Digital Platform for the Prevention of Suicidal Behaviour and Non-Suicidal Self-Injuries in Adolescents: The SmartCrisis-Teen Study Protocol.

Suicidal behavior and Non-Suicidal Self-Injuries (NSSIs) are a major health problem in the adolescent population. New technologies can contribute to the development of innovative interventions in suicide prevention. Here, we present the SmartCrisis-Teen study protocol. The study consists of a randomized clinical trial which aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a digital safety plan to prevent suicidal behavior and NSSIs in adolescents. This is a multicentric study which will be conducted among the adolescent population, both in clinical and student settings, with a target sample of 1080 participants. The intervention group will receive an Ecological Momentary Intervention (EMI) consisting of a digital safety plan on their mobile phone. All participants will receive their Treatment As Usual (TAU). Participants will be followed for six months, with weekly and monthly telephone visits and face-to-face visits at three and six months. Participants will be assessed using traditional questionnaires as well as Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) and Implicit Association Tests (IATs). With this intervention, we expect a reduction in NSSIs through the acquisition of coping strategies and a decrease in suicidal behavior over the course of follow-up. This study provides a novel, scalable digital intervention for preventing suicidal behavior and NSSIs in adolescents, which could contribute to improving adolescent mental health outcomes globally.

The impact of school-based screening on service use in adolescents at risk for mental health problems and risk-behaviour.

Early detection and intervention can counteract mental disorders and risk behaviours among adolescents. However, help-seeking rates are low. School-based screenings are a promising tool to detect adolescents at risk for mental problems and to improve help-seeking behaviour. We assessed associations between the intervention "Screening by Professionals" (ProfScreen) and the use of mental health services and at-risk state at 12 month follow-up compared to a control group. School students (aged 15 ± 0.9 years) from 11 European countries participating in the "Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe" (SEYLE) study completed a self-report questionnaire on mental health problems and risk behaviours. ProfScreen students considered "at-risk" for mental illness or risk behaviour based on the screening were invited for a clinical interview with a mental health professional and, if necessary, referred for subsequent treatment. At follow-up, students completed another self-report, additionally reporting on service use. Of the total sample (N = 4,172), 61.9% were considered at-risk. 40.7% of the ProfScreen at-risk participants invited for the clinical interview attended the interview, and 10.1% of subsequently referred ProfScreen participants engaged in professional treatment. There were no differences between the ProfScreen and control group regarding follow-up service use and at-risk state. Attending the ProfScreen interview was positively associated with follow-up service use (OR = 1.783, 95% CI = 1.038-3.064), but had no effect on follow-up at-risk state. Service use rates of professional care as well as of the ProfScreen intervention itself were low. Future school-based interventions targeting help-seeking need to address barriers to intervention adherence.Clinical Trials Registration: The trial is registered at the US National Institute of Health (NIH) clinical trial registry (NCT00906620, registered on 21 May, 2009), and the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00000214, registered on 27 October, 2009).

Learning and verbal memory: A comparison between patients with alcohol use disorder and major depressive disorder. / Aprendizaje y memoria verbal: Comparación entre pacientes con trastorno por consumo de alcohol y trastorno de depresión mayor.

Brain damage related to alcohol consumption is associated with impairments in cognitive functions, among which memory and verbal learning stand out. The main objective is to evaluate memory and verbal learning in a sample of 111 patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) versus 78 with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 100 healthy controls. The evaluation included sociodemographic and clinical variables, the Hamilton Depression Scale (HDRS) and the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT). One-way ANOVA was used for comparisons between the 3 groups and two-way ANCOVAS including different covariates. The one-way ANOVA shows that patients with AUD and MDD had scores similar to each other and lower than those of the control group (p <0.001), with the exception of the Cued CVLT (worse scores in MDD vs AUD, p <0.001). After including age, sex and years of completed studies as covariates, the differences between the AUD and MDD groups persisted compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.003) in all indices except for the Immediate Free CVLT and the Cued CVLT (worse performance in MDD vs AUD, p = 0.022 and p = 0.035, respectively). In the second ANCOVA, after controlling for depression severity, differences were only detected between AUD patients and healthy controls (p ≤ 0.007). Patients with AUD present a significant impairment in learning and verbal memory when compared with patients with MDD and with healthy people.

El daño cerebral relacionado con el consumo de alcohol se asocia a alteraciones de las funciones cognitivas, entre las que destacan memoria y aprendizaje verbal. El objetivo principal es evaluar memoria y aprendizaje verbal en una muestra de 111 pacientes con trastorno por consumo de alcohol (TCA) versus 78 con trastorno de depresión mayor (TDM) y 100 controles sanos. La evaluación incluyó variables sociodemográficas y clínicas, la Escala de Hamilton para la Depresión (HDRS) y el Test de Aprendizaje Verbal de California (CVLT). Se utilizó ANOVA de un factor para comparaciones entre los 3 grupos y ANCOVAS bidireccionales incluyendo diferentes covariables. El ANOVA de un factor muestra que los pacientes con TCA y TDM obtienen puntuaciones similares entre sí e inferiores a las del grupo control (p < 0,001), con excepción del CVLT Guiado (peores puntuaciones en TDM vs TCA, p < 0,001). Tras incluir como covariables la edad, sexo y los años de estudios completados, persisten las diferencias entre los grupos de TCA y TDM frente al grupo control (p ≤ 0,003) en todos los índices con excepción del CVLT Libre Inmediato y del CVLT Guiado (peor rendimiento en TDM vs TCA, p = 0,022 y p = 0,035, respectivamente). En el segundo ANCOVA, tras controlar por gravedad de la depresión, únicamente se detectan diferencias entre los pacientes con TCA y los controles sanos (p ≤ 0,007). Los pacientes con TCA presentan una importante alteración en aprendizaje y memoria verbal al compararlos con pacientes con TDM y con personas sanas.

Alcohol use and risk factors for self-harm behavior in Spanish adolescents. / Consumo de alcohol y factores de riesgo de conductas autolesivas en adolescentes españoles.

Self-harm behaviors in children and adolescents constitute an important public health problem with prevalence figures in the clinical population between 40 and 80%. The objectives of the study were to analyze and compare the Spanish sub-samples of two studies, SEYLE and WE-STAY to determine prevalence, self-harm patterns and factors associated with self-harm behaviors, notably the use of alcohol or drugs. The questionnaires used in both studies were the Global School Health Survey (GSHS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The self-harm behaviors were evaluated with a modified 6-item version of s the Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI). The independence of the study's categorical variables was assessed using the Chi-square test. The change in the relative risk of self-harm between the SEYLE study and WE-STAY was evaluated through the odds ratio (OR) calculation. Two different logistic regression models were calculated in order to establish the factors associated with self-harm behaviors in each study. In the present study, the rates of DSH vary according to study and sex, ranging from 0.58% to 2.08%, and different patterns of self-harm are evidenced by sex, with males self-injuring more frequently by self-inflicted blows and burns, while young women more often cut themselves. The presence of depressive symptoms and alcohol use were the factors most strongly associated with an increased risk of DSH.

Las conductas autolesivas en niños y adolescentes constituyen un importante problema de salud pública con cifras de prevalencia en la población clínica entre el 40 y 80%. Los objetivos del estudio son analizar y comparar las submuestras españolas de dos trabajos, SEYLE y WE-STAY, para conocer la prevalencia, los patrones de autolesión y los factores asociados a las conductas autolesivas, en particular el consumo de alcohol o drogas. Los cuestionarios utilizados en ambos estudios fueron la Encuesta Global de Salud Escolar (GSHS), el Inventario de Depresión de Beck (BDI-II), el Cuestionario de Fortalezas y Dificultades (SDQ). Los comportamientos autolesivos fueron evaluados con una versión modificada de 6 ítems basada en el Inventario de Autolesiones Deliberadas (DSHI). La independencia de las variables categóricas del estudio se evaluó mediante la prueba Ji-Cuadrado. El cambio en el riesgo relativo de autolesión entre el estudio SEYLE y WE-STAY, se evaluó a través del cálculo de odds ratio (OR). Se calcularon dos modelos de regresión logística diferentes con el fin de establecer los factores asociados con comportamientos autolesivos en cada estudio. En el presente estudio las tasas de DSH varían en función del estudio y del sexo en un rango entre 0,58% y 2,08%, presentando patrones de autolesiones diferentes según el sexo, los hombres se autolesionaron más frecuentemente mediante golpes autoinfligidos y quemaduras, mientras que las mujeres se hicieron más frecuentemente cortes. La presencia de síntomas depresivos y el consumo de alcohol fueron los factores asociados de forma más robusta a un mayor riesgo de DSH.

Suicidal behaviour and cognition: A systematic review with special focus on prefrontal deficits.

BACKGROUND: Suicide is a major health concern worldwide, thus, identifying risk factors would enable a more comprehensive understanding and prevention of this behaviour. Neuropsychological alterations could lead to difficulties in interpreting and managing life events resulting in a higher risk of suicide. METHOD: A systematic literature search from 2000 to 2020 was performed in Medline (Pubmed), Web of Science, SciELO Citation Index, PsycInfo, PsycArticles and Cochrane Library databases regarding studies comparing cognition of attempters versus non-attempters that share same psychiatric diagnosis. RESULTS: 1.885 patients diagnosed with an Affective Disorder (n = 1512) and Schizophrenia/ Schizoaffective Disorder (n = 373) were included. In general comparison, attention was found to be clearly dysfunctional. Regarding diagnosis, patients with Schizophrenia and previous history of suicidal behaviour showed a poorer performance in executive function. Patients with current symptoms of an Affective Disorder and a previous history of suicidal attempt had poorer performance in attention and executive function. Similarly, euthymic affective patients with history of suicidal behaviour had worse decision-making, attention and executive function performance compared to euthymic non-attempters. LIMITATIONS: The number of papers included in this review is limited to the few studies using non-attempter clinically-matched control group and therefore results regarding diagnosis, symptomatology and time of the attempt are modest and contradictory. CONCLUSIONS: Patients who have attempted suicide have a poorer neuropsychological functioning than non-attempters with a similar psychiatric disorder in attention and executive function. These alterations increase vulnerability for suicide.

Sex-dependent grades of haematopoietic modulation in patients with major depressive episodes are associated with suicide attempts.

Suicide is the leading cause of non-natural death worldwide, and major depressive disorder (MDD) is the mood disorder with the highest prevalence among individuals with suicidal behaviour (SB). The role of inflammation and immunomodulation in mood disorders has raised interest in recent years, as inflammation biomarkers have been reported to be increased in mood disorder patients, suggesting a role of inflammation in their pathogenesis. The influence of inflammation on the haematopoietic production is well known; however, a comprehensive study of the haematopoietic production in patients with major depressive episodes (MDE) is lacking. We examined global haematopoietic parameters from complete blood counts (CBC) of patients with MDE, in search of prognostic patterns. MDE patients presented differences in several CBC parameters, differences that were clearly pronounced and/or significant in concurrence with suicide attempts (SA). Red and white blood cell lineage parameters were affected, suggesting general haematopoietic modulation or imbalance. We observed distinct haematological parameter changes in women versus men, with men presenting milder alterations than women. Interestingly, we found that the List of Threatening Experiences (LTE) score, but not the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), was associated with the haematopoietic alterations observed exclusively in women and, more importantly, served as a parameter to stratify female MDE patients based on concurrence or non-concurrence with SA. In conclusion, grades of haematopoietic modulation in MDE patients are associated with absence or presence of SA. Haematopoietic manifestations differ between men and women and, in the latter, are markedly influenced by late, and not early, traumatic events.

Will changes in alcohol and tobacco use be seen during the COVID-19 lockdown? / ¿Se observarán cambios en el consumo de alcohol y tabaco durante el confinamiento por COVID-19?

Editorial of vol. 32-2.

Editorial del vol. 32-2.

History of Lifetime Cannabis Use Is Associated with Better Cognition and Worse Real-World Functioning in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders.

BACKGROUND: Data on associations between cannabis use and psychopathology, cognition and functional impairment in schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) is controversial. OBJECTIVES: To examine the effect of cannabis on psychopathology, cognition and real-world functioning in SSD patients. METHOD: Naturalistic cross-sectional study, 123 clinically stable SSD outpatients. ASSESSMENT: demographic and clinical data, psychometric evaluation: Positive and Negative Syndrome, Hamilton Depression Rating, Clinical Global Impression (CGI), Personal and Social Performance and Screen for Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatry (SCIP) scales. Patients were classified as cannabis user patients (CUP) and non cannabis user patients (NCUP) according to self-report, both lifetime and last year. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: chi-square, Student t test, ANOVA (Duncan post hoc), and general linear model analysis for adjusting for antipsychotic doses. RESULTS: Mean age 40.75, 66.7% male, single (66.7%), prior hospital admissions 2.75, mean length of illness 13.85 years. 53.7% were lifetime cannabis users and 8.9% last year users. Lifetime CUP had more hospitalizations (p = 0.013) at a younger age (p = 0.002), and showed better cognitive functioning globally (CGI-C: p = 0.045) and on working memory and processing speed (SCIP-2: p = 0.039; SCIP-5: p = 0.033) and worse functioning in socially useful activities (p = 0.014) than NCUP. All these differences remained after adjusting for antipsychotic doses. Last year cannabis users had worse mood (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale 9.66 vs. 5.64; p = 0.002), but this difference disappears when adjusting for antipsychotic doses. CONCLUSIONS: Lifetime cannabis use is associated with better working memory and processing speed and worse real-world functioning in the area of socially useful activities in patients with schizophrenia-related disorders. Clinicians should, therefore, be aware of it to provide patient-centred care in their daily clinical practice.

Could structural changes in the retinal layers be a new biomarker of mental disorders? A systematic review and thematic synthesis. / Los cambios estructurales de la retina, ¿nuevos biomarcadores de los trastornos mentales? Una revisión sistemática y síntesis temática de la literatura.

It has recently been suggested that alterations of the layers of the retina could be a biomarker of specific mental disorders since they originate in the same embryonic layer as the brain and both are interconnected through the optic nerve. The purpose of this article is to offer a systematic review of the literature and a thematic synthesis on the current state of the alterations of the retina layers identified by optical coherence tomography in patients with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and major depression. For this purpose, we performed a bibliographic search, a systematic review of the studies and a thematic synthesis of the reported findings. Patients with schizophrenia have more abnormal findings followed by patients with bipolar disorder, with very few findings in depression. The nerve fiber layer is the retinal layer with more abnormal findings both in schizophrenia and in bipolar disorder, while no study in major depression found alterations in it. Of the clinical parameters, the duration of the illness correlates significantly and inversely with the thickness of the different layers in all disorders. When interpreting these data, it is necessary to take into account the limitations and differences of the studies, especially the mean length of the disorders. Given that this was very different among the 3 disorders (more than doubled in the case of schizophrenia respect to major depression), the differences in the results found could be due more to the effect of the length of illness than to the disorder itself. In summary, optical coherence tomography findings are promising, since they could provide biomarkers of neurodegeneration and/or neuroprogression of both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.

5-HTTLPR-brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene interactions and early adverse life events effect on impulsivity in suicide attempters.

OBJECTIVES: An expanding body of research suggests that childhood adverse experiences can lead to different negative health outcomes, including attempted suicide. Serotonergic genes such as the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) have been associated both with impulsivity in suicide attempts and reactivity to environmental stress exposure. BDNF gene may play an epigenetic role. METHODS: We studied the influence of childhood stressful events and 5-HTTLPR genotype on impulsivity measured by Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-10) in a multicentre sample of 1,655 suicide attempters (69.4% women, 30.6% men; mean age 40.13 years). A co-dominant additive genetic model was used for the statistical analyses. Interaction between 5-HTTLPR genotype and early trauma exposure was tested using moderated and multiple regression techniques. Interaction plots were used to explore BDNF genotype modulation. RESULTS: Mildly higher impulsivity scores were found in men with SS compared with SL or LL genotypes, and men with childhood emotional and physical abuse. Interaction analyses showed that combination of 5-HTTLPR-SS genotype and early trauma exposure increase impulsivity scores independently. Impulsivity scores were not affected by the modulation of BDNF genes. CONCLUSIONS: Childhood trauma and 5-HTTLPR genotype seem to be independently involved in suicide attempts, sharing a common pathway of increasing impulsivity.

Predictive factors of alcohol consumption in adolescents: data from 1-year follow-up prospective study. / Factores predictores del consumo de alcohol en adolescentes: datos de un estudio prospectivo de 1 año de seguimiento.

Alcohol use/abuse is a health problem in adolescents. The last Survey on use of drugs in Secondary Schoolers carried out in Spain (ESTUDES 2014-2015), reveals that 76.8% of adolescents aged 14 to 18 years consumed alcohol in the previous year and 68.2% in the last month. The aim of this study is to determine the medium-term factors associated with alcohol consumption in a sample of Spanish adolescents. The present study was carried out as a part of the Saving and Empowering Young Lives project in Europe (SEYLE) project. The final sample was composed of 708 students, assessed at two times [basal (T0) and one year later (T1)] [males: 51.98%, basal mean age (SD)=4.43 (0.67)]. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed in order to investigate relationships between possible predictive variables found at time T0 and alcohol consumption at time T1. At basal time (T0) the prevalence of alcohol abuse was 25.56%, whereas the prevalence one year later was 49.72% (T1). Variables that significantly predict alcohol abuse within a year are: previous alcohol abuse at T0 (p<0.001), previous abuse of drugs (p=0.011), parents attending their sporting events (p=0.005), peer problems (p=0.019), and lack of prosocial behaviour (p=0.043). In the light of our results, it can be concluded that, in adolescents, externalizing disorders seem to be determining factors of medium-term alcohol consumption.

El uso/abuso de alcohol es un problema de salud en los adolescentes. La última Encuesta sobre uso de drogas en Enseñanzas Secundarias realizada en España (ESTUDES 2014-2015), pone de manifiesto que 76,8% de los adolescentes entre 14 y 18 años consumieron alcohol en el último año y 68,2% en el último mes. El principal objetivo es determinar los factores que se asocian con el consumo de alcohol a medio plazo en una muestra de adolescentes españoles. El estudio forma parte del proyecto Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE). La muestra final estuvo compuesta por 708 estudiantes, evaluados en dos momentos temporales [basal (T0) y al año (T1)] [varones: 51,98%, edad media basal (DE)=4,43 (0,67)]. Se realizaron análisis de regresión univariante y multivariante, con el fin de investigar las relaciones entre posibles variables predictoras descritas en el momento temporal T0 y el consumo de alcohol en el momento T1.En el momento basal (T0) la prevalencia de abuso de alcohol fue del 25,56%, mientras que la prevalencia al año fue del 49,72% (T1). Las variables que predicen de forma significativa el abuso de alcohol al cabo de un año son: abuso previo del alcohol en el momento T0 (p< 0,001), abuso previo de drogas (p=0,011), padres que asisten a sus competiciones deportivas (p=0,005), problemas de relación con compañeros (p=0,019) y ausencia de comportamiento prosocial (p=0,043). A la vista de nuestros resultados se puede concluir que, en adolescentes, los trastornos externalizantes parecen ser factores determinantes de consumo de alcohol a medio plazo.

Spanish validation of the Negative Symptom Assessment-16 (NSA-16) in patients with schizophrenia. / Validación española de la escala de evaluación de los síntomas negativos-16 (NSA-16) en pacientes con esquizofrenia.

INTRODUCTION: Negative symptoms are prevalent in schizophrenia and associated with a poorer outcome. Validated newer psychometric instruments could contribute to better assessment and improved treatment of negative symptoms. The Negative Symptom Assessment-16 (NSA-16) has been shown to have strong psychometric properties, but there is a need for validation in non-English languages. This study aimed to examine the psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the NSA-16 (Sp-NSA-16). MATERIAL AND METHOD: Observational, cross-sectional validation study in a sample of 123 outpatients with schizophrenia. ASSESSMENTS: NSA-16, PANSS, HDRS, CGI-SCH and PSP. RESULTS: The results indicate appropriate psychometric properties, high internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.86), convergent validity (PANSS negative scale, PANSS Marder Negative Factor and CGI-negative symptoms r values between 0.81 and 0.94) and divergent validity (PANSS positive scale and the HDRS r values between 0.10 and 0.34). In addition, the NSA-16 also exhibited discriminant validity (ROC curve=0.97, 95% CI=0.94 to 1.00; 94.3% sensitivity and 83.3% specificity). CONCLUSIONS: The Sp-NSA-16 is reliable and valid for measuring negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. This provides Spanish clinicians with a new tool for clinical practice and research. However, it is necessary to provide further information about its inter-rater reliability.

Impact of childhood trauma on cognitive profile in bipolar disorder.

OBJECTIVES: Bipolar Disorder (BD) is associated with cognitive impairment even during remission periods. Nonetheless, this impairment seems to adjust to different profiles of severity. Our aim was to examine the potential impact of childhood trauma (CT) on cognitive performance and, more specifically, on neurocognitive profile membership. METHODS: Using a data-driven strategy, 113 euthymic bipolar patients were grouped according to their cognitive performance using a hierarchical clustering technique. Patients from the three resulting clusters, the so-called "low", "average", and "high performance" groups, were then compared in terms of main sociodemographic, clinical and functioning variables, including CT measures. One-way ANOVA, a chi-square test and partial correlations were used for this purpose, as appropriate. A multinomial logistic regression model was used to determine which variables contributed to neurocognitive clustering membership. RESULTS: Patients from the three neurocognitive clusters differed in terms of sociodemographic, clinical, functioning and CT variables. Scores on the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), especially on the physical negligence subscale, were also associated with a poor cognitive performance. The multinomial regression model indicated that CTQ total scores and the estimated intelligence quotient (IQ) significantly contributed to differentiation among the three neurocognitive groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirmed that CT significantly impacts on cognitive performance during adulthood in BD. The data obtained suggest that a history of CT could act as a liability marker for cognitive impairment. A higher estimated IQ may act as a protective factor against cognitive decline in this group of patients.

Substance use or abuse, internet use, psychopathology and suicidal ideation in adolescents. / Uso y abuso de sustancias psicotrópicas e internet, psicopatología e ideación suicida en adolescentes.

Substance and Internet use or abuse, psychopathology and suicidal ideation appear to be related. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between use of psychotropic substances, inadequate Internet use, suicidal ideation and other psychopathological symptoms within the adolescent population. The present study was carried out as part of the Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE) project, funded by the European Union. The sample is composed of 1026 adolescents aged between 14 and 16 years from 12 state schools in Asturias (530 men and 496 women). This study adds to the possibility of knowing whether the SEYLE data is confirmed in a relatively isolated and recession hit province of Spain. In the present study the following consumption rates were obtained: a) alcohol 11.89% in males and 7.86% in females; b) tobacco: 4.15% and 5.44 % in males and females respectively; c) other drugs: 6.98% in males and 4.44% in females; d) maladaptive or pathological Internet use: 14.53% and 20.77% in males and females respectively. The variables that predict suicide ideation in the logistic regression model were: previous suicide attempts, depression, maladaptive or pathological Internet use, peer problems and alcohol consumption.

El uso o abuso de sustancias o internet, la psicopatología y la ideación suicida parecen estar relacionadas. El objetivo del presente estudio es investigar la asociación en población adolescente entre consumo de sustancias potencialmente adictivas, uso inadecuado de internet, psicopatología e ideación suicida. El estudio forma parte del proyecto europeo Saving and Empowering Young Lives in Europe (SEYLE). La muestra está compuesta por 1026 adolescentes con edades comprendidas entre 14 y 16 años procedentes de 12 centros escolares públicos del Principado de Asturias (530 varones y 496 mujeres). El presente trabajo aporta la posibilidad de conocer si los datos generales del proyecto SEYLE varían en una zona relativamente aislada y socioeconómicamente en recesión. Las tasas obtenidas de consumo de las distintas sustancias y de uso de internet fueron: a) alcohol: 11,89% en varones y 7,86% en mujeres; b) tabaco: 4,15% y 5,44% en varones y mujeres respectivamente; c) otras drogas: 6,98% en varones y un 4,44% en mujeres; d) uso de internet desadaptativo o patológico: 14,53% y 20,77% en varones y mujeres respectivamente. Se ha observado que las variables con capacidad predictiva sobre las conductas suicidas fueron: tentativas suicidas previas, síntomas depresivos, uso desadaptativo o patológico de internet, problemas con los compañeros y consumo de alcohol.

Suicide prevention strategies revisited: 10-year systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Many countries are developing suicide prevention strategies for which up-to-date, high-quality evidence is required. We present updated evidence for the effectiveness of suicide prevention interventions since 2005. METHODS: We searched PubMed and the Cochrane Library using multiple terms related to suicide prevention for studies published between Jan 1, 2005, and Dec 31, 2014. We assessed seven interventions: public and physician education, media strategies, screening, restricting access to suicide means, treatments, and internet or hotline support. Data were extracted on primary outcomes of interest, namely suicidal behaviour (suicide, attempt, or ideation), and intermediate or secondary outcomes (treatment-seeking, identification of at-risk individuals, antidepressant prescription or use rates, or referrals). 18 suicide prevention experts from 13 European countries reviewed all articles and rated the strength of evidence using the Oxford criteria. Because the heterogeneity of populations and methodology did not permit formal meta-analysis, we present a narrative analysis. FINDINGS: We identified 1797 studies, including 23 systematic reviews, 12 meta-analyses, 40 randomised controlled trials (RCTs), 67 cohort trials, and 22 ecological or population-based investigations. Evidence for restricting access to lethal means in prevention of suicide has strengthened since 2005, especially with regard to control of analgesics (overall decrease of 43% since 2005) and hot-spots for suicide by jumping (reduction of 86% since 2005, 79% to 91%). School-based awareness programmes have been shown to reduce suicide attempts (odds ratio [OR] 0·45, 95% CI 0·24-0·85; p=0·014) and suicidal ideation (0·5, 0·27-0·92; p=0·025). The anti-suicidal effects of clozapine and lithium have been substantiated, but might be less specific than previously thought. Effective pharmacological and psychological treatments of depression are important in prevention. Insufficient evidence exists to assess the possible benefits for suicide prevention of screening in primary care, in general public education and media guidelines. Other approaches that need further investigation include gatekeeper training, education of physicians, and internet and helpline support. The paucity of RCTs is a major limitation in the evaluation of preventive interventions. INTERPRETATION: In the quest for effective suicide prevention initiatives, no single strategy clearly stands above the others. Combinations of evidence-based strategies at the individual level and the population level should be assessed with robust research designs. FUNDING: The Expert Platform on Mental Health, Focus on Depression, and the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology.

Factors associated with hospitalization after suicide spectrum behaviors: results from a multicenter study in Spain.

The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with hospital admission after suicide spectrum behaviors. Patients' characteristics, the nature of the suicidal behavior, admission rates between centers, and factors associated with admission have been examined in suicide spectrum presentations to emergency departments in 3 Spanish cities. The intent of the suicidal behavior had the greatest impact on hospitalization. Older age, living alone, self-harm method not involving drug overdose, previous history of suicide spectrum behaviors, and psychiatric diagnosis of schizophrenia, mood, or personality disorder were independently associated with being admitted. There was a 3-fold between-center difference in the rate of hospitalization. Widespread differences in the rate of hospitalization were primarily accounted for by characteristics of the individual patients and their suicidal behavior.

Replication of previous genome-wide association studies of psychiatric diseases in a large schizophrenia case-control sample from Spain.

Genome wide association studies (GWAS) has allowed the discovery of some interesting risk variants for schizophrenia (SCZ). However, this high-throughput approach presents some limitations, being the most important the necessity of highly restrictive statistical corrections as well as the loss of statistical power inherent to the use of a Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP) analysis approach. These problems can be partially solved through the use of a polygenic approach. We performed a genotyping study in SCZ using 86 previously associated SNPs identified by GWAS of SCZ, bipolar disorder (BPD) and autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) patients. The sample consisted of 3063 independent cases with DSM-IV-TR diagnosis of SCZ and 2847 independent controls of European origin from Spain. A polygenic score analysis was also used to test the overall effect on the SCZ status. One SNP, rs12290811, located in the ODZ4 gene reached statistical significance (p=1.7×10(-4), Allelic odds ratio=1.21), a value very near to those reported in previous GWAS of BPD patients. In addition, 4 SNPs were close to the significant threshold: rs3850333, in the NRXN1 gene; rs6932590, at MHC; rs2314398, located in an intergenic region on chromosome 2; and rs1006737, in the CACNA1C gene. We also found that 74% of the studied SNPs showed the same tendency (risk or protection alleles) previously reported in the original GWAS (p<0.001). Our data strengthen the polygenic component of susceptibility to SCZ. Our findings show ODZ4 as a risk gene for SCZ, emphasizing the existence of common vulnerability in psychosis.