Evaluation of Intracardiac Pressures Using Subharmonic-aided Pressure Estimation with Sonazoid Microbubbles.

Purpose To investigate if the right ventricular (RV) systolic and left ventricular (LV) diastolic pressures can be obtained noninvasively using the subharmonic-aided pressure estimation (SHAPE) technique with Sonazoid microbubbles. Materials and Methods Individuals scheduled for a left and/or right heart catheterization were prospectively enrolled in this institutional review board-approved clinical trial from 2017 to 2020. A standard-of-care catheterization procedure was performed by advancing fluid-filled pressure catheters into the LV and aorta (n = 25) or RV (n = 22), and solid-state high-fidelity pressure catheters into the LV and aorta in a subset of participants (n = 18). Study participants received an infusion of Sonazoid microbubbles (GE HealthCare), and SHAPE data were acquired using a validated interface developed on a SonixTablet (BK Medical) US scanner, synchronously with the pressure catheter data. A conversion factor, derived using cuff-based pressure measurements with a SphygmoCor XCEL PWA (ATCOR) and subharmonic signal from the aorta, was used to convert the subharmonic signal into pressure values. Errors between the pressure measurements obtained using the SHAPE technique and pressure catheter were compared. Results The mean errors in pressure measurements obtained with the SHAPE technique relative to those of the fluid-filled pressure catheter were 1.6 mm Hg ± 1.5 [SD] (P = .85), 8.4 mm Hg ± 6.2 (P = .04), and 7.4 mm Hg ± 5.7 (P = .09) for RV systolic, LV minimum diastolic, and LV end-diastolic pressures, respectively. Relative to the measurements with the solid-state high-fidelity pressure catheter, the mean errors in LV minimum diastolic and LV end-diastolic pressures were 7.2 mm Hg ± 4.5 and 6.8 mm Hg ± 3.3 (P ≥ .44), respectively. Conclusion These results indicate that SHAPE with Sonazoid may have the potential to provide clinically relevant RV systolic and LV diastolic pressures. Keywords: Ultrasound-Contrast, Cardiac, Aorta, Left Ventricle, Right Ventricle ClinicalTrials.gov registration no.: NCT03245255 © RSNA, 2024.

Atherosclerotic Plaque Erosion: Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Potential Therapeutic Strategies-A Review.

ABSTRACT: Atherosclerosis is an insidious and progressive inflammatory disease characterized by the formation of lipid-laden plaques within the intima of arterial walls with potentially devastating consequences. While rupture of vulnerable plaques has been extensively studied, a distinct mechanism known as plaque erosion (PE) has gained recognition and attention in recent years. PE, characterized by the loss of endothelial cell lining in the presence of intact fibrous cap, contributes to a significant and growing proportion of acute coronary events. However, despite a heterogeneous substrate underlying coronary thrombosis, treatment remains identical. This article provides an overview of atherosclerotic PE characteristics and its underlying mechanisms, highlights its clinical implications, and discusses potential therapeutic strategies.

Is Adrenaline Always the First Choice Therapy of Anaphylaxis? An Allergist-cardiologist Interdisciplinary Point of View.

Worldwide, adrenaline is considered the first choice therapy in the international guidelines for the management of anaphylaxis. However, the heart and cardiovascular apparatus are strongly involved in anaphylaxis; for that reason, there are some cardiac conditions and certain anaphylaxis patterns that make epinephrine use problematic without adequate heart monitoring. The onset of Kounis syndrome, takotsubo cardiopathy, or the paradoxical anaphylaxis require great attention in the management of anaphylaxis and adrenaline administration by clinicians, who should be aware of the undervalued evolution of anaphylaxis and the potential cardiologic complications of epinephrine administration. Numerous case reports and studies describe the unexpected onset of cardiac diseases following epinephrine treatment, despite the latter being the recommended therapy for anaphylaxis. Our review suggests that future anaphylaxis guidelines should incorporate cardiovascular specialists since the treatment of Kounis syndrome or takotsubo cardiopathy requires cardiologist skills.

Comprehensive Management of ANOCA, Part 1-Definition, Patient Population, and Diagnosis: JACC State-of-the-Art Review.

Angina with nonobstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA) is increasingly recognized and may affect nearly one-half of patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography for suspected ischemic heart disease. This working diagnosis encompasses coronary microvascular dysfunction, microvascular and epicardial spasm, myocardial bridging, and other occult coronary abnormalities. Patients with ANOCA often face a high burden of symptoms and may experience repeated presentations to multiple medical providers before receiving a diagnosis. Given the challenges of establishing a diagnosis, patients with ANOCA frequently experience invalidation and recidivism, possibly leading to anxiety and depression. Advances in scientific knowledge and diagnostic testing now allow for routine evaluation of ANOCA noninvasively and in the cardiac catheterization laboratory with coronary function testing (CFT). CFT includes diagnostic coronary angiography, assessment of coronary flow reserve and microcirculatory resistance, provocative testing for endothelial dysfunction and coronary vasospasm, and intravascular imaging for identification of myocardial bridging, with hemodynamic assessment as needed.

Comprehensive Management of ANOCA, Part 2-Program Development, Treatment, and Research Initiatives: JACC State-of-the-Art Review.

Centers specializing in coronary function testing are critical to ensure a systematic approach to the diagnosis and treatment of angina with nonobstructive coronary arteries (ANOCA). Management leveraging lifestyle, pharmacology, and device-based therapeutic options for ANOCA can improve angina burden and quality of life in affected patients. Multidisciplinary care teams that can tailor and titrate therapies based on individual patient needs are critical to the success of comprehensive programs. As coronary function testing for ANOCA is more widely adopted, collaborative research initiatives will be fundamental to improve ANOCA care. These efforts will require standardized symptom assessments and data collection, which will propel future large-scale clinical trials.

Clinical Outcomes in Adult Patients With an Anomalous Right Coronary Artery from the Left Sinus of Valsalva.

An anomalous origin of the right coronary artery from the opposite sinus of Valsalva with an intramural course (R-ACAOS-IM) may cause sudden cardiac death in children and adolescents. However, the natural history and management of patients in whom this anomaly is detected later during adulthood remains uncertain. The goals of this study were to assess the impact of an R-ACAOS-IM on the clinical outcomes in an adult population and to determine if adult patients with this anomaly who do not have significant coronary artery disease (CAD) can be managed safely without surgical intervention. A database review identified patients aged >35 years with anomalous coronary arteries diagnosed by cardiac catheterization or coronary computed tomography angiography. The outcomes of patients with R-ACAOS-IM were compared with patients with anomalous left circumflex coronary arteries with retroaortic course (LCx-RA) (an anomaly not associated with ischemic events). The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. The study population consisted of 185 patients aged 59 ± 12 years. Clinical characteristics were similar in the R-ACAOS-IM (n = 88) and LCx-RA (n = 97) groups. At a follow-up of 6.6 ± 4.5 years, there was no difference in mortality (hazard ratio 0.64, 95% confidence interval 0.32 to 1.28, p = 0.20) when adjusted for gender, age, and CAD. A subgroup analysis of 88 patients with no obstructive CAD managed nonoperatively found no difference between the LCx and R-ACAOS-IM groups in mortality (hazard ratio 2.45, 95% confidence interval 0.45 to 13.40, p = 0.30). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups in the composite outcome of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or survived cardiac arrest. The outcome of adult patients who have anomalous R-ACAOS-IM are similar to patients who have anomalous LCx-RA with a known benign course. In conclusion, these results suggest that most patients who survive this anomaly into adulthood may be managed conservatively without intervention.

Noninvasive Evaluation of Cardiac Chamber Pressures Using Subharmonic-Aided Pressure Estimation With Definity Microbubbles.

BACKGROUND: Noninvasive and accurate assessment of intracardiac pressures has remained an elusive goal of noninvasive cardiac imaging. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate if errors in intracardiac pressures obtained noninvasively using contrast microbubbles and the subharmonic-aided pressure estimation (SHAPE) technique are <5 mm Hg. METHODS: In a nonrandomized institutional review board-approved clinical trial (NCT03243942), patients scheduled for a left-sided and/or right-sided heart catheterization procedure and providing written informed consent were included. A standard-of-care catheterization procedure was performed advancing clinically used pressure catheters into the left and/or right ventricles and/or the aorta. After pressure catheter placement, patients received an infusion of Definity microbubbles (n = 56; 2 vials diluted in 50 mL of saline; infusion rate: 4-10 mL/min) (Lantheus Medical Imaging). Then SHAPE data was acquired using a validated interface developed on a SonixTablet scanner (BK Medical Systems) synchronously with the pressure catheter data. A conversion factor (mm Hg/dB) was derived from SHAPE data and measurements with a SphygmoCor XCEL PWA device (ATCOR Medical) and was combined with SHAPE data from the left and/or the right ventricles to obtain clinically relevant systolic and diastolic ventricular pressures. RESULTS: The mean value of absolute errors for left ventricular minimum and end diastolic pressures were 2.9 ± 2.0 and 1.7 ± 1.2 mm Hg (n = 26), respectively, and for right ventricular systolic pressures was 2.2 ± 1.5 mm Hg (n = 11). Two adverse events occurred during Definity infusion; both were resolved. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the SHAPE technique with Definity microbubbles is encouragingly efficacious for obtaining intracardiac pressures noninvasively and accurately. (Noninvasive, Subharmonic Intra-Cardiac Pressure Measurement; NCT03243942).

Trend, Predictors, and Outcomes of Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation in Patients With End-Stage Renal Disease: Insights From the Nationwide Readmissions Database.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is the standard of care for patients with severe aortic valve stenosis (AS). However, evidence on its safety in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) is limited. METHODS: The Nationwide Readmissions Database (NRD) from 2015 to 2019 was queried to identify patients undergoing TAVI in ESRD versus patients with no ESRD. The in-hospital, 30-day and 180-day outcomes were assessed using a propensity-score matched (PSM) analysis to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aOR). RESULTS: A total of 198,816 underwent TAVI, of which 34,546 patients (TAVI-ESRD 16,986 vs. non-ESRD 17,560) were selected using PSM analysis. The adjusted odds of net adverse cardiovascular events (NACE) (aOR 1.65, 95 % CI 1.49-1.82), in-hospital mortality (aOR 2.99, 95 % CI 2.52-3.55), major bleeding (aOR 1.21, 95 % CI 1.05-1.40), postprocedural cardiogenic shock (aOR 1.54, 95 % CI 1.11-2.13), and need for permanent pacemaker implantation (PPM) (aOR 1.24, 95 % CI 1.15-1.38) were significantly higher in TAVI-ESRD patients compared with non-ESRD patients at index admission. There was no significant difference in the odds of stroke (aOR 1.09, 95 % CI 0.86-1.34) and cardiac tamponade (aOR 1.06, 95 % CI 0.78-1.45) between the two groups. At 30- and 180-day follow-up, the odds of readmission, NACE, and mortality remained high in TAVI-ESRD patients. CONCLUSION: ESRD patients undergoing TAVI have a high risk of NACE, in-hospital mortality, and major bleeding compared with patients with no ESRD.

Outcomes of Intravascular Imaging in Orbital Atherectomy; Insight From the National Readmissions Database.

The impact of intravascular imaging guidance [intravascular ultrasound (IVUS)/optical coherence tomography (OCT)] on clinical outcomes in patients undergoing orbital atherectomy (OA) and percutaneous intervention (PCI) are not well characterized. The Nationwide Readmissions Database (NRD) from 2015 to 2019 was used to select all cases of OA. The adjusted odds ratios (aOR) of in-hospital, 30-day, and 180-day hospitalization outcomes between patients who underwent PCI with OA vs without intravascular imaging were calculated using a propensity-matched analysis. A total of 15,681 patients undergoing PCI after OA (12,649 with no-imaging, 3032 with imaging) were identified. Due to a significant difference in the baseline characteristics, a matched sample of 3008 in the no-imaging group and 3032 in the imaging group was selected. On adjusted analysis, the odds of all-cause in-hospital mortality (aOR 0.68, 95% CI 0.54-0.86) were significantly lower in patients undergoing IVUS/OCT guided OA and PCI compared with those having PCI without imaging. There was no difference in the rate of in-hospital stroke (aOR 0.86, 95% CI 0.51-1.45) and major bleeding (aOR 0.87, 95% CI 0.65-1.16) between the two groups. There was no significant difference in the 30- and 180-day odds of readmission, major bleeding, coronary dissection, pericardial effusion, and AKI between the two groups. IVUS and OCT use during PCI with OA for patients with calcified coronary artery disease appear to be associated with reduced in-hospital mortality at index admission. Prospective trials are necessary to determine the long-term benefits of imaging with PCI.

De-escalation of antiplatelet therapy in patients with coronary artery disease: Time to change our strategy?

Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is the gold standard after acute coronary syndromes (ACS) or chronic coronary syndromes (CCS) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Because local and systemic ischemic complications can occur particularly in the early phase (i.e. 1-3 months) after ACS or PCI, the synergistic platelet inhibition of aspirin and a P2Y12 inhibitor is of the utmost importance in this early phase. Moreover, the use of the more potent P2Y12 inhibitors prasugrel and ticagrelor have shown to further reduce the incidence of ischemic events compared to clopidogrel after an ACS. On the other hand, prolonged and potent antiplatelet therapy are inevitably associated with increased bleeding, which unlike thrombotic risk, tends to be stable over time and may outweigh the benefit of reducing ischemic events in these patients. The duration and composition of antiplatelet therapy remains a topic of debate in cardiology due to competing ischemic and bleeding risks, with guidelines and recommendations considerably evolving in the past years. An emerging strategy, called "de-escalation", consisting in the administration of a less intense antithrombotic therapy after a short course of standard DAPT, has shown to reduce bleeding without any trade-off in ischemic events. De-escalation may be achieved with different antithrombotic strategies and can be either unguided or guided by platelet function or genetic testing. The aim of this review is to summarize the evidence and provide practical recommendations on the use of different de-escalation strategies in patients with ACS and CCS.

Outcomes After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation in Patients Excluded From Clinical Trials.

Background: The use of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in patients with aortic valve disease excluded from clinical trials has increased with no large-scale data on its safety. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the trend of utilization and adjusted outcomes of TAVI in clinical trials excluded (CTE) vs clinical trials included TAVI (CTI-TAVI) patients. Methods: We used the National Readmission Database (2015-2019) to identify 15 CTE-TAVI conditions. A propensity score-matched analysis was used to calculate the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) of net adverse clinical events (composite of mortality, stroke, and major bleeding) in patients undergoing CTE-TAVI vs CTI-TAVI. Results: Among the 223,238 patients undergoing TAVI, CTE-TAVI was used in 41,408 patients (18.5%). The yearly trend showed a steep increase in CTE-TAVI utilization (P = 0.026). At index admission, the adjusted odds of net adverse clinical events (aOR: 1.83, 95% CI: 1.73-1.95) and its components, including mortality (aOR: 2.94, 95% CI: 2.66-3.24), stroke (aOR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.07-1.34), and major bleeding (aOR: 1.49, 95% CI: 1.36-1.63) were significantly higher in CTE-TAVI compared with CTI-TAVI. Among the individual contraindications to clinical trial enrollment in the CTE-TAVI, patients with bicuspid aortic valve, leukopenia, and peptic ulcer disease appeared to have similar outcomes compared with CTI-TAVI, while patients with end-stage renal disease, bioprosthetic aortic valves, and coagulopathy had a higher readmission rate at 30 and 180 days. Conclusions: CTE-TAVI utilization has increased significantly over the 4-year study period. Patients undergoing CTE-TAVI have a higher likelihood of mortality, stroke, and bleeding than those undergoing CTI-TAVI.

Trends and Outcomes of TAVI and SAVR in Cancer and Noncancer Patients: A Nationwide Analysis.

Background: Patients with severe aortic stenosis and cancer are often denied surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR) due to a prohibitive risk of perioperative mortality. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the safety of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) in patients with severe aortic stenosis and cancer. Methods: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample database (2002-2018) was used to study the outcomes of TAVI vs SAVR in patients with active or prior history of prostate, lung, colorectal, breast, and renal cancer. A propensity score-matched analysis to calculate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and its components. Results: A total of 1,505,995 crude population and a subset of 345,413 noncancer and 33,565 cancer patients were selected on propensity score-matched analysis. The yearly trend showed a steep increase in the utilization of TAVI. Compared with SAVR, TAVI had a lower risk of in-hospital mortality in prostate cancer, while there was no difference among other cancer types. Patients with lung (aOR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.43-0.97) and prostate cancer (aOR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.66-0.96) had lower, while colorectal cancer (aOR: 1.43; 95% CI: 1.08-1.90) had higher odds of MACE with TAVI. The incidence of major bleeding was lower with TAVI (except for lung cancer), while the risk of stroke was similar (except for colorectal cancer) between TAVI and SAVR. Conclusions: TAVI in patients with prostate, breast, lung, and renal cancer appears to be a reasonable alternative to SAVR with lower or similar risks of mortality and MACE.

Transradial-Transfistula Access for Cardiac Catheterization in Patients With Abandoned Hemodialysis Fistulas.

Guidelines consider radial access a relative contraindication in patients with end-stage renal disease as part of a vessel preservation strategy. Radial access distal to a hemodialysis fistula, what we term transradial-transfistula access, offers a solution to radially access this population without affecting their vessel preservation plan. (Level of Difficulty: Advanced.).

Post-discharge and long-term follow-up after an acute coronary syndrome: International Collaborative Group of CNCF position paper.

Introduction: Long-term follow-up after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) presents a crucial challenge due to the high residual cardiovascular risk and the potential for major bleeding events. Although several treatment strategies are available, this article focuses on patients who have undergone percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ACS, which is a frequent clinical situation. This position paper aims to support physicians in daily practice to improve the management of ACS patients. Material and methods: A group of recognized international and French experts in the field provides an overview of current evidence-based recommendations - supplemented by expert opinion where such evidence is lacking - and a practical guide for the management of patients with ACS after hospital discharge. Results: The International Collaborative Group underlines the need of a shared collaborative approach, and a care plan individualized to the patient's risk profile for both ischaemia and bleeding. Each follow-up appointment should be viewed as an opportunity to optimize the personalized approach, to reduce adverse clinical outcomes and improve quality of life. As risks - both ischaemic and haemorrhagic - evolve over time, the risk-benefit balance should be assessed in an ongoing dynamic process to ensure that patients are given the most suitable treatment at each time point. Conclusions: This Expert Opinion aims to help clinicians with a practical guide underlying the proven strategies and the remaining gaps of evidence to optimize the management of coronary patients.

Extended, standard, or De-escalation antiplatelet therapy for patients with coronary artery disease undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention? A trial-sequential, bivariate, influential, and network meta-analysis.

AIMS: The relative safety and efficacy of de-escalation, extended duration (ED) (>12-months), and standard dual antiplatelet therapy for 12-months (DAPT-12) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) remains controversial. METHODS AND RESULTS: Online databases were queried to identify relevant randomized control trials (RCTs). ED-DAPT, high-potency (HP) DAPT, shorter duration (SD) DAPT, and low-dose (LD) DAPT were compared with DAPT-12. A trial sequential, bivariate, influential, and frequentist network meta-analysis (NMA) was performed to determine the pooled estimates. A total of 30 RCTs comprising 81 208 (40 839 experimental, 40 369 control arm) patients with CAD were included in the quantitative analysis. On NMA, compared with DAPT-12, all types of de-escalation, HP-DAPT-12, and ED-DAPT strategies had a statistically non-significant difference in the incidence of MACE at a median follow-up of 1-year. Similarly, there was no significant difference in the incidence of stroke, stent thrombosis, target lesion revascularization (TLR), target vessel revascularization (TVR), and all-cause mortality between DAPT-12 and all other strategies. The network estimates showed a significantly lower incidence of major bleeding with DAPT for 3-months followed by P2Y12-inhibitor monotherapy (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.45-0.84), while a higher risk of bleeding with HP-DAPT for 12 months (RR 1.55, 95% CI 1.16-2.06). The net clinical benefit and rankograms also favoured DAPT-3 (P2Y12) and discouraged the use of HP-DAPT-12 and ED-DAPT. A subgroup analysis of 19 RCTs restricted to patients who presented with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) mirrored the findings of pooled analysis. A sensitivity analysis revealed no influence of any individual study or individual strategy on net ischemic estimates. The trial sequential analysis (TSA) illustrated a consistently non-significant difference at the interim analysis of trials, reaching the futility area for MACE, while the cumulative Z-values line surpassed the monitoring boundary as well as the required information size for major bleeding favouring de-escalation strategy. CONCLUSION: DAPT for three months followed by ticagrelor-only and use of aspirin + clopidogrel after a short period of high potency DAPT appears to be a safe strategy for treating post-PCI patients. However, given the methodological limitations and inclusion of a small number of trials in novel de-escalation strategies, these findings need validation by future large scale RCTs.

Percutaneous coronary intervention of totally occluded coronary venous bypass grafts: An exercise in futility?

BACKGROUND: Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of diseased saphenous vein grafts (SVG) continues to pose a clinical challenge. Current PCI guidelines give a class III recommendation against performing PCI on chronically occluded SVG. However, contemporary outcomes after SVG intervention have incrementally improved with distal protection devices, intracoronary vasodilators, drug-eluting stents, and prolonged dual antiplatelet therapy. AIM: To reassess the procedural and long-term outcomes of PCI for totally occluded SVG with contemporary techniques. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study conducted at a single university hospital. The study population consisted of 35 consecutive patients undergoing PCI of totally occluded SVG. Post-procedure dual antiplatelet therapy was continued for a minimum of one year and aspirin was continued indefinitely. Clinical outcomes were assessed at a mean follow-up of 1221 ± 1038 d. The primary outcome was freedom from a major adverse cardiac event (MACE) defined as the occurrence of any of the following: death, myocardial infarction, stroke, repeat bypass surgery, repeat PCI, or graft reocclusion. RESULTS: The study group included 29 men and 6 women with a mean age of 69 ± 12 years. Diabetes was present in 14 (40%) patients. All patients had Canadian Heart Classification class III or IV angina. Clinical presentation was an acute coronary syndrome in 34 (97%) patients. Mean SVG age was 12 ± 5 years. Estimated duration of occlusion was acute (< 24 h) in 34% of patients, subacute (> 24 h to 30 d) in 26%, and late (> 30 d) in 40%. PCI was initially successful in 29/35 SVG occlusions (83%). Total stent length was 52 ± 35 mm. Intraprocedural complications of distal embolization or no-reflow occurred in 6 (17%) patients. During longer term follow-up, MACE-free survival was only 30% at 3 years and 17% at 5 years. CONCLUSION: PCI of totally occluded SVG can be performed with a high procedural success rate. However, its clinical utility remains limited by poor follow-up outcomes.