Challenges and Weaknesses of Leadership and Governance-related Health Policies in Iran: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: A better understanding of health system performance requires evaluating achievements and challenges, thereby providing a basis for effective reforms. This systematic review aims to investigate the challenges and weaknesses of leadership and governance-related health policies in Iran. METHODS: In this qualitative systematic review, we followed the instructions of the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). It encompassed qualitative studies assessing challenges and weaknesses of leadership and governance-related health policies. Thematic synthesis was conducted in three stages to identify common themes. RESULTS: The primary database search yielded 1890 records, of which 152 were fully assessed, resulting in the inclusion of 57 studies in this review. Thematic synthesis produced 157 structured codes and identified 11 main descriptive themes of challenges in leadership and governance-related health policies. These themes included hospital autonomy policy, challenges to the entire health system, governance of medical universities, healthcare payment systems, sustainable universal health insurance coverage, informal payments, insurance systems, induced demand, strategic purchasing of health services, the family physician program, family physician and rural health insurance programs, and primary healthcare human resources. CONCLUSION: The identified challenges underscore the urgent need for strategic reforms and interventions to overcome the complex issues plaguing the healthcare system. By addressing these challenges, policymakers and top healthcare managers might ensure that the population have access to high-quality care in a more responsive healthcare system.

A systematic review of clinical efficacy and safety of cell-based therapies in Alzheimer's disease.

There is presently no disease-modifying therapy for Alzheimer's Disease (AD), which is the most prevalent cause of dementia. Objective: This study aspires to estimate the efficacy and safety of cell-based treatments in AD. Methods: Observing the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methods and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement, a systematic search was accomplished in PubMed, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (Medline, via Ovid), Embase; Cochrane, and Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature - CINAHL (via EBSCO) databases up to June 2023. The relevant clinical studies in which cell-based therapies were utilized to manage AD were included. The risk of bias was evaluated using the JBI checklists, based on the study designs. Results: Out of 1,014 screened records, a total of five studies with 70 individuals (including 59 patients receiving stem cells and 11 placebo controls) were included. In all these studies, despite the discrepancy in the origin of stem cells, cell density, and transplant site, safety goals were obtained. The intracerebroventricular injection of adipose-derived stromal vascular fraction (ADSVF) and umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (UC-MSCs), the intravenous injection of Lomecel-B, and the bilateral hippocampi and right precuneus injection of UC-MSCs are not linked to any significant safety concerns, according to the five included studies. Studies also revealed improvements in biomarkers and clinical outcomes as a secondary outcome. Three studies had no control groups and there are concerns regarding the similarity of the groups in others. Also, there is considerable risk of bias regarding the outcome assessment scales. Conclusion: Cell-based therapies are well tolerated by AD patients, which emphasizes the need for further, carefully planned randomized studies to reach evidence-based clinical recommendations in this respect.

Atualmente, não há terapia modificadora da doença para a doença de Alzheimer (DA), que é a causa mais prevalente de demência. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo estimar a eficácia e segurança dos tratamentos baseados em células na DA. Métodos: Observando os métodos do JBI e a declaração PRISMA, uma busca sistemática foi realizada nas bases de dados PubMed, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online ­ Medline (via Ovid), Embase, Cochrane e CINAHL (via EBSCO) até junho de 2023. Foram incluídos os estudos clínicos relevantes nos quais terapias baseadas em células foram utilizadas para gerenciar a DA. O risco de viés foi avaliado utilizando os checklists do JBI, com base nos desenhos dos estudos. Resultados: Dos 1.014 registros examinados, foi incluído um total de cinco estudos com 70 indivíduos (incluindo 59 pacientes que receberam células-tronco e 11 controles de placebo). Em todos esses estudos, apesar da discrepância na origem das células-tronco, densidade celular e local de transplante, os objetivos de segurança foram alcançados. A injeção intracerebroventricular de ADSVF e UC-MSCs, a injeção intravenosa de Lomecel-B e a injeção bilateral dos hipocampos e precuneus direito de UC-MSCs não estão relacionadas a quaisquer preocupações significativas de segurança, de acordo com os cinco estudos incluídos. Os estudos também revelaram melhorias nos biomarcadores e resultados clínicos como um desfecho secundário. Três estudos não tinham grupos de controle e há preocupações quanto à semelhança dos grupos em outros. Além disso, há um risco considerável de viés em relação às escalas de avaliação de desfechos. Conclusão: As terapias baseadas em células são bem toleradas por pacientes com DA, o que enfatiza a necessidade de mais estudos randomizados cuidadosamente planejados para alcançar recomendações clínicas baseadas em evidências.

The Potential Role of Urinary Microbiota in Bladder Carcinogenesis: A Systematic Review.

PURPOSE: The quantitative objective of the current systematic review was to identify the potential role of urinary microbiota in bladder cancer (BC) carcinogenesis, invasiveness, progression, and metastasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The proposed systematic review was conducted in accordance with critical review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) statement, and the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for systematic reviews. The search strategy aimed to find both published and unpublished studies up to the January 2024. A JBI appraisal checklist was used to assess possible biases. RESULTS: This systematic review was centered on 27 studies comprising 926 BC patients. Overall, 412 control individuals were compared with BC patients. The most common sampling method was midstream urine collection. Regarding microbial alpha diversity, there was no statistically significant difference between cancerous and healthy samples (n = 8), recurrent and not recurrent (n = 1), responders versus non-responders(n = 1), tumor grades (n = 1), and collection methods (n = 1). However, five studies reported higher diversity in controls, and five other studies reported, conversely, high levels of alpha diversity in BC patients or recurrent cases. Furthermore, a responder (RE) to treatment and a non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) groups demonstrated significant difference with non-responder (NR) and muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), respectively. In terms of beta-diversity, nine studies reported significant diversity between BC patients and controls, one article demonstrated difference between recurrent and not recurrent patients, a study reported significant difference in RE and NR groups whereas another showed opposite, and others (n = 4) did not find any difference between BC, controls, MIBC and NMIBC patients, or between tumor grades. One study reported a difference between the collection method and beta-diversity in males and another reported the difference in females. CONCLUSION: The included studies demonstrate that the composition of urinary microbiota is altered in patients with BC. However, the differentially enriched genera in the urine of these patients vary between studies, and there is too much heterogeneity across studies to make any reliable and valid conclusions. Furthermore, well-designed research is necessary to assess the role of microbiota in the carcinogenesis and progression of BC.

Efficacy and safety of desmopressin in nocturia and nocturnal polyuria control of neurological patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Evidence on the efficacy of desmopressin in nocturia in patients with neurological diseases is still very limited except for multiple sclerosis (MS). Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of desmopressin treatment on nocturia in patients with underlying neurological diseases. METHODS: Studies were identified by electronic search of PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, CINAHL, and Google Scholar databases. Studies were considered if they provided information on the effectiveness and safety of desmopressin (1-desamino-8-d-arginine vasopressin, or DDAVP) in the treatment of nocturia and their participants had acquired neurological pathology. Two researchers independently extracted the articles using specified datasets, such as quality-of-study indicators. Statistical meta-analysis was carried out using Review Manager (RevMan) 5.4 statistical software (Cochrane Collaboration). RESULTS: Of a total of 1042 articles in the initial search, 14 studies were included. Most of the published papers were related to MS (n = 7), two were on spinal cord injury, and other conditions were neural tube defect, myelodysplasia, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and multiple system atrophy. Overall, a total of 200 patients (mostly females) were enrolled. Thirteen studies evaluated the intranasal formulation of desmopressin and one study evaluated oral desmopressin. A significant decrease in nocturia episodes was reported in seven studies evaluating this topic. An increase in the maximum hours of uninterrupted sleep was reported in the three studies in which this outcome was assessed. A significant reduction in the volume of nocturnal incontinence was found in one study. Three studies were eligible to include in the meta-analysis. The results showed that desmopressin compared to placebo, significantly reduced nighttime urination (mean difference: -0.75, 95% CI: -1.10 to -0.41; p < 0.00001). The rate of adverse events ranged from 0% to 68.42%. The critical appraisal results for all trials showed that most of the studies had low or moderate quality. CONCLUSIONS: Our results emphasized desmopressin's safety and efficacy in reducing nocturia episodes, with transient adverse effects on neurological patients. However, the data were achieved from low or medium-quality trials, and further well-designed randomized controlled trials are needed.

Experiences of patients and providers while using telemedicine in cancer care during COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative literature.

PURPOSE: The objective of this meta-synthesis was to identify, appraise, and synthesize patients and provider's experiences while using telemedicine in cancer care during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: The databases Medline, Embase, Cinahl, PsycInfo, Web of Science, and other related databases were searched. Reviewers followed the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) meta-aggregation method to identify categories and synthesized findings and to assign a level of confidence to synthesized findings. The listed quotations and the original author interpretations were synthesized using MAXQDA software. RESULTS: Nineteen studies were included in the meta-synthesis. Three synthesized findings emerged from 243 primary findings: telemedicine assists but cannot be a substitute for face-to-face appointments in a health care crisis and in the provision of routine care to stable patients with cancer, infrastructural drivers and healthcare provider's support and attention affect patients' experiences and feelings about telemedicine, and patients who use telemedicine expect their health care providers to devote enough time and consider emotional needs, the lack of which can develop a negative response. The methodological quality of the studies ranged between 4 and 10, and the overall level of confidence of the synthesized findings was determined to be low and medium. CONCLUSION: The findings from this meta-synthesis gave a new insight to promoting the safe and evidence-based use of telemedicine during the current pandemic and future emergencies.

Bell's Palsy and COVID-19 Vaccination: A Systematic Review.

Background: Bell's palsy is a rare adverse event reported in COVID-19 vaccines. Given the importance of neurological manifestations, the necessity to highlight and scrutinize the incidence of them following COVID-19 vaccination is needed. This study aimed to systematically review the reported cases of Bell's palsy following vaccination against COVID-19. Methods: This systematic review is conducted based on the Cochrane Collaboration Handbook and PRISMA Statement (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyzes) and using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology for systematic reviews. The inclusion criteria for the included published studies were patient age ≥18 years, history of Bell's palsy after COVID-19 vaccination and established diagnosis in the patients with COVID-19 vaccination. The exclusion criteria were repeated cases and missing clinical information. The search strategy aimed to find both published and unpublished studies in August 2021 and updated by hand searching in May 2022 using the identified keywords and index terms in Cochrane Library, MEDLINE (PubMed), Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, and Google scholar. Finally, the reference lists of all identified reports and articles were searched for additional studies. The JBI critical appraisal tools for case reports or case series were used to assess the risk of bias in the included studies. Results: During the electronic search, hand search, and reference check, we identified 1281 citations, and in hand searching, we detected additional 15 studies. After omitting duplicated citations and assessing the title, abstract, and full text 15 case-report and two case-series studies were included for the critical appraisal process and were included in this study. Pfizer and Moderna vaccines were the most common vaccines among articles that reported the cases of Bell's palsy. Left-sided paralysis was more common than right-sided paralysis. The interval between receiving the vaccine and the onset of facial weakness was between 1 and 48 days. Conclusion: Further studies with larger sample sizes are necessary to assess the association between Bell's palsy and the dose-response of the COVID-19 vaccine.

How are ontologies implemented to represent clinical practice guidelines in clinical decision support systems: protocol for a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Clinical practice guidelines are statements which are based on the best available evidence, and their goal is to improve the quality of patient care. Integrating clinical practice guidelines into computer systems can help physicians reduce medical errors and help them to have the best possible practice. Guideline-based clinical decision support systems play a significant role in supporting physicians in their decisions. Meantime, system errors are the most critical concerns in designing decision support systems that can affect their performance and efficacy. A well-developed ontology can be helpful in this matter. The proposed systematic review will specify the methods, components, language of rules, and evaluation methods of current ontology-driven guideline-based clinical decision support systems. METHODS: This review will identify literature through searching MEDLINE (via Ovid), PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, ScienceDirect, IEEEXplore, and ACM Digital Library. Gray literature, reference lists, and citing articles of the included studies will be searched. The quality of the included studies will be assessed by the mixed methods appraisal tool (MMAT-version 2018). At least two independent reviewers will perform the screening, quality assessment, and data extraction. A third reviewer will resolve any disagreements. Proper data analysis will be performed based on the type of system and ontology engineering evaluation data. DISCUSSION: The study will provide evidence regarding applying ontologies in guideline-based clinical decision support systems. The findings of this systematic review will be a guide for decision support system designers and developers, technologists, system providers, policymakers, and stakeholders. Ontology builders can use the information in this review to build well-structured ontologies for personalized medicine. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42018106501.

Effectiveness of endovascular versus open surgical repair for thoracic aortic aneurysm: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: Since the approval, the thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) is widely used for the repair of thoracic aortic aneurysm. However, the long-term mortality and re-intervention rates compared to open surgical repair (OSR) are unclear. We aimed to compare the effectiveness of TEVAR with OSR specifically for thoracic aortic aneurysms. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: We conducted a comprehensive search in MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, PROSPERO, Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, and the Cochrane Library up to November 2020. The main outcomes were early mortality, mid-to-long-term survival, and re-intervention. The quality of the evidence was assessed using the GRADE methodology. All analyses were performed using RevMan with the random effect model and Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: One systematic review and 15 individual studies were included. Pooled analysis showed that 30-day mortality, stroke, renal failure, and pulmonary complications were significantly lower in TEVAR versus open surgery. The pooled rate of re-intervention significantly favored the OSR. The long-term survival and mortality favored TEVAR and OSR in one and two studies, respectively, but was non-significant in seven analyzes. CONCLUSIONS: Early clinical outcomes including the 30-day mortality, stroke, renal failure, and pulmonary complications significantly favored the TEVAR. However, the mid-to-long-term re-intervention rate favored the OSR and long-term survival was inconsistent among the studies. The quality of evidence was very low. More studies with longer follow-ups are needed. The use of TEVAR should be decided by taking into account other factors including patient characteristics and preferences, cost, and surgeon expertise.

Determining the risk factors and characteristics of de novo stress urinary incontinence in women undergoing pelvic organ prolapse surgery: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common problem in women that affects their quality of life. According to the current evidence, 15%-50% of severe pelvic organ prolapse (POP) surgeries lead to de novo urinary incontinence (UI). This study aimed at determining the risk factors and characteristics of de novo SUI after POP surgeries in a systematic review. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a systematic search of articles in English related to the risk of UI after POP surgery published until December 2019 in the selected bibliographic databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and ProQuest. RESULTS: The initial search resulted in 2,363 studies, and after reviewing the titles and abstracts, 146 studies were identified. Moreover, 2 independent reviewers, using the Joanna Briggs Institute checklists, evaluated the risk of biases in the selected studies. Finally, 40 studies met the inclusion criteria. The most important predictors of UI after POP surgery were positive pessary testing, age >50 years, and maximum urethral closure pressure (MUCP) <60 cmH2O. CONCLUSION: Positive pessary testing, older age, and low MUCP were the most important risk factors for de novo incontinence after POP surgeries.

Country-level interventions for the prevention and management of hypertension through the modification of social determinants of health: a systematic review protocol.

BACKGROUND: Hypertension is one of the public health challenges. Various risk factors are associated with hypertension, including social demographics, geographical location, health behaviours, and social stress. Interventions in the social determinants of health can improve hypertension and health promotion. Accordingly, different sectors such as agriculture, housing, education, and transportation should cooperate. This systematic review examines policies as a set of activities and actions/interventions aimed at the modification of the social determinants of health to prevent hypertension. METHODS: A systematic search will be conducted in Medline (via Ovid), PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, and scientific Persian databases including SID and Magiran. There will be no time restriction. The quality of selected studies will be assessed using an appropriate Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Checklists according to the type of studies. Two independent researchers will carry out screening and quality assessment. Disagreement between two researchers will be resolved by a third party. DISCUSSION: Recommendations will be made for policymakers in order to make better evidence-based decisions about the prevention and management of hypertension with regard to the social determinants of health. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42020152298.

Bradykinin as a Probable Aspect in SARS-Cov-2 Scenarios: Is Bradykinin Sneaking out of Our Sight?

The new virus SARS-CoV-2 is savagely spreading out over the world. The biologic studies show that the target receptor for the virus might be angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). This peptide is responsible for converting angiotensin II (Ang II), which is a profoundly active peptide, into Ang 1-7 with quite a balancing barbell function. It is emphasized that the direct target of the virus is ACE2 underlining the obvious difference with ACE. Nevertheless, we hypothesized that a back load build up effect on Ang II may usurp the ACE capacity and subsequently leave the bradykinin system unabated. We think there are clinical clues for dry cough and the presumed aggravating role of ACE inhibitors like captopril on the disease process. Thereby, we speculated that inhibition of bradykinin synthesis and/or blockade of bradykinin B2 receptor using Aprotinin/ecallantide and Icatibant, respectively, may hold therapeutic promise in severe cases and these molecules can be advanced to clinical trials.

Measurement properties of self-report pedestrians' road crossing behavior questionnaires constructed based on the theory of planned behavior: protocol for a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Pedestrians' unsafe crossing behavior exposes them at risk of trauma and death and puts a tremendous burden on the health care system. The theory of planned behavior (TPB) is one of the leading theoretical models used to develop pedestrians' road crossing behavior questionnaires, yet the quality of measurement properties of them has not been evaluated. The aim of the proposed systematic review is to evaluate the quality of measurement properties of the questionnaires constructed based on the TPB to predict pedestrians' road crossing behavior. METHODS: We will include studies validating or evaluating one or more psychometric properties of the self-reported questionnaire employing the TPB for predicting pedestrians' road crossing behavior. A comprehensive search strategy will be formulated based on the components of review aim. The databases of MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, PsycARTICLES, and ProQuest, also grey literature and the reference lists of the included studies, will be searched. A hand search for the relevant journals and Google Scholar will be conducted. COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) Risk of Bias checklist will be used to evaluate the measurement properties of the included questionnaires. First, we will assess standards for the methodological quality of each study. Then, each scale or subscale of a questionnaire will be rated using the updated criteria for good measurement property. We will quantitatively pool or qualitatively summarize the results and will evaluate them against the criteria for good measurement properties. Finally, we will grade the pooled or summarized evidence using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach and provide recommendations for the most appropriate instrument. DISCUSSION: The proposed systematic review will evaluate the measurement properties of self-report pedestrians' road crossing behavior questionnaires constructed based on the TPB. The findings will help researchers in selecting the appropriate TPB-based instrument for pedestrians' road crossing behavior. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42017047793.

A systematic review of effectiveness and economic evaluation of Cardiohelp and portable devices for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

In recent years, there have been substantial advancements in the development of different technologies for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for in-hospital and out of hospital applications. However the effectiveness of these devices is not clearly known. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of Cardiohelp compared to other portable ECMO devices. In this systematic review, we searched Medline (via Ovid), Embase, Pubmed, Cochrane Library, SCOPUS, CRD and NICE. Articles were assessed by two independent reviewers for eligibility and quality of the evidence. Studies which compared Cardiohelp to other ECMO devices were included. Seven out of 1316 publication were included in this review, three of them were clinical trials and four were observational studies. The majority of the studies had limited quality. According to the measures of safety, Cardiohelp had safer technological features, but on the other hand, was more complex to use. Considering the effectiveness, Cardiohelp was not statistically different from other technologies. Cardiohelp showed slightly better performance than Centrimag in terms of cost per patient and cost-effectiveness. However, when clinical criteria were used to select the patients with good prognosis to administer the ECMO, incremental cost utility ratios (ICURs) for both Cardiohelp and Centrimag were below the level of willingness-to-pay threshold. According to the measures of safety and effectiveness, ECMO with Cardiohelp was not considerably different from other evaluated technologies. Moreover, ECMO with Cardiohelp or Centrimag can be considered cost-effective, provided that the patients are selected carefully in terms of neurological outcomes.

The clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of fractional CO2 laser in acne scars and skin rejuvenation: A meta-analysis and economic evaluation.

INTRODUCTION: Fractional CO2 has many indications in medicine including in treatment of acne scars and rejuvenation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of Fractional CO2 Laser in comparison with other methods of rejuvenation and acne scar treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Several databases including Medline, OVID, EMBASE, CINHAL, SCOPUS, Web of science, CRD, and Cochrane were searched. After conducting the search and evaluation of selected publications, critical appraisal was done and eligible studies were accepted for inclusion in the systematic review. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: From 2667 identified publications two of the trials were eligible. The effectiveness and complications of Fractional CO2 laser were comparable with Er:YAG but Fractional CO2 laser was 14.7% (p = 0.01) more effective than Q-Switched ND:YAG laser. Cost affectivity of this method was the same as other alternative lasers. In conclusion Fractional CO2 laser is an effective and safe method for curing of several kinds of skin diseases. Nevertheless there was not sufficient evidence to support its advantage. This device has equal or lower price in comparison to competent technologies except for the non- fractional ablative CO2 laser that has the same or lower price and comparable effects.

Evidence based practice: perspectives of Iranian urologists.

PURPOSE: To determine the attitudes and beliefs of Iranian urologists toward Evidence Based Medicine (EBM) and investigation of the barriers of evidence based practice (EBP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A self- administrated, Likert scale questionnaire designed in Persian and filled up by censuses selected urologist from Iranian Urology Association (IUA). Data were entered to Predictive Analytics Soft Ware version 18.0 and descriptive statistics were obtained for all parts of the questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 111 out of 500 Iranian urologists who attended in IUA annual meeting, responded to the questionnaires. Mean attitude score of respondents was 30.4 (SD: 5.7, range 16-40). Attitude score showed statistically significant association to previous participation in EBM workshops (P = .01). Of participants 96% believed EBP will improve patient care and 76.2% of them appreciated the impact of use of research utilization and application of evidence based guidelines on clinical decision making and the outcome of surgery. The main barriers to EBP stated as lack of time (64.8%), facilities (53.4%), and training in EBM (29.4%). CONCLUSION: The urologists have positive attitudes towards EBP. However, regarding lack of time, pre-appraised databases or EBP guidelines can be helpful. Evidence based workshops and familiarity with evidence databases is recommended for Iranian urologists. In addition, health care system and policy makers could play a major role to provide a culture of EBP.

Evidence databases application: comparison of university faculties versus clinical residents in a developing country.

RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: One of the main barriers against the implementation of evidence-based medicine (EBM) is the lack of search skills, an element that affects the finding of the best available evidence. Faculty staff should be capable of using the best evidence in practice and of teaching students to implement EBM elements. They should be familiar with search strategies and evidence databases. The aim of this study is to compare the application of evidence databases by faculties and by residents with no training in this field. METHODS: Two hundred fifty-seven faculties and first-year residents of the Tabriz University of Medical Sciences filled out a valid self-administered questionnaire on information-seeking behaviour from August 2008 to June 2010. A chi-square test was used to compare the variables. RESULTS: There were 52.1% of the respondents who were faculty members and 47.9% were residents. Only 8.7% used the Internet for their practice mostly. While Google was the most used resource, TRIP and Cochrane were less used. Significantly, the faculties used these resources more than the residents in both cases. Furthermore, two-thirds of the participants were unfamiliar with medical subject headings (MeSH), and only 14.5% consulted a clinical librarian for help. CONCLUSION: Significantly, clinicians used evidence databases and online resources minimally for their practice. Additionally, as the faculties used EBM resources more than the residents, this programme should be considered for inclusion in the curricula of medical schools.