RESUMEN
Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) therapy has been becoming popular for the treatment of musculotendinous injuries among athletes. However, for individual and practical variations, clinical success is hardly predictable. To overcome this difficulty, we have been exploring possible criterion candidates for monitoring its clinical effectiveness. In this study, we focused on sex-based differences in young elite athletes and compared the biochemical compositions of their PRP. Leukocyte-rich PRP (L-PRP) was manually prepared from blood samples collected from male professional soccer players (mPSPs) (n = 25) and female college athletes (fCAs) (n = 36). Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), transforming-growth factor-ß1 (TGFß1), platelet factor-4 (PF4), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The levels of PDGF-BB, TGFß1, and PF4 in L-PRP were significantly higher in mPSPs than in fCAs. Conversely, IL-1ß and IL-1RA were detected at significantly and slightly higher levels, respectively, in fCAs than in mPSPs. Our findings suggest that, even though L-PRP from fCAs may have lower potential to induce cell growth and differentiation than that of mPSPs, due to the latter's higher capacity to control inflammation, it does not necessarily imply that PRP treatment in fCAs is less effective. Thus, these cytokine levels should be checked before PRP therapy.
Asunto(s)
Proteína Antagonista del Receptor de Interleucina 1 , Interleucina-1beta , Plasma Rico en Plaquetas , Fútbol , Femenino , Humanos , Masculino , Becaplermina , Proteína Antagonista del Receptor de Interleucina 1/sangre , Proteína Antagonista del Receptor de Interleucina 1/química , Interleucina-1beta/sangre , Interleucina-1beta/química , Leucocitos , Factor Plaquetario 4 , Plasma Rico en Plaquetas/química , Receptores de Interleucina-1 , Fútbol/fisiología , Factor de Crecimiento Transformador beta1RESUMEN
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been increasingly used in sports medicine owing to its various advantages. The purpose of our project was to standardize the parameters before performing large-scale clinical trials in the near future to precisely evaluate individual PRP quality. To examine the effects of regular exercise on PRP quality, this study focused on young female athletes, who have been relatively less studied. Blood samples were obtained from female college athletes (n = 35) and ordinary healthy adults (n = 30), which were considered as controls, and leukocyte-rich PRP (L-PRP) was prepared manually. Body composition indices were determined using a bathroom weight scale equipped with an impedance meter. Growth factors and cytokines were quantified using ELISA kits. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and Transforming-growth factors ß1 (TGFß1) levels (per platelet) in L-PRP were significantly lower in female athletes than in controls. In contrast, Interleukin-1ß and Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) levels (per platelet and L-PRP) in L-PRP were significantly higher in athletes, and this difference was more prominent in IL-1RA. These findings suggest that L-PRP from athletes may facilitate the inflammatory phase of the healing process by regulating the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory balance. These chemical compositions can be adopted as "must-check" parameters to characterize individual PRP preparations prior to clinical trials.
Asunto(s)
Citocinas , Plasma Rico en Plaquetas , Adulto , Femenino , Humanos , Proteína Antagonista del Receptor de Interleucina 1 , Estudios Transversales , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular , Antiinflamatorios , Atletas , Leucocitos , Estudios de CohortesRESUMEN
The effect of repetitive training on learned behavior has been an important subject in neuroscience. In instrumental conditioning in mammals, learned action early in training is often goal-driven and controlled by outcome expectancy, but as training progresses, it becomes more habitual and insensitive to outcome devaluation. Similarly, we recently showed in Pavlovian conditioning in crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) that a conditioned response (CR) is initially sensitive to devaluation of the unconditioned stimulus but becomes insensitive to it after extended training. It is known that habitual responses after extended instrumental training are characterized by a higher context specificity than are initial goal-directed actions in mammals. In this study, we investigated whether this is applicable to Pavlovian conditioning in crickets. In crickets that received a standard amount of training to associate an odor with water reward under illumination, CR under illumination was stronger than that in the dark. In crickets that received extended training under illumination, on the other hand, the level of CR did not differ in different light conditions. Further experiments confirmed that context specificity decreases with the development of behavioral automaticity by extended training, as opposed to findings in instrumental training in mammals. We conclude that the nature of habitual behaviors after extended training differs in different learning systems of animals.
Asunto(s)
Conducta Animal/fisiología , Condicionamiento Clásico/fisiología , Condicionamiento Operante/fisiología , Práctica Psicológica , Animales , GryllidaeRESUMEN
The effect of repetitive training on learned actions has been a major subject in behavioural neuroscience. Many studies of instrumental conditioning in mammals, including humans, suggested that learned actions early in training are goal-driven and controlled by outcome expectancy, but they become more automatic and insensitive to reduction in the value of the outcome after extended training. It was unknown, however, whether the development of value-insensitive behaviour also occurs by extended training of Pavlovian conditioning in any animals. Here we show that crickets Gryllus bimaculatus that had received minimal training to associate an odour with water (unconditioned stimulus, US) did not exhibit conditioned response (CR) to the odour when they were given water until satiation before the test, but those that had received extended training exhibited CR even when they were satiated with water. Further pharmacological experiments suggested that octopamine neurons, the invertebrate counterparts of noradrenaline neurons, mediate US value signals and control execution of CR after minimal training, but the control diminishes with the progress of training and hence the CR becomes insensitive to US devaluation. The results suggest that repetitive sensory experiences can lead to a change from a goal-driven response to a more automatic one in crickets.
Asunto(s)
Condicionamiento Clásico , Condicionamiento Operante , Gryllidae/fisiología , Motivación , Odorantes/análisis , Saciedad , Animales , Reacción de Prevención , MasculinoAsunto(s)
Antineoplásicos Inmunológicos/efectos adversos , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efectos adversos , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/inducido químicamente , Ipilimumab/efectos adversos , Nivolumab/efectos adversos , Antineoplásicos Inmunológicos/administración & dosificación , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/administración & dosificación , Glucemia/análisis , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/sangre , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 1/inmunología , Femenino , Humanos , Ipilimumab/administración & dosificación , Melanoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Persona de Mediana Edad , Nivolumab/administración & dosificación , Neoplasias Cutáneas/tratamiento farmacológicoAsunto(s)
Antineoplásicos Inmunológicos/administración & dosificación , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/administración & dosificación , Melanoma/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Cutáneas/tratamiento farmacológico , Anciano , Antineoplásicos Inmunológicos/efectos adversos , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/efectos adversos , Encefalopatías/epidemiología , Encefalopatías/etiología , Colitis/epidemiología , Colitis/etiología , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Erupciones por Medicamentos/epidemiología , Erupciones por Medicamentos/etiología , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos , Femenino , Humanos , Ipilimumab/administración & dosificación , Ipilimumab/efectos adversos , Masculino , Melanoma/patología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Náusea/epidemiología , Náusea/etiología , Nivolumab/administración & dosificación , Nivolumab/efectos adversos , Neoplasias Cutáneas/patología , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Output-based allocation (OBA) is one of the main options discussed for addressing carbon leakage in emissions trading systems. This paper studies how different OBA designs affect incentives on mitigation and trade in the cement sector. To do so, we develop an analytical model of sector emissions as a function of technical parameters representing abatement levers. We propose a specific design called hybrid OBA, and show that unlike the alternatives, it provides incentives for firms to reduce the carbon intensity of production without offshoring production. We assess the feasibility of hybrid OBA through expert interviews and find that the main barriers identified, including technical and administrative complexities, are manageable. However, hybrid OBA represents a mid-term solution until more robust anti-leakage measures can be introduced, because of two key limitations of OBA in general - it does not provide incentives to reduce the consumption of cement or to accelerate the development of radical low-carbon technologies, both of which are necessary to deliver deep decarbonisation.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/uso terapéutico , Carboplatino/uso terapéutico , Porocarcinoma Ecrino/tratamiento farmacológico , Epirrubicina/uso terapéutico , Neoplasias de las Glándulas Sudoríparas/tratamiento farmacológico , Anciano , Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMEN
The management of progressive alopecia areata (AA) is often challenging. Recently, i.v. corticosteroid pulse therapy has been reported to be effective for acute and severe AA, however, inclusion criteria have not been sufficiently precise, leaving a chance that its efficacy could be further improved by optimizing therapeutic indications. In our attempts to delineate the factors that correlate with favorable outcomes, we minutely evaluated the clinicopathological findings and the prognoses of single-round steroid pulse-treated progressive AA cases with full sets of image and pathology records during the course. Almost complete hair regrowth has been achieved and maintained up to 2 years in five out of seven AA patients with varying degrees of clinical severity. Interestingly, the worst clinical presentation observed during the course correlated with the size of the area where hairs with dystrophic roots were pulled rather than the extent of visible hair loss on the first visit. Dermoscopy detected disease spread but contributed little in assessing prognoses. Dense perifollicular cell infiltration was detected in all cases treated within 4 weeks of onset and those treated later but with excellent response. Importantly, the cases with poor or incomplete hair regrowth were treated 6-8 weeks of onset and showed moderate inflammatory change with high telogen conversion rate. These findings mandate global dermoscopy and hair pull test for judging the treatment indication and suggest that early administration of high-dose corticosteroid, ideally within 4 weeks of onset, enable efficient suppression of active inflammation and maximize the effectiveness of the remedy.