The Antibacterial Potential of Brazilian Red Propolis against the Formation and Eradication of Biofilm of Helicobacter pylori.

Helicobacter pylori is associated with gastrointestinal diseases, and its treatment is challenging due to antibiotic-resistant strains, necessitating alternative therapies. Brazilian red propolis (BRP), known for its diverse bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical properties, was investigated for its anti-H. pylori activity, focusing on biofilm formation inhibition and eradication. BRP was tested against H. pylori (ATCC 43526) using several assays: time-kill, nucleotide leakage, biofilm formation inhibition (determining the minimum inhibitory concentration of biofilm of 50%-MICB50, and cell viability), and biofilm eradication (determining the minimum eradication concentration of biofilm of 99.9%-MBEC). Standardization of H. pylori biofilm formation was also conducted. In the time-kill assay, BRP at 50 µg/mL eliminated all H. pylori cells after 24 h. The nucleotide leakage assay showed no significant differences between control groups and BRP-treated groups at 25 µg/mL and 50 µg/mL. H. pylori formed biofilms in vitro at 109 CFU/mL after 72 h. The MICB50 of BRP was 15.6 µg/mL, and at 500, 1000, and 2000 µg/mL, BRP eradicated all bacterial cells. The MBEC was 2000 µg/mL. These findings suggest that BRP has promising anti-H. pylori activity, effectively inhibiting and eradicating biofilms. Further studies are necessary to elucidate BRP's mechanisms of action against H. pylori.

Synthesis, Antibacterial Effects, and Toxicity of Licochalcone C.

Drug-resistant bacteria constitute a big barrier against current pharmacotherapy. Efforts are urgent to discover antibacterial drugs with novel chemical and biological features. Our work aimed at the synthesis, evaluation of antibacterial effects, and toxicity of licochalcone C (LCC), a naturally occurring chalcone. The synthetic route included six steps, affording a 10% overall yield. LCC showed effects against Gram-positive bacteria (MIC = 6.2-50.0 µg/mL), Mycobacterium species (MIC = 36.2-125 µg/mL), and Helicobacter pylori (MIC = 25 µg/mL). LCC inhibited the biofilm formation of MSSA and MRSA, demonstrating MBIC50 values of 6.25 µg/mL for both strains. The investigations by fluorescence microscopy, using PI and SYTO9 as fluorophores, indicated that LCC was able to disrupt the S. aureus membrane, similarly to nisin. Systemic toxicity assays using Galleria mellonella larvae showed that LCC was not lethal at 100 µg/mL after 80 h treatment. These data suggest new uses for LCC as a compound with potential applications in antibacterial drug discovery and medical device coating.

Exploring the antifungal, antibiofilm and antienzymatic potential of Rottlerin in an in vitro and in vivo approach.

Candida species have been responsible for a high number of invasive infections worldwide. In this sense, Rottlerin has demonstrated a wide range of pharmacological activities. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antifungal, antibiofilm and antivirulence activity of Rottlerin in vitro against Candida spp. and its toxicity and antifungal activity in vivo. Rottlerin showed antifungal activity against all yeasts evaluated, presenting Minimum Inhibitory and Fungicidal Concentration (MIC and MFC) values of 7.81 to > 1000 µg/mL. Futhermore, it was able to significantly inhibit biofilm production, presenting Biofilm Inhibitory Concentration (MICB50) values that ranged from 15.62 to 250 µg/mL and inhibition of the cell viability of the biofilm by 50% (IC50) from 2.24 to 12.76 µg/mL. There was a considerable reduction in all hydrolytic enzymes evaluated, with emphasis on hemolysin where Rottlerin showed a reduction of up to 20%. In the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis, Rottlerin was able to completely inhibit filamentation by C. albicans. Regarding in vivo tests, Rottlerin did not demonstrate toxicity at the therapeutic concentrations demonstrated here and was able to increase the survival of C. elegans larvae infected. The results herein presented are innovative and pioneering in terms of Rottlerin's multipotentiality against these fungal infections.

Chemical Composition of Extracts and Fractions from Miconia Ibaguensis (Melastomataceae) Leaves and Evaluation of Biological Activities.

The study aimed to assess the chemical composition of Miconia ibaguensis leaves extracts and fractions obtained from the ethanolic extract (EE), along with evaluating their antifungal, antibacterial, antidiabetic, and antioxidant activities. The ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) exhibited potent antifungal activity against Candida spp (1.95-3.90 µg mL-1) and potent antioxidant activity in the DPPH (1.74±0.07 µg mL-1), FRAP (654.01±42.09 µmol ETrolox/gsample), and ORAC (3698.88±37.28 µmol ETrolox/gsample) methods. The EE displayed inhibition against the α-amylase enzyme (8.42±0.05 µg mL-1). Flavonoids, hydrolysable tannins, triterpenoids, and phenolic acids, identified in the EE and fractions via (-)-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS analysis, were found to contribute to the species' biological activity potentially. These findings suggest promising avenues for further research and potential applications in pharmacology and natural products, offering new possibilities in the fight against global health issues.

In your CORT: Corticosterone and its receptors in the brain underlie mate choosiness in female Cope's gray treefrogs (Hyla chrysoscelis).

Selecting an attractive mate can involve trade-offs related to investment in sampling effort. Glucocorticoids like corticosterone (CORT) are involved in resolving energetic trade-offs. However, CORT is rarely studied in the context of mate choice, despite its elevated levels during reproductive readiness and the energetic transitions that characterize reproduction. Few systems are as well suited as anuran amphibians to evaluate how females resolve energetic trade-offs during mate choice. Phonotaxis tests provide a robust bioassay of mate choice that permit the precise measurement of inter-individual variation in traits such as choosiness-the willingness to pursue the most attractive mate despite costs. In Cope's gray treefrogs (Hyla chrysoscelis), females exhibit remarkable variation in circulating CORT as well as choosiness during mate choice, and a moderate dose of exogenous CORT rapidly (<1 h) and reliably induce large increases in choosiness. Here we measured the expression of glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid (MR) receptors in the brains of females previously treated with exogenous CORT and tested for mate choosiness. We report a large decrease in GR expression in the hindbrain and midbrain of females that were treated with the moderate dosage of CORT-the same treatment group that exhibited a dramatic increase in choosiness following CORT treatment. This association, however, does not appear to be causal, as only forebrain GR levels, which are not affected by CORT injection, are positively associated with variation in choosiness. No strong effects were found for MR. We discuss these findings and suggest future studies to test the influence of glucocorticoids on mate choice.

Polyalthic Acid from Copaifera lucens Demonstrates Anticariogenic and Antiparasitic Properties for Safe Use.

This study aimed at evaluating the potential of Copaifera lucens, specifically its oleoresin (CLO), extract (CECL), and the compound ent-polyalthic acid (PA), in combating caries and toxoplasmosis, while also assessing its toxicity. The study involved multiple assessments, including determining the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) against cariogenic bacteria. CLO and PA exhibited MIC and MBC values ranging from 25 to 50 µg/mL, whereas CECL showed values equal to or exceeding 400 µg/mL. PA also displayed antibiofilm activity with minimum inhibitory concentration of biofilm (MICB50) values spanning from 62.5 to 1000 µg/mL. Moreover, PA effectively hindered the intracellular proliferation of Toxoplasma gondii at 64 µg/mL, even after 24 h without treatment. Toxicological evaluations included in vitro tests on V79 cells, where concentrations ranged from 78.1 to 1250 µg/mL of PA reduced colony formation. Additionally, using the Caenorhabditis elegans model, the lethal concentration (LC50) of PA was determined as 1000 µg/mL after 48 h of incubation. Notably, no significant differences in micronucleus induction and the NDI were observed in cultures treated with 10, 20, or 40 µg/mL of CLO. These findings underscore the safety profile of CLO and PA, highlighting their potential as alternative treatments for caries and toxoplasmosis.

Dereplication of Lantana trifolia L. leaves and fruits by UFLC-DAD-(+)-ESI-MS/MS and its antifungal and cytotoxic activities.

INTRODUCTION: Lantana trifolia L. (Verbenaceae) is a shrubby plant. In folk medicine, its leaves are used in the form of infusions and syrups to treat angina, coughs, and colds; they are also applied as tranquilizer. Previous studies have reported the antimicrobial potential of the compounds present in L. trifolia leaves. OBJECTIVES: To report the anti-Candida activities of the fractions obtained from the fruits and leaves of two L. trifolia specimens. METHODS: The L. trifolia fractions were submitted to UFLC-DAD-(+)-ESI-MS/MS, and the data were analyzed by using multivariate statistical tools (PCA, PLS-DA) and spectral similarity analyses based on molecular networking, which aided dereplication of the bioactive compounds. Additionally, NMR analyses were performed to confirm the chemical structure of some of the major compounds in the fractions. RESULTS: The ethyl acetate fractions presented MIC values lower than 100 µg mL-1 against the three Candida strains evaluated herein (C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. glabrata). Fractions FrPo AcOEt, FrPe AcOEt, and FrPe nBut had MIC values of 1.46, 2.93, and 2.93 µg mL-1 against C. glabrata, respectively. These values resembled the MIC value of amphotericin B, the positive control (0.5-1.0 µg mL-1), against this same strain. Cytotoxicity was measured and used to calculate the selectivity index. CONCLUSION: On the basis of our data, the most active fractions in the antifungal assay were more selective against C. glabrata than against non-infected cells. The analytical approach adopted here allowed us to annotate 29 compounds, nine of which were bioactive (PLS-DA results) and belong to the class of phenolic compounds.

Influence of contextual factors and reliability of ultrasound skin measures in persons with systemic sclerosis and healthy controls.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the influence of contextual factors upon the evaluation of skin thickness and stiffness by ultrasound and to assess the reliability of these parameters. METHODS: Ultrasound dermal thickness (by B-mode, 18MHz) and skin stiffness (by shear-wave elastography, 9MHz) were assessed in persons with systemic sclerosis (SSc) and in healthy controls. The influence of contextual factors upon repeated measures was evaluated: (i) room temperature (16-17ºC vs. 22-24ºC); (ii) time of day (morning vs. afternoon), and (iii) menstrual cycle phase (menstrual vs. ovulatory). Differences were analysed using the related-samples Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Inter- and intra-rater reliability of ultrasound skin thickness and stiffness were evaluated in the 17 skin Rodnan sites of 20 persons with SSc and 20 healthy controls, under stable contextual conditions. RESULTS: A significant increase in ultrasound dermal thickness was observed at the leg in the afternoon vs morning, in both patients and controls. Similar observations were made for skin stiffness at the leg (in SSc) and at the foot (in SSc and controls) in the afternoon. No significant changes were observed in association with room temperature and menstrual cycle. Intra- and inter-rater-reliability was good to excellent for ultrasound dermal thickness and stiffness, both in SSc and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS: The timing of the ultrasound procedure within each day seems to influence the ultrasound measures at the legs and feet. Our study corroborates that ultrasound dermal thickness and skin stiffness are reliable domains to quantify skin involvement in SSc.

A Hybrid-Telerehabilitation Versus a Conventional Program for Urinary Incontinence: a Randomized Trial during COVID-19 Pandemic.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of a hybrid telerehabilitation program with a traditional face to face model in women with stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and mixed incontinence (MUI) with a predominance of SUI. The authors hypothesized that home pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) would have a similar benefit to outpatient PFMT. METHODS: Parallel randomized controlled trial including 58 patients consecutively admitted to a tertiary academic hospital for pelvic floor rehabilitation consultation from 1 January to 30 April 2021 for conservative treatment of UI. Participants randomized to the intervention were submitted to a 12-week PFMT program: (1) a hybrid telerehabilitation program of two individual face-to-face sessions followed by 2-weekly sessions of video-telerehabilitation with a follow-up by a specialized physiotherapist, including one individual face-to-face session at 8 weeks; (2) a re-evaluation teleconsultation at 6 and 16 weeks; (3) a face-to-face consultation at 12 weeks. The control group had two initial individual sessions followed by twice-weekly group classes, and consultations were face to face. The primary outcome measure (at baseline and 12 weeks) was UI-related quality of life using the Portuguese Version of the King's Health Questionnaire. RESULTS: At baseline the intervention (n = 18) and control (n = 17) groups were similar. UI-related quality of life significantly improved in both the intervention and control groups betweenbaseline (T0) and the end of the 12-week PFMT program (T12) (p = 0.002, p < 0.001, respectively), although the magnitude of the improvement was not significantly different between groups (-10.0 vs. -9.5 points, p = 0.918, respectively). CONCLUSION: This hybrid telerehabilitation protocol showed effectiveness comparable to the traditional model in improving UI-related quality of life. Trial registration at www. CLINICALTRIALS: gov , no. NCT05114395.

Potential in vitro anti-periodontopathogenic, anti-Chikungunya activities and in vivo toxicity of Brazilian red propolis.

Bacterial and viral infections are serious public health issue. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial, antibiofilm and antiviral potential of the Brazilian Red Propolis (BRP) crude hydroalcoholic extract, fractions, and isolated compounds, as well as their in vivo toxicity. The antibacterial activity was evaluated by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and the antibiofilm activity by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Biofilm (MICB50). The viable bacteria count (Log10 UFC/mL) was also obtained. The antiviral assays were performed by infecting BHK-21 cells with Chikungunya (CHIKV) nanoluc. The toxicity of the BRP was evaluated in the Caenorhabditis elegans animal model. The MIC values for the crude hydroalcoholic extract sample ranged from 3.12 to 100 µg/mL, while fractions and isolated compounds the MIC values ranged from 1.56 to 400 µg/mL.The BRP crude hydroalcoholic extract, oblongifolin B, and gutiferone E presented MICB50 values ranging from 1.56 to 100 µg/mL against monospecies and multispecies biofilms. Neovestitol and vestitol inhibited CHIKV infection by 93.5 and 96.7%, respectively. The tests to evaluate toxicity in C. elegans demonstrated that the BRP was not toxic below the concentrations 750 µg/mL. The results constitute an alternative approach for treating various infectious diseases.

Brazilian Red Propolis Presents Promising Anti-H. pylori Activity in In Vitro and In Vivo Assays with the Ability to Modulate the Immune Response.

Helicobacter pylori is a Gram-negative, microaerophilic, curved-rod, flagellated bacterium commonly found in the stomach mucosa and associated with different gastrointestinal diseases. With high levels of prevalence worldwide, it has developed resistance to the antibiotics used in its therapy. Brazilian red propolis has been studied due to its biological properties, and in the literature, it has shown promising antibacterial activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate anti-H. pylori from the crude hydroalcoholic extract of Brazilian red propolis (CHEBRP). For this, in vitro determination of the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration (MIC/MBC) and synergistic activity and in vivo, microbiological, and histopathological analyses using Wistar rats were carried out using CHEBRP against H. pylori strains (ATCC 46523 and clinical isolate). CHEBRP presented MIC/MBC of 50 and 100 µg/mL against H. pylori strains (ATCC 43526 and clinical isolate, respectively) and tetracycline MIC/MBC of 0.74 µg/mL. The association of CHEBRP with tetracycline had an indifferent effect. In the stomach mucosa of rats, all treatments performed significantly decreased the number of H. pylori, and a concentration of 300 mg/kg was able to modulate the inflammatory response in the tissue. Therefore, CHEBRP showed promising anti-H. pylori in in vitro and in vivo assays.

Detection of Waterborne and Airborne Microorganisms in a Rodent Facility.

This study aimed to evaluate the air and water contamination level and to identify the microbes isolated from a rodent facility located at the Federal University of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Colony forming units (CFU) per milliliter was used for monitoring water quantitatively; CFU per cubic meter was used for air monitoring. The isolated colonies were identified for qualitative monitoring. Due to absence of specific parameters for these facilities, the results were analyzed according to Brazilian and international standards, depending on which best suited each sample. The mean total number of microorganisms in water ranged from 0.015 ± 0.02 to 0.999 ± 0.91 CFU/mL. The number of microorganisms in air ranged from 9.1 ± 4.6 to 351.56 ± 158.2 CFU/m³. Forty-one microorganisms identified in the samples obtained from the rodent facility were potentially pathogenic or opportunistic for animals and humans (e.g., Corynebacterium spp.). We concluded that the water and air samples were contaminated with potentially pathogenic or opportunistic microorganisms that can harm rodents and humans. On the basis of our observations, specific sanitary standards suitable for these facilities should be developed for controlling microbial contamination, which will prevent zoonosis and ensure the reliability of scientific results obtained from animal experiments.

Physicochemical Profile, Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activities of Honeys Produced in Minas Gerais (Brazil).

Honeys can be classified as polyfloral or monofloral and have been extensively studied due to an increased interest in their consumption. There is concern with the correct identification of their flowering, the use of analyses that guarantee their physicochemical quality and the quantification of some compounds such as phenolics, to determine their antioxidant and antimicrobial action. This study aims at botanical identification, physicochemical analyses, and the determination of total polyphenols, chromatographic profile and antiradical and antimicrobial activity of honey from different regions of Minas Gerais. Seven different samples were analyzed for the presence of pollen, and color determination. The physicochemical analyses performed were total acidity, moisture, HMF, reducing sugar, and apparent sucrose. The compound profile was determined by UHPLC/MS, the determination of total phenolics and antiradical activity (DPPH method) were performed by spectrophotometry, and minimum inhibitory and bacterial concentrations were determined for cariogenic bacteria. All honey samples met the quality standards required by international legislation, twenty compounds were detected as the main ones, the polyfloral honey was the only honey that inhibited all of the bacteria tested. Sample M6 (Coffee) was the one with the highest amount of total polyphenols, while the lowest was M4 (Cipó-uva). Regarding the antioxidant activity, M5 (Velame) had the best result and M4 (Cipó-uva) was the one that least inhibited oxidation. Of the polyfloral honeys, there was not as high a concentration of phenolic compounds as in the others. Coffee, Aroeira, Velame and Polyfloral have the best anti-radical actions. Betônica, Aroeira, Cipó-uva and Pequi inhibited only some bacteria. The best bacterial inhibition results are from Polyfloral.

Antibacterial activity of Brazilian red propolis and in vitro evaluation of free radical production.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of crude Brazilian red propolis (BRP) extract against anaerobic bacteria involved in primary endodontic infection. Additionally, we evaluate the cell viability and free radical production of human dental pulp fibroblasts (HDPF) in direct contact with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and BRP. DESIGN: The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MIC, MBC) and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of Biofilm (MICB50) of BRP against anaerobic endodontic pathogens were determined. HDPF were exposed to BRP10 (10 µg/mL), BRP50 (50 µg/mL), MTA extract (1:1, 1:2, 1:4 e 1:8), dimethyl sulfoxide 0.5% (DMSO), and cell culture medium (DMEM). The groups were tested for cell viability (MTT assay), and free radical production (reactive oxygen species - ROS, DCFH-DA probe and nitric oxide - NO, Griess reagent). The one-way ANOVA and Tukey's tests were employed at a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: MIC/MBC values of BRP performed antibacterial activity for Parvimonas micra (6.25/6.25 µg/mL), Fusobacterium nucleatum (25/25 µg/mL), Prevotella melaninogenica (50/100 µg/mL), Prevotella nigrescens (50/100 µg/mL), Prevotella intermedia (50/100 µg/mL), and Porphyromonas gingivalis (50/200 µg/mL). The MICB50 values ranged from 1.56 to 50 µg/mL. BRP and MTA stimulated cell viability, emphasizing BRP10 (p = 0.007). Furthermore, it was observed that MTA 1:1, MTA 1:2, and BRP50 slightly increased ROS (p < 0.001) and NO production (p = 0.008, p = 0.007, and p < 0.001 respectively) compared to DMEM group. CONCLUSIONS: BRP exhibits good antibacterial activity against endodontic pathogens, and both BRP and MTA promote the viability of HDPF without increasing NO and ROS production.

Shear-Wave Elastography Evaluation of Major Salivary Glands in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: Salivary glands ultrasonography has recently been shown to be useful in the diagnosis of Primary Sjögren's Syndrome (pSS). Shear-wave elastography (SWE) is a promising tool for the quantitative assessment of tissues stiffness, but studies evaluating its role in pSS diagnosis are limited. This study aimed at investigating the diagnostic performance of SWE in pSS. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional study including patients fulfilling the 2016 ACR/EULAR classification criteria for pSS and healthy subjects. The four major salivary glands were assessed using SGUS. B-mode scans were rated using the Hocevar score, and shear-wave velocity (SWV) values were obtained using SWE. Intraclass-correlation coefficient (ICC) estimates were used to assess reliability. Cut-off values for differentiating pSS patients from healthy subjects were calculated using Receiver-Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves. RESULTS: We included 50 pSS and 25 healthy subjects. Inter-rater reliability of SWE was moderate (ICC=0.64) and intra-rater reliability was moderate to good (ICC= 0.73 to 0.83). Total SWV (2.09 m/s (0.32); p < 0.001), parotid SWV (2.25 m/s (0.40)) and submandibular SWV (1.92 m/s (0.38)) were significantly higher in pSS patients. Total and parotid SWV presented good diagnostic performance for pSS diagnosis (AUROC= 0.80 and 0.81, respectively). The Hocevar score demonstrated excellent diagnostic performance (AUROC= 0.98) and combining it with total SWV did not result in statistically significant improvement (p=0.301). CONCLUSIONS: SWE may contribute to the diagnosis of pSS. Large prospective studies including sicca and secondary SS patients, as well as the standardisation of SWE protocols, are warranted to assess the role of SWE in pSS management.

In vitro evaluation of the antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of the Euclea natalensis crude extract and fractions against oral infection agents.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed (i) to evaluate the antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of the crude extract and fractions obtained from Euclea natalensis A.D.C. roots against bacteria that cause periodontal disease and caries and (ii) to identify the isolated compounds. DESIGN: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the extract and fractions were determined by the microplate dilution assay. The cytotoxicity of the extract and fractions was evaluated by using the XTT colorimetric assay and normal human fibroblast cells (GM07492A, lung fibroblasts). The compounds present in the most promising fraction were determined by qualitative analysis through liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS-ESI). RESULTS: The MIC results ranged from 25 to > 400 µg/mL for the extract and from 1.56 to > 400 µg/mL for the fractions. To evaluate cytotoxicity, the tested concentrations of the extract and fractions ranged from 19.5 to 2500 µg/mL; IC50 values between 625 and 1250 µg/mL were obtained. Analysis of the main bioactive fraction by HPLC-MS-ESI identified phenolic acids, coumarins, naphthoquinones, lignans, and fatty acids. CONCLUSIONS: The E. natalensis root extract and fractions displayed good antibacterial activity against periodontal pathogenic and cariogenic bacteria. The antibacterial activity may be due to compounds present in the extract and fractions, which also showed low cytotoxicity to normal human cells. These data are relevant and encourage further research into this plant species, which may contribute to the discovery of new herbal medicines that will help to mitigate the problems caused by oral pathogenic bacteria.

Anticariogenic Activity of Three Essential Oils from Brazilian Piperaceae.

The current trend toward using natural food additives, cosmetics, and medicines has motivated industries to substitute synthetic compounds for natural products. Essential oils (EOs) from medicinal plants are a well-known source of chemical compounds that display several interesting biological activities, including antimicrobial action. In this study, we investigated the antibacterial activity of EOs extracted from three Piperaceae species collected in the Brazilian Amazon region against a representative panel of cariogenic bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the essential oils extracted from Peperomia pellucida (PP-EO), Piper marginatum (PM-EO), and Piper callosum (PC-EO) was determined against Streptococcus mutans, S. mitis, S. sanguinis, S. salivarius, S. sobrinus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Lactobacillus casei by using the microplate microdilution method. PM-EO, PC-EO, and PP-EO displayed antibacterial activity against all the tested cariogenic bacteria. PM-EO displayed the best inhibitory activity, with MIC values ranging from 50 to 500 µg/mL. The lowest MIC values were obtained for PM-EO against S. mitis (MIC = 75 µg/mL), Lactobacillus casei (MIC = 50 µg/mL), and S. mutans (MIC = 50 µg/mL). Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis allowed the chemical composition of all the EOs to be identified. The main constituents of PM-EO, PC-EO, and PP-EO were 3,4-(methylenedioxy)propiophenone, α-pinene, and dillapiole, respectively. Finally, the compounds that were exclusively detected in PM-EO are highlighted. Our results suggest that PM-EO may be used in products for treating dental caries and periodontal diseases.

Chalcones with potential antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against periodontopathogenic bacteria.

OBJECTIVES: Periodontitis is a pathology resulting from complex interaction of microorganisms in the dental biofilm with the host's immune system. Increased use of antibiotics associated with their inappropriate use has increased resistance levels in anaerobic bacteria. Therefore, identifying new antimicrobial compounds, such as chalcones, is urgent. This study evaluates the antibacterial activity and the antibiofilm activity of 15 chalcones against the periodontopathogenic bacteria Prevotella nigrescens (ATCC 33563), P. oralis (ATCC 33269), Peptostreptococcus anaerobius (ATCC 27337), Actinomyces viscosus (ATCC 43146), Porphyromonas asaccharolytica (ATCC 25260), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (ATCC 25586). METHODS: The compounds were evaluated by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) tests. RESULTS: Compounds 1-6 showed good antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against most of the evaluated bacteria: MIC was lower than or equal to 6.25 µg/mL, biofilm biomass was reduced by 95%, and the compounds at concentrations between 0.78 and 100 µg/mL totally inhibited cell viability. Among the tested chalcones, 3 stood out: it was effective against all the bacteria, as revealed by the MIC and MBIC results. CONCLUSIONS: Our results have consolidated a base for the development of new studies on the effects of the tested chalcones as agents to combat and to prevent periodontitis.

Neural activity patterns differ between learning contexts in a social fish.

Learning and decision-making are greatly influenced by context. When navigating a complex social world, individuals must quickly ascertain where to gain important resources and which group members are useful sources of such information. Such dynamic behavioural processes require neural mechanisms that are flexible across contexts. Here we examine how the social context influences the learning response during a cue discrimination task and the neural activity patterns that underlie acquisition of this novel information. Using the cichlid fish, Astatotilapia burtoni, we show that learning of the task is faster in social groups than in a non-social context. We quantify the neural activity patterns by examining the expression of Fos, an immediate-early gene, across brain regions known to play a role in social behaviour and learning (such as the putative teleost homologues of the mammalian hippocampus, basolateral amygdala and medial amygdala/BNST complex). We find that neural activity patterns differ between social and non-social contexts. Taken together, our results suggest that while the same brain regions may be involved in the learning of a cue association, the activity in each region reflects an individual's social context.

Platelet-Rich Plasma Injection Associated With Microtenotomy in Lateral Epicondylitis - is a Tendon Tear Associated with the Therapeutic Response?

Objective Ultrasound-guided platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections, as well as needle tenotomy, are becoming increasingly popular in the treatment of epicondylitis. Whether ultrasound (US) findings predict the clinical benefit of these techniques is unclear at the moment. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the presence of tendon tear assessed by US and the therapeutic response of the PRP injection following needle microtenotomy in patients with epicondylitis. Methodology This is a retrospective observational study. Twenty-six patients with chronic (>three months) lateral epicondylitis recalcitrant to conservative treatment or corticosteroid injection. Patients underwent US-guided microtenotomy followed by PRP injection. Data regarding gender, age, US findings at baseline, and numeric pain rating scale (NPRS) scores before and after intervention were collected. Pain improvement rates were calculated at several follow-up time points, namely one, three, six, and 12 months post-intervention. Results are stated as mean ± standard deviation. Results At the time of intervention, the mean age was 47.6±6.5 years, and 57.7% of patients were men. Overall, the mean initial NPRS score was 7.5±1.2, and there were no statistically significant differences in mean initial NPRS scores between the groups with or without tendon tear on the US imaging. The mean improvement rate at one, three, and six months was similar between patients with and without tendon tear. However, a statistically significant difference was observed at 12 months (73.1±37.6% vs. 16.0±21.9, p=0.029).  Conclusions Patients with tendon tear demonstrated a higher pain improvement rate at 12 months follow-up. This finding could predict the clinical response to this technique, thus allowing a better selection of the candidates.