Role of CPXM1 in Impaired Glucose Metabolism and Ovarian Dysfunction in Polycystic Ovary Syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a common female endocrinopathy associated with both reproductive and metabolic disorders, has an unclear etiology and unsatisfactory management methods. Carboxypeptidase X, M14 family member 1 (CPXM1) is a protein involved in follicular atresia, insulin production, and adipose tissue production, though its role in PCOS is not fully understood. We used a 60% high-fat diet (HFD) plus dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)-induced PCOS mouse model to determine the role of CPXM1 in abnormal glucose metabolism and ovarian dysfunction in PCOS. We found that serum CPXM1 concentrations were higher in PCOS mice and positively correlated with increased levels of serum testosterone and insulin. In both ovarian and adipose tissues of PCOS mice, CPXM1 mRNA and protein levels were significantly increased but GLUT4 levels were significantly decreased. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of the ovary showed increased CPXM1 expression in PCOS. In addition, the protein expression of phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt) was also significantly decreased in PCOS mice. Furthermore, mRNA levels of inflammatory markers such as TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-α, and IFN-γ were increased in ovarian and adipose tissues of PCOS mice. However, IRS-1, IRS-2, and INSR levels were significantly decreased. Our results indicated for the first time that abnormally high expression of CPXM1, increased adiposity, impaired glucose tolerance, and chronic low-grade inflammation may act together in a vicious cycle in the pathophysiology of PCOS. Our research suggests the possibility of CPXM1 as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of PCOS.

Ovarian inflammatory mRNA profiles of a dehydroepiandrosterone plus high-fat diet-induced polycystic ovary syndrome mouse model.

RESEARCH QUESTION: What is the expression pattern of inflammatory mRNA profiles of a dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) plus high-fat diet (HFD)-induced polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) mouse model? DESIGN: RNA sequencing was performed to investigate the mRNA expression profiles in the ovarian tissues of a DHEA plus HFD-induced PCOS mouse model. Six samples were divided into two groups (control and PCOS), with three biological replicates in each group. This was followed by hierarchical clustering, gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses. The relative expression levels of nine inflammatory genes were validated via quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: A total of 436 genes were differentially expressed between the control and PCOS mice. Out of these, 137 genes were up-regulated while 299 genes were down-regulated. Gene ontology analysis indicated that differentially expressed mRNA were associated with T cell-mediated cytotoxicity and homocysteine metabolic processes. Pathway analysis further showed that these abnormally expressed mRNA were associated with signalling pathways, such as NF-kB signalling, tyrosine metabolism and phenylalanine metabolism. All these pathways are involved in chronic inflammation and PCOS. CONCLUSION: The differentially expressed genes are potentially involved in the inflammation that is evident in PCOS, and so could serve as therapeutic options against the disease. Nevertheless, prospective studies are needed to test this hypothesis.

Knowledge and awareness-based survey of COVID-19 within the eye care profession in Nepal: Misinformation is hiding the truth.

BACKGROUND: Nepal was under a severe lockdown for several months in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. There were concerns regarding misinformation circulating on social media. This study aimed to analyse the knowledge and awareness of COVID-19 amongst eye care professionals in Nepal during the first wave of the pandemic. METHODOLOGY: We invited 600 participants from 12 ophthalmic centres across Nepal to complete a qualitative, anonymous online survey. Altogether, 25 questions (both open and closed-ended) were used. An overall performance score was calculated from the average of the 12 "Knowledge" questions for all the participants. RESULTS: Of the 600 eye care professionals invited, 310 (51%) participated in the survey. The symptoms of COVID-19 were known to 94%, whilst only 49% of the participants were aware how the disease was transmitted, with 54% aware that anyone can be infected with SARS-CoV-2. Almost 98% of participants recognized the World Health Organization's (WHO) awareness message, but surprisingly, 41% of participants felt that consumption of hot drinks helps to destroy the virus, in contradiction to WHO information. Importantly, 95% of the participants were aware of personal protective equipment (PPE) and what the acronym stands for. Social distancing was felt to be key to limiting the disease spread; whilst 41% disagreed that PPE should be mandatory for eye care practitioners. The mean overall "Knowledge" performance score was 69.65% (SD ± 22.81). CONCLUSION: There is still considerable scope to improve the knowledge of COVID-19 amongst ophthalmic professionals in Nepal. Opinion is also split on measures to prevent transmission, with misinformation potentially fuelling confusion. It is recommended to follow WHO and national guidelines, whilst seeking published scientific evidence behind any unofficial statements, to accurately inform one's clinical practice.

Perception and Challenges of Preventive Measures of COVID-19 Among Nepalese Frontline Health Professionals: An Unexplored Realism.

Background: A new coronavirus causes COVID-19, a developing respiratory illness. Unfortunately, there is little information assessing healthcare workers' understanding of technology and preventative strategies during the Nepalese epidemic. Researchers from other subspecialties uncovered some mythical thoughts. As a result, we decided to put it to the test with healthcare personnel on the front lines. The research also looked at the problems experienced by frontline health care personnel (HCP) because of the COVID-19 strategic shift in work policy. Methods: Nepalese healthcare workers participated in web-based cross-sectional research. A pre-tested, structured questionnaire utilizing a Google form was used to get self-informed, digitally typed consent, and examine critical perspectives and problems with current technology and COVID-19 prevention efforts. Results: In total, 243 participants with mean age of 29.66 ± 7.61 years agreed to participate and were doctors (n = 27), health assistants (n = 2), medical intern doctors (n = 1), paramedical (n = 139), pharmacy (n = 1), and paramedical interns (n = 73) in this study. The calculated mean percentage score of knowledge on instruments and tools was 73.64 (SD ± 10.43) %, and perception on COVID-19 transmission and control was 70.06 (SD ± 18.30) %. At various levels, frontline health workers faced significant challenges, including the adoption of digital health technology. Conclusion: Frontline HCPs are anticipated to have updated knowledge from what the study has outlined. It is recommended to follow national guidelines. Policies should be put in place so that every frontline worker can demonstrate high standards in prevention, control, and equipment use that do not create misinformation among HCPs. Throughout, support for digital health materials and disease control methods for HCPs is essential.

Sex Predictability by Using Mandibular Canine Index.

BACKGROUND: Canines are known for their higher resistance to trauma and pathological alterations when compared to other teeth. Among all the teeth, canines show highest sexual dimorphism. METHODS: This descriptive cross-sectional study was commenced from January 2019 to April 2019 after the ethical approval from Institutional Review Committee. The maximum mesio-distal widths of right and left mandibular canines and mandibular inter-canine arch width were measured on the cast with the help of a divider and digital vernier callipers. Mandibular canine index was calculated by dividing the mesio-distal width of each mandibular canine with inter-canine arch width. Data was entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 21. RESULTS: Sex predictability by using mandibular canine index in the present study showed poor sex predictability (57.5% - 62.5%). CONCLUSIONS: Sex determination should be done by other methods and mandibular canine index should be used cautiously in Nepalese population.

Prevalence of glue-sniffing among street children.

Aim: The aim was to determine the prevalence of glue-sniffing among street children. Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study design was adopted. Background: Children are the source of hope and could be the major ailments for the development of society, nation and the world but there are large numbers of children on the street sniff glue and struggling with multiple disease and uncertain future. Methods: A study was conducted in 52 street children to determine the prevalence of glue-sniffers and its impact on street children in Butwal, municipality of Nepal. This study was conducted in 52 street children, 5- point Likert scale and interview schedule was performed with the help of structured and semi-structured questionnaire to collect data. Finally, the collected data are analysed by using descriptive statistical methods such as frequency, percentage and mean. Results: The study findings revealed that a large number of children, that is 40.38% was between the age group of 9-12 years and 92.31% were male. The current prevalence of glue-sniffing among street children is 88.46%. Similarly, 58.7% of respondents had started glue-sniffing 1 year ago. Out of 46 respondents who sniffed glue, 89.13% were unaware of its effect. Nearly, half of the respondents 45.65% had encountered health issues such as headache, chest pain and stomach ache. Conclusions: They have deprived children and denied not only of their rights as children but also of their normal childhood. Without guidance, education and security, they are heading towards an uncertain future. They can have enough potentiality and talent if they are brought into a better environment and might have real hope for the bright future.

Prevalence of Selected Non-Metric Dental Traits in Indo-Nepalese and Tibeto-Nepalese Ethnic Groups of Western Hilly Region.

INTRODUCTION: Additional anatomic features present on teeth are called non-metric dental traits. Carabelli's cusp and shovelling are such traits which are mostly evaluated for identification of ethnicity. The present study aims to determine the prevalence of Carabelli's cusp and shovelling among Indo-Nepalese and Tibeto-Nepalese ethnic group. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary hospital from March 22 to June 22 2019 after obtaining ethical approval from the institutional review committee. The study was conducted among 274 patients and convenient sampling method was applied. Data were analyzed by the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 21. RESULTS: Among 274 cases, 153 (55.84%) cases were Indo-Nepalese and 121 (44.16%) were TibetoNepalese. Carabelli's cusp (16/26) was noticed in 87 (56.86%) of Indo-Nepalese and 45 (37.19%) of Tibeto-Nepalese. Shovelling (11, 12, 21, 22) was present in 47 (30.71%) Indo-Nepalese and 79 (65.28%) of Tibeto-Nepalese. Further, Carabelli's cusp (16/26) was found in 77 (53.10%) females and 55 (55.12%) males. Shovelling was present in 75 (51.72%) females and 51 (39.53%) males. Bilateralism with respect to Carabelli's cusp was present in 82 (62.2%) cases. Presence of bilateral shovelling on upper central incisors and lateral central incisors were among 117 (94.35%) and 56 (91.80%) respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Carabelli's cusps are frequently found in Indo-Nepalese ethnic group and shovelling of teeth most commonly present in Tibeto-Nepalese population. Further, bilaterism for shovelling of teeth is more common than bilaterism for cusp of Carabelli.

Maxillary anterior teeth dimensions and proportions in a central mainland chinese population.

OBJECTIVES: To obtain maxillary anterior tooth dimension and proportion values for the Central Chinese population and to evaluate the existence of sexual dimorphism, any consistent relationships between the tooth ratios, and the presence of golden proportions. METHODS: Tooth dimensions and proportions of six maxillary anterior teeth were recorded on gypsum casts obtained from 147 subjects (82 women and 65 men). Of these, 115 casts were digitally photographed in a standardised manner and apparent width values for six maxillary anterior teeth were recorded for golden proportion analysis. Existence of sexual dimorphism, any consistent width/height ratio and golden proportions were statistically analysed. One-sample t-test, two-sample t-test, and paired t-test were used to analyse the data. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between measurements on the right and left side. Sexual dimorphism existed for various tooth dimensions. There was no statistically significant difference for width/height ratios between the two genders for central incisor and lateral incisor. However, canines showed a statistically significant difference. The golden proportion guideline was not applicable for this population. CONCLUSION: The maxillary anterior teeth dimensions were significantly greater for men than women; however, the mean difference was small (< 0.2 mm) and may not be clinically significant. The golden proportion, or any recurring anterior teeth proportions, was not found for the population. There was a significant difference in width/height ratio of canines between the genders, confirming its greatest gender-based morphological difference.

In vitro cytotoxicity of guttaflow 2 on human gingival fibroblasts.

INTRODUCTION: The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of GuttaFlow 2 (Coltène Whaledent, GmBH+Co KG, Langenau, Switzerland) on human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs). METHODS: Samples of the test materials GuttaFlow 2, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), AH Plus (Dentsply DeTrey, Konstanz, Germany), and RealSeal sealer (SybronEndo, Orange, CA) were fabricated in cylindrical nonreactive plastic tubes of 3-mm diameter and 2-mm height. Extracts of freshly mixed and set samples were prepared using the ratio of 0.5 cm(2)/mL, 1 cm(2)/mL, and 1.5 cm(2)/mL according to ISO 10993 series. The extracts were incubated with HGF cells for 24 and 72 hours. A cell counting kit-8 assay (Dojindo, Kumamoto, Japan) assay was used to examine cytotoxicity. The results were analyzed with the independent t test and 1-way analysis of variance test (P < .05). RESULTS: At all experimental conditions, the extracts of freshly mixed GuttaFlow 2 were nontoxic, whereas the extracts of freshly mixed and set AH Plus and RealSeal sealers were toxic to HGF cells (P < .05). The extracts of set GuttaFlow 2 were toxic at 72 hours (P < .05) and nontoxic at 24 hours. The extracts of freshly mixed MTA were nontoxic at both time points. For the extracts of set MTA, 1.5 cm(2)/mL was toxic at 72 hours and 1.5 cm(2)/mL and 1 cm(2)/mL were toxic at 24 hours (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Both GuttaFlow 2 and MTA evoked a less toxic response to HGF cells than AH Plus and RealSeal sealer.