RESUMEN
Mangrove plants are specialised plants that grow in the tidal coasts of tropic and subtropic regions of the world. Their unique ecology and traditional medicinal uses of mangrove plants have attracted the attention of researchers over the years, and as a result, reports on biological activity of mangrove plants have increased significantly in recent years. This review has been set out to compile and appraise the results on antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activity of mangrove plants. While the Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar, and PubMed were the starting points to gather information, other pieces of relevant published literature were also adequately explored for this purpose. A total of 29 reports on 17 plant species have been found to report such activities. While 19 reports were on the biological activity of the crude extracts, 10 reports identified the active compound(s) of various chemical classes of natural products including terpenes, steroids, and flavonoids. This review finds that antinociceptive, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic activity appears to be widespread in mangrove plants.
RESUMEN
Since the publication of the review by Li and Dias in 1997, which covered almost all steroid dimers known to us until the early part of 1997, there have been significant amounts of work carried out on steroid dimers, and another review on this topic has long been overdue. Thus, this review presents a comprehensive review of literature published over the last decade on various aspects of steroid dimers, including synthesis and applications. Steroid dimers that were published before 1997 but were not covered within the previous review have also been included.
Asunto(s)
Esteroides/química , Animales , Anticolesterolemiantes/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Dimerización , Humanos , Fenazinas/química , Compuestos de Espiro/química , Esteroides/síntesis químicaRESUMEN
Preparative reversed-phase HPLC analysis of the methanol extract of the aerial parts of Chrozophora tinctoria (Euphorbiaceae) yielded five flavonoid glycosides, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (1, rutin), acacetin 7-O-rutinoside (2), apigenin 7-O-b-D-[(6-p-coumaroyl)]-glucopyranoside (3), apigenin 7-O- b-D-glucopyranoside (4) and apigenin 7-O-b-D-[6-(3,4-dihydroxybenzoyl)]-glucopyranoside (named, chrozophorin, 5), the last one being a new natural product. The structures of these compounds were elucidated unambiguously by UV spectroscopic analyses using shift reagents, ESIMS, and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques. The free-radical scavenging activity of the methanol extract (RC50 = 2.24 x 10-1 mg/mL) as well as the isolated compounds (1-5) (RC50 = 4.38 x 10-3, 2.26 x 10-2, 7.69 x 10-4, 8.71 x 10-3 and 3.19 x 10-4 mg/mL, respectively) were assessed by the DPPH assay.
Análise das partes aéreas de Chrozophora tinctoria (Euphorbiaceae) através de HPLC preparativa com coluna de fase reversa produziu cinco glicosídeos de flavonóides, quercetina 3-O-rutinosídeo (1, rutina), acacetina 7-O-rutinosídeo (2), apigenina 7-O-b-D-[(6-p-cumaroil)]-glicopiranosídeo (3), apigenina 7-O-b-D-glicopiranosídeo (4) e apigenina 7-O-b-D-[-(3,4-diidroxibenzoil)]-glicopiranosídeo (chamado crozoforina, 5), sendo o último um novo produto natural. As estruturas dessas substâncias foram inequivocamente elucidadas por análise de espectrofotometria de UV com o uso de reagentes de deslocamento, ESIMS, e técnicas de RMN 1D e 2D. A atividade de captura de radicais livres do extrato metanólico (RC50 = 2,24 x 10-1 mg/mL) bem como das substâncias isoladas (1-5) (RC50 = 4,38 x 10-3, 2,26 x 10-2, 7,69 x 10-4, 8,71 x 10-3 e 3,19 x 10-4 mg/mL, respectivamente) foram analisados pelo método DPPH.
RESUMEN
The methanol extract of the leaves of Pandanus foetidus Roxb. (Pandanaceae) was assessed for neuropharmacological activities in mice using a number of experimental models. The extract dose-dependently inhibited acetic acid-induced writhing in mice when given at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body weight. At the same dose levels, it significantly prolonged the pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time in mice, and showed mild to moderate central nervous system depressant activity when assessed by the hole cross and the open field tests in mice model. On the basis of these findings, it can be assumed that the extract exerts its depressant effect on the central nervous system in mice by interfering with the cortical function.
Asunto(s)
Pandanaceae/química , Psicotrópicos/farmacología , Ácido Acético , Analgésicos/farmacología , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Femenino , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/farmacología , Masculino , Ratones , Actividad Motora/efectos de los fármacos , Dolor/inducido químicamente , Dolor/prevención & control , Dimensión del Dolor/efectos de los fármacos , Pentobarbital/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Hojas de la Planta/química , Desempeño Psicomotor/efectos de los fármacos , Psicotrópicos/aislamiento & purificación , Sueño/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Preparative reversed-phase HPLC analysis of the methanol extract of the aerial parts of Stachys bombycina (Lamiaceae) afforded two acylated flavonoids glycosides, chrysoeriol 7-O-[6-O-acetyl-beta-D-allopyranosyl]-(1 --> 2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside (1) and apigenin 7-O-beta-D-(6-p-coumaroyl)-glucopyranoside (2), the former being a new natural product. The structures of these compounds were elucidated unambiguously by UV spectroscopic analyses using shift reagents, ESIMS, and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques. The free radical scavenging activity of 1 and 2 compounds were assessed by DPPH assay, and the RC50 values were 1.25 x 10(-2) and 7.69 x 10(-4) mg/mL, respectively.
Asunto(s)
Apigenina/química , Flavonoides/farmacología , Depuradores de Radicales Libres , Glicósidos/química , Stachys/química , Acilación , Área Bajo la Curva , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Flavonas , Flavonoides/química , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de ElectrosprayRESUMEN
In addition to three known phytoecdysteroids, a new phenolic glycoside (named, chenoalbuside) was isolated from the methanol extract of the seeds of Chenopodium album. While the structures of all phytoecdysteroids were elucidated by direct comparison of their spectroscopic data with published data, the structure of chenoalbuside was determined unequivocally by a combination of UV, MS and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses. The antioxidant potential of the new compound was assessed by the DPPH assay, and the RC50 value was found to be 1.4 x 10-4 mg/mL.
RESUMEN
The methanol (MeOH) extract of the barks of Xylocarpus moluccensis, and different fractions of this extract were studied for antidiarrhoeal activity using castor oil- and magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhoea models in mice. At the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, the MeOH extract showed significant antidiarrhoeal activity in both models. The EtOAc fraction (EAF) and the residual MeOH fraction (RMF) exhibited similar activity using a dose of 250 mg/kg in both models. No antidiarrhoeal activity was observed with the chloroform fraction (CHF) at the test doses. When tested for antibacterial effect, the MeOH extract displayed moderate inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholera, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermis, Shigella dysentery, Staphylococcus pyogenes, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter aerogenes. While the CHF inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella dysenteriae, Shigella sonnei, Staphylococcus epidermis, Staphylococcus pyogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the EAF was active against all test organisms except Vibrio cholera and Staphylococcus epidermis. The RMF inhibited the growth of all the test organisms with moderate zone of inhibition. On the basis of these findings, it can be assumed that Xylocarpus moluccensis could be a potential source for novel 'lead' discovery for antidiarrhoeal drug development.
Asunto(s)
Antidiarreicos/uso terapéutico , Diarrea/tratamiento farmacológico , Meliaceae , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Animales , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Aceite de Ricino , Femenino , Motilidad Gastrointestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Sulfato de Magnesio , Masculino , RatonesRESUMEN
The n-butanol soluble part and four chromatographic fractions of the aqueous ethanolic extract of the leaves of Daniellia oliveri were investigated for antimicrobial properties. All fractions showed activity against Staphylococcus aureus. A chromatographic fraction showed significant activity against the fungus Tricophyton rubrum.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Caesalpinia , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Antifúngicos/administración & dosificación , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Corteza de la Planta , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Hojas de la Planta , Staphylococcus aureus/efectos de los fármacos , Trichophyton/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
More than 60 species of medicinal plants belong to the genus Angelica (Family: Apiaceae). Many of these species have long been used in ancient traditional medicine systems, especially in the far-east. Various herbal preparations containing Angelica species are available over-the-counter, not only in the far-eastern countries, but also in the western countries like USA, UK, Germany, etc. For centuries, many species of this genus, e.g. A. acutiloba, A. archangelica, A. atropupurea, A. dahurica, A. japonica, A. glauca, A. gigas, A. koreana, A. sinensis, A. sylvestris, etc., have been used traditionally as anti-inflammatory, diuretic, expectorant and diaphoretic, and remedy for colds, flu, influenza, hepatitis, arthritis, indigestion, coughs, chronic bronchitis, pleurisy, typhoid, headaches, wind, fever, colic, travel sickness, rheumatism, bacterial and fungal infections and diseases of the urinary organs. Active principles isolated from these plants mainly include various types of coumarins, acetylenic compounds, chalcones, sesquiterpenes and polysaccharides. This review evaluates the importance of the genus Angelica in relation to its traditional medicinal uses, alternative medicinal uses in the modern society and potential for drug development, and summarises results of various scientific studies on Angelica species or Angelica-containing preparations for their bioactivities including, antimicrobial, anticancer, antitumour, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, etc.
Asunto(s)
Angelica/química , Angelica/clasificación , Factores Biológicos/uso terapéutico , Factores Biológicos/aislamiento & purificación , Factores Biológicos/farmacología , Terapias Complementarias/métodos , Terapias Complementarias/tendencias , Humanos , Medicina Tradicional , Fitoterapia/tendencias , Plantas Medicinales/química , Plantas Medicinales/clasificaciónRESUMEN
Analgesic, antiinflammatory and CNS depressant activities of four sesquiterpenes, viscosumic acid, viscozulenic acid, viscoazucine and viscoazulone, and a flavonoid glycoside, quercetin-3-O-(6''-feruloyl)-beta-D-galactopyranoside isolated form the aerial parts of Polygonum viscosum (Polygonaceae) have been assessed. All test compounds exhibited CNS depressant activity in open field test, all but viscoazulone showed analgesic activity in Eddy's hot plate test, all sesquiterpenes inhibited acetic acid induced abdominal writhing in mice, and all but viscoazucine and the flavonoid glycoside exhibited mild to moderate antiinflammatory effect on carrageenan induced rat paw edema.
Asunto(s)
Analgésicos/farmacología , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Depresores del Sistema Nervioso Central/farmacología , Flavonoides/farmacología , Polygonum/química , Sesquiterpenos/farmacología , Ácido Acético , Analgésicos/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , Antiinflamatorios/aislamiento & purificación , Carragenina , Depresores del Sistema Nervioso Central/aislamiento & purificación , Edema/inducido químicamente , Edema/prevención & control , Flavonoides/aislamiento & purificación , Glicósidos/aislamiento & purificación , Glicósidos/farmacología , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Espectrometría de Masas , Ratones , Actividad Motora/efectos de los fármacos , Dimensión del Dolor/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/química , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Tiempo de Reacción/efectos de los fármacos , Sesquiterpenos/aislamiento & purificación , Espectrofotometría Infrarroja , Espectrofotometría UltravioletaRESUMEN
Comparative studies on the antibacterial and free radical scavenging activities of the n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extracts of the seeds of Prunus padus and P. spinosa have been carried out. General toxicity of these extracts has also been determined.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Prunus , Animales , Antiinfecciosos/administración & dosificación , Antiinfecciosos/uso terapéutico , Artemia/efectos de los fármacos , Compuestos de Bifenilo , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/química , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Picratos/química , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
A new bitter acylated iridoid glucoside, 2'-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyloxy)-7-ketologanin (1), has been isolated from the leaves of Gentiana kurroo. The structure of the compound was elucidated conclusively by chemical analysis, and extensive 1D and 2D NMR experiments.
Asunto(s)
Gentiana/química , Glucósidos/química , Iridoides/química , Cromatografía en Capa Delgada , Indicadores y Reactivos , Glucósidos Iridoides , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Extractos Vegetales/química , Hojas de la Planta/química , Espectrofotometría UltravioletaRESUMEN
Two serotonin conjugates, N-(trans-p-coumaroyl)-serotonin (1) and N-(trans-feruloyl)-serotonin (maoschamine, 2), isolated from the methanol extract of the seeds of Centaurea nigra, have been assessed for antibacterial and free radical scavenging activities. The general toxicity of 1 and 2 has also been determined by the brine shrimp lethality bioassay.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Centaurea , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/farmacología , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Artemia/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Semillas , Serotonina/químicaRESUMEN
As part of our on-going search for bioactive compounds from Scottish plants, two secoiridoid glycosides, swertiamarin and sweroside, have been isolated from the aerial parts of Centaurium erythraea Rafn (Family: Gentianaceae) by reversed-phase preparative HPLC coupled with a photo-diode-array detector. The structures of these compounds were elucidated unambiguously by UV, FABMS and extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic analyses and also by comparing experimental data with literature data. Antibacterial, free radical scavenging activities and general toxicity of these glycosides have been assessed. Both compounds inhibited the growth of Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Citrobacter freundii and Escherichia coli. While swertiamarin was also active against Proteus mirabilis and Serratia marcescens, sweroside inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Swertiamarin and sweroside exhibited significant general toxicity in brine shrimp lethality bioassay and the LD50 values were 8.0 microg/ml and 34 microg/ml, respectively, whereas that of the positive control podophyllotoxin, a well known cytotoxic lignan, was 2.79 microg/ml. Chemotaxonomic implications of these compounds in the family Gentianaceae have also been discussed briefly.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Centaurium , Glucósidos/farmacología , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Iridoides/farmacología , Fitoterapia , Pironas/farmacología , Animales , Antibacterianos/química , Artemia , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Glucósidos/química , Humanos , Glucósidos Iridoides , Iridoides/química , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Pironas/químicaRESUMEN
The n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extracts of the seeds of Euonymus europaeus have been screened for antibacterial and free radical scavenging activity. General toxicity (brine shrimp lethality assay) of these extracts has also been assessed.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Euonymus , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/farmacología , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Artemia/efectos de los fármacos , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/administración & dosificación , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , SemillasRESUMEN
(+)-Catechin, 3,4-dimethoxycinnamyl alcohol and 3,4,5-trimethoxycinnamyl alcohol were isolated from the barks of Loranthus globosus. All compounds showed significant antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Loranthaceae , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Antibacterianos , Antiinfecciosos/administración & dosificación , Antiinfecciosos/uso terapéutico , Antifúngicos/administración & dosificación , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Artemia/efectos de los fármacos , Aspergillus flavus/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Corteza de la Planta , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Rhizopus/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
n-Hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extracts of the seeds of Agrimonia eupatoria have been assessed for antibacterial and free radical scavenging activity.
Asunto(s)
Agrimonia , Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/farmacología , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Antiinfecciosos/administración & dosificación , Antiinfecciosos/uso terapéutico , Compuestos de Bifenilo , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/administración & dosificación , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Picratos , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , SemillasRESUMEN
Gentiopicroside (1), a secoiridoid glycoside isolated from the methanol extract of the aerial parts of Centaurium erythraea, has been assessed for antibacterial and free radical scavenging activities. General toxicity of 1 has also been determined by brine shrimp lethality bioassay.
Asunto(s)
Antiinfecciosos/farmacología , Centaurium , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/farmacología , Glucósidos/farmacología , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Iridoides/farmacología , Fitoterapia , Piranos/farmacología , Animales , Antiinfecciosos/administración & dosificación , Antiinfecciosos/uso terapéutico , Artemia/efectos de los fármacos , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/administración & dosificación , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/uso terapéutico , Glucósidos/administración & dosificación , Glucósidos/uso terapéutico , Glucósidos Iridoides , Iridoides/administración & dosificación , Iridoides/uso terapéutico , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Piranos/administración & dosificación , Piranos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
The n-hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extracts of the aerial parts of Glechoma hederacea have been screened for antibacterial and free radical scavenging activity. General toxicity (brine shrimp lethality assay) of these extracts has also been assessed.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Depuradores de Radicales Libres/farmacología , Lamiaceae/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad MicrobianaRESUMEN
Gradient enhanced nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy (GOESY) has been applied in the structural elucidation of five plant secondary metabolites: eucalyptin, arctigenin, 5-geranyloxy-7-methoxycoumarin, 2,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxyisovalerophenone and N-feruloyltyramine. The importance and sensitivity of this technique in structure elucidation of plant secondary metabolites are discussed.