier survival curves and Cox proportional hazard models. RESULTS: We identified 7642 eyes (6425 patients) with a total of 135 095 IVT over a 10-year period. One hundred five eyes developed SMH with loss of vision with a rate of 1 per 1283 injections (0.08% 95% confidence interval [95% CI] [0.06; 0.09]). The estimated incidence [95% CI] was 4.6 [3.8; 5.7] SMH with loss of vision per year per 1000 treated patients during the study. The cumulative [95% CI] rate of SMH per patient did not increase significantly with each successive injection (p = 0.947). SMH cases had a mean VA drop of around 6 lines at diagnosis, which then improved moderately to a 4-line loss at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: Submacular haemorrhage (SMH) with loss of vision is an uncommon complication that can occur at any time in eyes treated for nAMD in routine clinical practice, with only limited recovery of vision 1 year later.

Implante XEN: triple procedimiento, triple éxito / XEN implantation: a triple procedure with triple success

El gran desarrollo de la cirugía de glaucoma mínimamente invasiva, conocida como MIGS, ha supuesto una alternativa eficaz en el tratamiento de esta enfermedad, y ha demostrado ser efectiva en la reducción de la presión intraocular. Presentamos a un paciente varón de 51 años con glaucoma en progresión, quien requería tratamiento médico máximo para el control de su enfermedad y en el que se realizó un triple procedimiento quirúrgico: cirugía de retirada de lente intraocular, facoemusificación e implante XEN®. La cirugía fue un éxito. Se consiguió el control tensional y se pudo prescindir completamente del uso de medicación hipotensora, lo que mejoró mucho la calidad de vida de nuestro paciente. La cirugía MIGS es una alternativa muy válida para el manejo del glaucoma. Cuenta con excelentes resultados, beneficios respecto a la cirugía clásica de glaucoma y un buen perfil de seguridad. En este caso clínico, presentamos el implante XEN® como una opción terapéutica útil en un paciente con glaucoma y valoramos sus indicaciones, beneficios y ventajas(AU)

Due to its great development, minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) has become a useful alternative in the treatment of this condition, proving effective for intraocular pressure reduction. A case is presented of a male 51-year-old patient with glaucoma in progression who required maximum medical treatment to control his disease. The patient underwent a triple surgical procedure: intraocular lens removal surgery, phacoemulsification and XEN® implantation. The surgery was successful: pressure control was achieved and hypotensive medication was completely eliminated, with which the patient's quality of life improved considerably. MIGS is a very valid alternative in glaucoma management, due to its excellent results, benefits with respect to classic glaucoma surgery, and a good safety profile. The clinical case herein presented illustrates the use of XEN® implantation as a useful therapeutic option in a glaucoma patient, and reference is made to its indications, benefits and advantages(AU)

Ocular related emergencies in Spain during the COVID-19 pandemic, a multicenter study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate ophthalmological emergencies (OE) during the COVID-19 pandemic comparing them with the same period of the previous year. METHODS: Retrospective observational study of all OE visits in four tertiary hospitals in Spain comparing data from March 16th to April 30th, 2020 (COVID-19 period) and the same period of 2019 (pre-COVID-19 period). Severity of the conditions was assessed following Channa et al. publication. Data on demographics, diagnosis and treatments were collected from Electronic Medical Records. RESULTS: During lockdown, OE significantly declined by 75.18%, from 7,730 registered in the pre-COVID-19 period to 1,928 attended during the COVID-19 period (p < 0.001). In 2019, 23.86% of visits were classified as emergent, 59.50% as non-emergent, and 16.65% could not be determined. In 2020, the percentage of emergent visits increased up to 29.77%, non-emergent visits significantly decreased to 52.92% (p < 0.001), and 17.31% of the visits were classified as "could not determine". During the pandemic, people aged between 45 and 65 years old represented the largest attending group (37.89%), compared to 2019, where patients over 65 years were the majority (39.80%). In 2019, most frequent diagnosis was unspecified acute conjunctivitis (11.59%), followed by vitreous degeneration (6.47%), and punctate keratitis (5.86%). During the COVID-19 period, vitreous degeneration was the first cause for consultation (9.28%), followed by unspecified acute conjunctivitis (5.63%) and punctate keratitis (5.85%). CONCLUSIONS: OE visits dropped significantly during the pandemic in Spain (75.18%), although more than half were classified as non-urgent conditions, indicating a lack of understanding of the really emergent ocular pathologies among population.

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ANATOMICAL AND CLINICAL OUTCOMES OF NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION TREATED WITH ANTIVASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR.

PURPOSE: Assess the relationship between subretinal fluid (SRFL), intraretinal fluid, and visual outcomes of neovascular age-related degeneration in routine clinical practice. METHODS: Treatment-naive eyes enrolled in the Fight Retinal Blindness! registry after January 2017 were identified. Lesion activity was graded at each visit as inactive, active not SRFL only (A-NSRFL only), or active SRFL only (A-SRFL only). Eyes were grouped based on initial activity as follows: 1) initially A-NSRFL only or 2) initially A-SRFL only, and their predominant activity status over 12 months was as follows: 1) mostly inactive, 2) mostly A-NSRFL only, or 3) mostly A-SRFL only. RESULTS: Seven hundred and three eyes were eligible for analysis. Initially A-NSRFL only had a similar adjusted mean 12-month visual acuity change to initially A-SRFL eyes (5.7 vs. 6.9 letters; P = 0.165), but their final visual acuity was worse (62.5 vs. 67.5 letters at 12 months; P = 0.003). The adjusted mean 12-month visual acuity change between the predominant activity groups was significantly different (P = 0.005), with mostly inactive (7.6 letters) and mostly A-SRFL only (7.5 letters) eyes gaining more than mostly A-NSRFL only eyes (3.6 letters). CONCLUSION: Eyes with SRFL only had similar outcomes at 1 year to eyes that were mostly inactive. Intraretinal fluid was associated with worse visual outcomes, highlighting the importance of distinguishing between intraretinal fluid and SRFL when managing neovascular age-related degeneration.