Effect of different atmospheric and subatmospheric cooking techniques on physical and chemical qualitative properties of pork loin.

In this paper, the effects of four cooking procedures were evaluated, two occurring in atmospheric (in ventilated and steam oven) and two in subatmospheric (vacuum and sous vide cooking) conditions on pork Longissimus lumborum. The main objective of the study was to compare and evaluate the physical and chemical characteristics. Samples were cooked in four independent trials namely Oven (O), Steaming (ST), Vacuum Cooking (VC) and Sous Vide (SV). The analyses included temperature, cooking effect, percentage weight loss, texture (cutting and double compression tests), colour (superficially and inside the sample), microstructure (optical microscopy) and fibres shortening analysis. To assess cooking effects on significant nutritional constituents, the fatty acid composition and the content of B vitamins were analysed. Volatile profiles of samples were also compared using solid-phase microextraction. SV cooking resulted in the less favourable meat texture, presenting the highest hardness and chewiness. Moreover, high hardness values measured on SV samples is also related to the high weight loss. The technique of oven cooking (O) demonstrated superior results in terms of mechanical properties, which are closely associated with the cooking values. Specifically, the cook value C0 was significantly higher in the case of oven cooking compared to SV, VC, and ST. Mild temperature conditions and cooking times of the four considered cooking techniques did not induce significant variations in the fatty acid composition and volatile profile. Conversely, SV and VC allowed the highest amount of vitamin B retention in cooked meat. This work suggests that some differences emerged on the effects due to sub-atmospheric and atmospheric cooking compared to traditional ones.

Helical versus Flat Bis-Ferrocenyl End-Capped Peptides: The Influence of the Molecular Skeleton on Redox Properties.

Despite the fact that peptide conjugates with a pendant ferrocenyl (Fc) have been widely investigated, bis-ferrocenyl end-capped peptides are rarely synthetized. In this paper, in addition to the full characterization of the Fc-CO-[L-Dap(Boc)]n-NH-Fc series, we report a comparison of the three series of bis-ferrocenyl homopeptides synthesized to date, to gain insights into the influence of α-amino isobutyric (Aib), 2,3-diamino propionic (Dap) and Cα,ß-didehydroalanine (ΔAla) amino acids on the peptide secondary structure and on the ferrocene redox properties. The results obtained by 2D NMR analysis and X-ray crystal structures, and further supported by electrochemical data, evidence different behaviors depending on the nature of the amino acid; that is, the formation of 310-helices or fully extended (2.05-helix) structures. In these foldamers, the orientation of the carbonyl groups in the peptide helix yields a macrodipole with the positive pole on the N-terminal amino acid and the negative pole on the C-terminal amino acid, so that oxidation of the Fc moieties takes place more or less easily depending on the orientation of the macrodipole moment as the peptide chain grows. Conversely, the fully extended conformation adopted by ΔAla flat peptides neither generates a macrodipole nor affects Fc oxidation. The utilization as electrochemical and optical (Circular Dichroism) probes of the two terminal Fc groups, bound to the same peptide chain, makes it possible to study the end-to-end effects of the positive charges produced by single and double oxidations, and to evidence the presence "exciton-coupled" CD among the two intramolecularly interacting Fc groups of the L-Dap(Boc) series.

Flat, Cα,ß -Didehydroalanine Foldamers with Ferrocene Pendants: Assessing the Role of α-Peptide Dipolar Moments.

The foldamer field is continuously expanding as it allows to produce molecules endowed with 3D-structures and functions never observed in nature. We synthesized flat foldamers based on the natural, but non-coded, Cα,ß -didehydroalanine α-amino acid, and covalently linked to them two ferrocene (Fc) moieties, as redox probes. These conjugates retain the flat and extended conformation of the 2.05 -helix, both in solution and in the crystal state (X-ray diffraction). Cyclic voltammetry measurements agree with the adoption of the 2.05 -helix, characterized by a negligible dipole moment. Thus, elongated α-peptide stretches of this type are insulators rather than charge conductors, the latter being constituted by peptide α-helices. Also, our homo-tetrapeptide has a N-to-C length of about 18.2 Å, almost double than that (9.7 Å) of an α-helical α-tetrapeptide.

Comparison of physical, microstructural and antioxidative properties of pumpkin cubes cooked by conventional, vacuum cooking and sous vide methods.

BACKGROUND: Current dietary guidelines recommend five or more fruit, vegetable, and legume servings per day. Often, these products are eaten cooked, resulting in organoleptic and nutritional changes. Vacuum cooking is gaining attention as an alternative cooking technique, due to its ability to preserve or even enhance sensory and healthy properties of food. Its household application is, however, poorly explored. In this work, the effect of vacuum cooking, performed with a new patented system, was studied for the first time on pumpkin cubes and compared to sous vide and traditional steam cooking, through a multidisciplinary approach. RESULTS: All the cooking treatments damaged pumpkin microstructure, leading to cell separation and plasmolysis; vacuum cooking was the most aggressive method, as confirmed by texture softening. Vacuum cooking was also the method with less impact on pumpkin color, in relation to the largest extraction of some classes of carotenoids from the broken cells. Significant polyphenol extraction, especially of gallic acid and naringenin, was instead observed for sous vide and steamed pumpkins. The total antioxidant activity, ascribable to the effect of both carotenoids and polyphenols, resulted enhanced after cooking compared to raw one mainly for cook vide samples, followed by steamed and sous vide ones. CONCLUSIONS: Vacuum cooking, followed by sous vide, has often shown better performance than traditional steam cooking for pumpkin cubes. The implementation of sous vide and vacuum cooking at domestic level or in professional kitchens, and in the food industry, would allow the consumption of vegetables with improved nutritional and sensorial characteristics. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Effect of different atmospheric and subatmospheric cooking techniques on qualitative properties and microstructure of artichoke heads.

Quartered Violetto artichokes were cooked with different treatments (boiling, steaming, sous vide and vacuum cooking) at the same cooking value at the thermal centre. Then, the physical (moisture content, texture and colour), histological and chemical (phenolic, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furan content, total antioxidant capacity) features of bracts and hearts were assessed. A deeply modified microstructure was observed in boiled and steamed samples with an evident decrease in hardness both for bracts and hearts. Lightness of two anatomical parts was decreased by all the treatments (with the exception of sous vide bracts). The highest total colour difference was recorded for steamed samples, whereas the lowest was noted for sous vide samples. Steamed and sous vide artichoke exhibited the highest total phenolic content and total antioxidant capacity. Sous vide samples exhibited the highest concentrations of HMF, 2-furan-methanol and 2,4-dihydroxy-2,5-dimetyl-3(2H)-furanone, whereas the by-product 5-metylfuraldheide was only detected in the steamed product.

Key multi(ferrocenyl) complexes in the interplay between electronic coupling and electrostatic interaction.

In this review, the properties of the most significant examples of multi(ferrocenyl) cations containing a number of ferrocenyl units from two to six are discussed and the results are compared with the outcomes of some of our recent studies on conjugated ferrocenyl complexes, in order to give an overview of how the nature of the bridging ligand, the distance between the redox-active centres, and the medium affect the electronic and electrostatic properties of the molecules.

Large excited state two photon absorptions in the near infrared region of surprisingly stable radical cations of (ferrocenyl)indenes.

Multiphoton absorptions are important non-linear optical processes which allow us to explore excited states with low energy photons giving rise to new possibilities for photoinduced processes. Among these processes, multiphoton absorptions from excited states are particularly interesting because of the large susceptibilities characteristic of excited states. Here we explore the nonlinear transmission measurements recorded with 9 ns laser pulses at 1064 nm of the radical cations of (2-ferrocenyl)indene and of (2-ferrocenyl)-hexamethylindene, two interesting very stable molecules. The non-linear transmission data can be interpreted with a multiphoton sequence of three photon absorptions, the first being a one photon absorption related to the intramolecular charge transfer and the second a two photon absorption from the excited state created with the first process. The two photon absorption cross section is found to be several orders of magnitude larger than those usually found for two photon absorbing systems excited from the ground state.

New bis-ferrocenyl end-capped peptides: synthesis and charge transfer properties.

In this article, the successful preparation of a new series of 3(10) -helical peptides of different length containing two terminal ferrocenyl (Fc) units and based on the strongly foldameric α-aminoisobutyric (Aib) acid is reported. The synthesis of the Fc-CO-(Aib)(n) -NH-Fc (n = 1-5) homo-peptides was performed by solution methods. Moderate to good yields (26-85%) were obtained in each of the difficult coupling steps of Fc-COOH and the corresponding H-(Aib)(n)-NH-Fc compounds by C-activation with the 1-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide/7-aza-1-hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazole method. Information on the C=O···H-N intramolecularly hydrogen-bonded networks was initially obtained from FT-IR absorption measurements. The N-H stretching (amide A) region allowed us to distinguish which amide protons are involved in intramolecular hydrogen bonds and indicates the formation of an incipient 3(10) -helix structure for peptides containing at least two Aib residues. This conclusion was confirmed by (1)H NMR titrations of the N-H groups of the peptides in CDCl(3) with dimethylsulfoxide and by crystallographic analysis of the N(α) -acylated Fc-CO-(Aib)(5)-NH-Fc pentapeptide amide. The two redox-active Fc groups covalently bound to the termini of the foldameric peptide architectures were used as electrochemical probes. The end-to-end effects of electron holes generated by single and double oxidations were analyzed by means of electrochemical and spectroelectrochemical techniques. The results of these studies indicate that charge transfer across the peptide main chain does occur in the five peptides. In particular, in the pentapeptide 5, charge is transferred through an intramolecular Fe···Fe separation of 14 Å.

Anti-Kasha's rule fluorescence emission in (2-ferrocenyl)indene generated by a twisted intramolecular charge-transfer (TICT) process.

A twisted intramolecular charge-transfer (TICT) process has been identified in (2-ferrocenyl)indene. This photochemical process explains the anti-Kasha's rule fluorescence emission observed for this system. Experimental and model investigations on (2-ferrocenyl)tetramethylindene and (2-ferrocenyl)-hexamethylindene were also performed, in order to evaluate the effect of a steric hindrance on the TICT mechanism. The energy of the lowest main excited states was computed with a TD-DFT approach, as a function of the rotation of the dihedral angle between the indene and the cyclopentadienyl planes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of TICT generated by metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) in a ferrocene-containing complex and, more generally, the first case of complexes in which a metal center is directly involved.

Platinum(II) chloride indenyl complexes: electrochemical and biological evaluation.

Four platinum(II) complexes of general formula [PtCl(η(1)-C(9)H(7))L(2)] [where L(2) is 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane (dppe) 1 or cycloocta-1,5-diene (cod) 3] and [PtCl(2)L(2)] (where L(2) is dppe 2 or cod 4) were studied. Inhibition growth assays on human tumor cell lines evidenced for 1 and 3 an antiproliferative effect and, interestingly, the cytotoxic effect exerted by 1 is similar to that of cisplatin. Electrochemical and NMR measurements allowed us to determine the structural and redox properties. Investigation of the mechanism of action responsible for the cytotoxicity demonstrated a weak capacity of interacting with DNA. Some experiments performed on rat liver mitochondria indicate that 1 acts as an inducer of the mitochondrial permeability transition, thus leading to the release of proapoptotic factors, such as cytochrome c and apoptosis-inducing factor.

Charge mapping in 3(10)-helical peptide chains by oxidation of the terminal ferrocenyl group.

Two series of 3(10)-helical peptides of different lengths and rigidity, based on the strongly foldameric α-aminoisobutyric acid and containing a terminal ferrocenyl unit, have been synthesized. Oxidation-state sensitive spectroscopic tags of helical peptides, the N-H groups, allowed mapping of the charge delocalization triggered by oxidation of the terminal ferrocenyl moiety and were monitored by IR spectroelectrochemistry.

Nonlinear absorption properties and excited state dynamics of ferrocene.

We report on the first observation of reverse saturable absorption by ferrocene (Fc) in toluene using nanosecond pulses at 532 nm. Pump and probe experiments in the visible spectral region show the existence of an excited triplet state with an intersystem crossing quantum yield S1 --> T1 of 0.085 and a molar extinction coefficient epsilon(Fc)(T) of 5650 L mol(-1) cm(-1) at 700 nm. The full understanding of the nonlinear optical behavior of Fc cannot be obtained, however, with a model that includes only the one-photon absorption from T1, but it is mandatory to consider also a simultaneous two-photon absorption from an excited singlet state of Fc (two-photon absorption cross section: 2.4 x 10(-41) cm4 s ph(-1) mol(-1)). The optical spectrum of the ground and triplet state of Fc are calculated within a TD-DFT approach considering several functionals (PBE, BLYP, LDA, OPBE) for the optimization of molecular geometry.

Metal-metal electronic coupling in syn and anti stereoisomers of mixed-valent (FeCp)2-, (RhL2)2-, and (FeCp)(RhL2)-as-indacenediide ions.

The extent of metal-metal electronic coupling was quantified for a series of syn and anti stereoisomers of (FeCp)(2)-, (RhL(2))(2)- and (FeCp)(RhL(2))- (L(2)=1,5-cyclooctadiene (cod), L=CO) as-indacenediide mixed-valent ions by spectroelectrochemical and DFT studies. The effect of the syn/anti orientation of the metal units with respect to the planar aromatic ligand indicates that electron transfer occurs through the bridge rather than through space. The nature of the metal was found to be crucial: while homobimetallic diiron species are localised valence-trapped ions (Class II), the dirhodium analogues are almost delocalised mixed-valent ions (borderline and Class III). Finally, despite their redox asymmetry, even in the heterobimetallic iron-rhodium as-indacenediide complexes, strong metal-metal coupling is present. In fact, oxidation of the iron centre is accompanied by electron transfer from rhodium to iron and formation of a reactive 17-electron rhodium site. syn and anti Fe-Rh as-indacenediide complexes are rare examples of heterobimetallic systems which can be classified as borderline Class II/Class III species.

Tuning the electronic communication in heterobimetallic mixed-valence ions of (1-ferrocenyl)- and (2-ferrocenyl)indenyl rhodium isomers.

A series of heterobimetallic complexes of general structure [RhL(2){eta(5)-(2-ferrocenyl)indenyl}] (L(2)=cod, nbd, L=CO; cod=cyclooctadiene; nbd=norbornadiene) has been synthesised with the aim of tuning the metal-metal interaction in their mixed-valence ions generated both by chemical and electrochemical oxidation, and the results are compared with those obtained for [RhL(2){eta(5)-(1-ferrocenyl)indenyl}] isomers. Crystallographic studies and DFT calculations provide a detailed description of the structural and electronic features of these complexes evidencing a significant difference in the extent of planarity of the flexible bridging ligand between the 1- and 2-ferrocenyl isomers. Independent experimental probes, in particular the potential splitting in the cyclic voltammograms and the IT bands in the near-IR spectra, are rationalised in the framework of Marcus-Hush theory and at quantum chemistry level by DFT and TD-DFT methods. These methods allow us to establish a trend based on the magnitude of iron-rhodium electronic coupling H(ab) ranging from valence trapped to almost delocalised ions. The quasi planar bridge and the olefin ancillary ligands make [Rh(nbd){eta(5)-(2-ferrocenyl)indenyl}](+) and [Rh(cod){eta(5)-(2-ferrocenyl)indenyl}](+) rare examples of heterobimetallic systems which can be classified as borderline Class II/Class III species.

Formation of a solubilized cobalt block oligomer from a M2L-type double helicate.

The multi-dentate ligand, 2,3,5,6-tetrakis(2,2'-bipyridyl)pyrazine (L) and divalent cobalt self-assemble to a block co-polymer-like oligomer in solution, which contains at least the L(7)Co(8) fragment. The extent of oligomerization is sensitive to the water content in acetonitrile solution. In the solid state, the simple monomer [LCo(2)(CH(3)CN)(4)][ClO(4)](4) is isolated. The X-ray structure of the crystallized material (containing four CH(3)CN solvate molecules) reveals a double-helical complex with two heptadentate Co(II) sites, and a helical pitch of approximately 28.1 A. Coupled Co(I/II) redox processes are observed between the two metal centres.

103Rh NMR chemical shifts in organometallic complexes: a combined experimental and density functional study.

Experimental 103Rh NMR chemical shifts of mono- and binuclear rhodium(I) complexes containing s- or as-hydroindacenide and indacenediide bridging ligands with different ancillary ligands (1,5-cyclooctadiene, ethylene, carbonyl) are presented. A protocol, based on density functional theory calculations, was established to determine 103Rh NMR shielding constants in order to rationalise the effects of electronic and structural variations on the spectroscopic signal, and to gain insight into the efficiency of this computational method when applied to organometallic systems. Scalar and spin-orbit relativistic effects based on the ZORA (zeroth order regular approximation) level have been taken into account and discussed. A good agreement was found for model compounds over a wide range of chemical shifts of rhodium (approximately 10,000 ppm). This allowed us to discuss the experimental and calculated delta(103Rh) in larger complexes and to relate it to their electronic structure.