Glucocentric risk factors for macrovascular complications in diabetes: Glucose 'legacy' and 'variability'-what we see, know and try to comprehend.

Recognizing the role of dysglycaemia, 'ambient' hyperglycaemia, 'metabolic memory' and glycaemic variability as risk factors for macrovascular diseases is mandatory for effective diabetes management. Chronic hyperglycaemia, also referred to as 'ambient hyperglycaemia', was only fully acknowledged as a risk factor for adverse cardiovascular events when the beneficial effects of intensive glucose-lowering strategies were consolidated in the extended follow-up (> 10 years) of patients included in the United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) and Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT)/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) Study. These studies led to the concept of the glucose-lowering 'legacy effect' (metabolic memory), which depends on the duration and magnitude of glucose-lowering, and is not a 'forever' phenomenon, as demonstrated in the 15-year follow-up of the Veterans Affairs Diabetes Trial (VADT). The relatively weak evidence for linking long- and short-term glycaemic variability to vascular complications in patients with diabetes is mainly due to a reliance on observational and retrospective studies, and the lack of randomized interventional trials. However, hypoglycaemia may play an intermediary role in accentuating the link between glycaemic variability and vascular events.

[Obesity and cancer]. / Obésité et cancer.

Obesity which is now well recognized as a public health problem increases the risk of developing cancers. Some systematic review and meta-analyses assessed the strength of associations between body mass index and common cancers such as breast, endometrial, colon and adenocarcinoma of oesophagus. The causal mechanisms remain unexplained. However, epidemiological data and animal models have provided some evidence that hormonal alteration linked to obesity, such as hyperinsulinism, high insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) levels or biodisponibility, low adiponectin serum level and high oestradiol serum level resulting from an enhanced aromatase activity may have mitogenic and antiapoptotic effects. The inflammation associated with visceral adiposity is another factor which promotes cancer. To date, there are no convincing data that weight loss could improve the prognosis of treated neoplasia. However, a regular physical activity and a limited caloric intake are probably safe in healthy subject to prevent cancer and also in cancer survivors.

[Cardiac manifestations of pheochromocytoma]. / Manifestations cardiaques des phéochromocytomes.

Pheochromocytoma is a rare cause of secondary hypertension which may have protean clinical presentations. Noteworthy, it may be revealed or complicated by cardiovascular symptoms such as arrythmia, cardiomyopathy, acute coronary syndrome and cardiogenic shock. These cardiac manifestations of pheochromocytoma may delay diagnosis and must be known in order to provide the best chance at early detection. In some cases pheochromocytoma may be associated to a large apical dyskinesia of the left ventricule apex, tako-tsubo-like which is a reversible acute myocardiopathy. These acute cardiologic manifestations appear to be induced by a toxic effect of elevated catecholamine levels.

Medical management of diabetes after bariatric surgery.

Several studies indicate that bariatric surgery frequently leads to resolution or improvement of type 2 diabetes in overweight patients. However, the medical postoperative management requires lifelong counselling, monitoring and nutrient supplements in patients in remission as well as in patients who continue to be diabetic. The aim of such management is to avoid nutritional deficiencies, and to delay diabetes relapse by optimizing the control of risk factors. To this end, diet and pharmacological prescriptions, including vitamin and mineral supplements, are indispensable, despite the fact that specific recommendations, until now, have been lacking for these particular patients.

Increased reverse triiodothyronine is associated with shorter survival in independently-living elderly: the Alsanut study.

OBJECTIVE: Increased reverse tritiodothyronine (T(3)) used to be described as a part of euthyroid sick syndrome (ESS). It was demonstrated to be associated with increased mortality in acutely ill patients. It can also be found with low or normal T(3) in non-severely ill subjects but its significance remains unclear. PATIENTS AND DESIGN: The Alsanut study included a representative sample of 440 independently-living subjects aged 65 or over constituted between January 1988 and September 1989. Past and current medical history and nutritional data were collected at inclusion. Baseline thyroid hormone (TSH, FT(4), FT(3) and rT(3)) serum levels were measured. Life status was determined on 1 December 2005. RESULTS: Of the 374 elderly subjects included in the final analysis, 52 had abnormal TSH (43 with hyperthyroidism, nine with hypothyroidism) and 80.7% had died by 1 December 2005. There was no statistical difference in survival between subjects according to thyroid function (P=0.54). Of the 322 elderly subjects with normal TSH, mortality rate was 81.1%. ESS was found in 3.4%, whereas 8.1% of the participants displayed elevated rT(3) with normal FT(3). Time to death was strongly related to rT(3) (P<0.0001) and FT(3) (P<0.0001) in a univariate analysis. After adjusting for other confounding variables, rT(3) was the only thyroid hormone associated with shorter survival (P=0.014). CONCLUSIONS: RT(3) was the only thyroid hormone associated with shorter survival in a representative population of independently-living elderly. In these subjects, isolated elevated rT(3) might be an equivalent of ESS, reflecting declining health.

Complicated sigmoid diverticulitis.

In medical practice, the colonic diverticulitis diagnosis is easy, based especially on a barium enema and an inferior digestive endoscopy, but the diverticulitis complications, especially metastatic infections, raise serious positive and differential diagnosis problems. We present the case of a 51 year old male who comes with hepatomegaly and multiple hepatic formations, in deteriorating clinical condition, context suggestive of secondary metastasis, but after investigation it was demonstrated they were of infectious nature, from a sigmoidian diverticulitic abscess. In this case, the hepatic biopsy was appropriate and it represented an important moment in the management of the patient.

[Subclinical hypothyroidism and pregnancy]. / Hypothyroïdie fruste et grossesse.

Pregnancy has an important impact on thyroid homeostasis. The main hormonal criteria of the thyroid function are modified particularly in case of low iodine supply. Subclinical hypothyroidism is defined by a slight elevation of TSH (with a cut-off still under discussion near to 4 mU/l) although serum thyroxine and triiodothyronine levels are within the normal range. Maternal morbidity as well as prenatal morbidity and consequences on the neuropsychological development of the child are fairly well established in subclinical hypothyroidism. However, to date, there are no convincing trials assessing the efficacy levothyroxine in subclinical hypothyroidism all the more when TSH levels are between 3 and 4 mU/l. Therefore routine screening for and treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism during pregnancy are unwarranted.

Comparison of seven serum thyroglobulin assays in the follow-up of papillary and follicular thyroid cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) is the marker of differentiated thyroid cancer after initial treatment and TSH stimulation increases its sensitivity for the diagnosis of recurrent disease. AIM: The goal of the study is to compare the diagnostic values of seven methods for serum Tg measurement for detecting recurrent disease both during L-T4 treatment and after TSH stimulation. METHODS: Thyroid cancer patients who had no evidence of persistent disease after initial treatment (total thyroidectomy and radioiodine ablation) were studied at 3 months on L-T4 treatment (Tg1) and then at 9-12 months after withdrawal or recombinant human TSH stimulation (Tg2). Sera with anti-Tg antibodies or with an abnormal recovery test result were excluded from Tg analysis with the corresponding assay. The results of serum Tg determination were compared to the clinical status of the patient at the end of follow-up. RESULTS: Thirty recurrences were detected among 944 patients. A control 131I total body scan had a low sensitivity, a low specificity, and a low clinical impact. Assuming a common cutoff for all Tg assays at 0.9 ng/ml, sensitivity ranged from 19-40% and 68-76% and specificity ranged from 92-97% and 81-91% for Tg 1 and Tg2, respectively. Using assays with a functional sensitivity at 0.2-0.3 ng/ml, sensitivity was 54-63% and specificity was 89% for Tg1. Using the two methods with a lowest functional sensitivity at 0.02 and 0.11 ng/ml resulted in a higher sensitivity for Tg1 (81% and 78%), but at the expense of a loss of specificity (42% and 63%); finally, for these two methods, using an optimized functional sensitivity according to receiver operating characteristic curves at 0.22 and 0.27 ng/ml resulted in a sensitivity at 65% and specificity at 85-87% for Tg1. CONCLUSION: Using an assay with a lower functional sensitivity may give an earlier indication of the presence of Tg in the serum on L-T4 treatment and may be used to study the trend in serum Tg without performing any TSH stimulation. Serum Tg determination obtained after TSH stimulation still permits a more reliable assessment of cure and patient's reassurance.

[Pituitary metastases from lung cancer. Five cases]. / Métastases hypophysaires de cancers bronchiques. A propos de 5 cas.

Pituitary metastases are rare and generally asymptomatic. We studied 5 patients with pituitary metastases from lung cancer, illustrating the different clinical features. These metastases were in these cases symptomatic with the manifestation being diabetes insipidus or visual field defect. Histological subtypes from our five patients were as well small cell or non small cell lung cancer. After diagnosis of pituitary metastasis, prognosis seems to be linked to the histological subtype and the stage of lung cancer, rather than to the presence of such metastases.

[Impact of systemic disease on the pituitary gland]. / Répercussions hypophysaires des maladies systémiques.

Systemic diseases located in hypothalamo-pituitary region can slowly induce pituitary deficiency, diabetes insipidus and morphological abnormalities. The aim of this study is to review recent clinical data about diagnosis of these rare diseases, with a focus on granulomatous diseases: histiocytosis and sarcoidosis. Recent clinical studies on histiocytosis have improved our knowledge about endocrine expression of the disease in children and in adults as well. Diabetes insipidus is the most frequent condition, described mainly in children. GH deficiency is the most frequent pituitary deficit in children and adult patients. During neurosarcoidosis, diabetes insipidus is the most frequent condition and gonadotropic deficiency is the most frequent deficit but GH has not been systematically studied. MRI allows visualisation of some lesions and is very useful to follow the disease course. Diagnosis of these diseases is made by clinical evaluation of all the sites and by pathological analysis of biopsies of peripheral lesions. While pituitary hormone replacement therapy does not seem to raise specific problems in these diseases, etiological treatments are not yet available and indications for antimitotic or immunomodulatory treatment are sometimes discussed.

[KIMS observational study of GH therapy in GH-deficient adults: 12-month follow-up analysis of the French cohort]. / Etude observationnelle KIMS du traitement par GH des patients adultes ayant un déficit somatotrope: analyse à 12 mois des données françaises.

KIMS study is an international, observational study initiated in 1994 in which France has been involved since 2003. Its aim is to collect on a widespread basis long-term data from GH-deficient adults treated or not treated with growth hormone in daily practice. Among 330 patients already enrolled by 128 centers in France at the data lock point for this first interim analysis, 122 patients were followed up for at least 12 months and their results are presented herein. After one year of treatment, IGF-1 level adjusted for age and sex was normalized for 77% of patients naive of GH-treatment, 71% of semi-naive patients and 85% of non naive patients. Lean mass increase was 5.1% and fat mass decrease 5.7%. Quality of life assessed through QoL-AGHDA questionnaire was improved with a median score decrease from 10 to 6. These are the first results available from French patients and suggest that growth hormone is an appropriate indication for adults with severe GH deficiency.

[Is subclinical hypothyroidism a cardiovascular risk factor?]. / L'hypothyroïdie fruste est-elle un facteur de risque cardiovasculaire?

OBJECTIVES: Subclinical hypothyroidism defined by the presence of elevated TSH levels but normal free T4 level is a common situation. Its consequences on health are yet on debate and the interest of a precocious treatment remains surrounded by controversy. KEY POINTS: The relationship between subclinical hypothyroidism and cardiovascular disease has been evaluated by several cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Subclinical hypothyroidism has direct but subtle effects on the heart function, on the peripheral vascular resistance, and is associated with a mild elevation of LDL-cholesterol levels; all abnormalities may be partly reversed by a thyroxine supplementation. Data of the literature give insufficient evidence as to whether subclinical hypothyroidism is an independent cardiovascular risk factor. However treatment of subjects with TSH levels up or near to 10 mU/l would probably be beneficial in the prevention of cardiovascular disease. FUTURE PROSPECTS: Based on observational and interventional studies there are some arguments on the benefit of euthyroidism restoration only in patients with TSH levels superior to 10 mU/l.

[Pseudo-Sjogren's syndrome and bulimia]. / Pseudosyndrome de Gougerot-Sjögren et boulimie.

INTRODUCTION: Bilateral parotid enlargement are presenting features of some metabolic and systemic disease but also of chronic emesis. CASE RECORD: A 24-year old woman consulted during three years many physicians asking for the treatment of a painless parotid swelling confusing with a Sjogren's syndrome. After an initial denial, the weight history, alteration of tooth wear and hypokaliemia conducted to admit a self inducing vomiting with bulimia nervosa. CONCLUSION: Gender, young age, weight history, tooth alteration and electrolytic disorders are the main diagnostic tool of this dissimulated etiology of parotid swelling.

ICAPS: a multilevel program to improve physical activity in adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: ICAPS (Intervention Centred on Adolescents' Physical activity and Sedentary behaviour) is aimed at preventing excessive weight gain and cardiovascular risk in adolescents by promoting physical activity (PA) with an emphasis on recreational and daily-life PA, with a lifelong perspective. DESIGN: Randomized study designed to last for four years. Study cohort constituted of 954 first-level students (91% of eligible pupils), aged 11.7 +/- 0.6 y (mean +/- SD) from four pairs of schools randomly selected in eastern France, after sociogeographical stratification. In each pair, intervention status was randomised at school-level. The program, not limited to school settings, involves multiple partners with three objectives: 1) changing attitudes through debates and access to attractive activities during breaks and after-school hours, 2) encouraging social support, 3) providing environmental conditions that enable PA. Adapted times and places, open participation, emphasis on fun, meeting with others and absence of competitive aspects are used to reduce usual barriers to PA. Accessibility and safety are permanent concerns. RESULTS: Prevalence of overweight was 23.7%. High participation rates were attained (50% participated in at least one weekly activity). At six-month, the proportion of intervention adolescents not performing supervised PA out of academic PA was reduced by half (36% to 17% vs 42% to 42% in controls P < 10-4); the proportion of those spending > 3 h/day in sedentary occupations decreased (34% to 28% vs 27% to 36%; P < 10-4). CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate the feasibility of implementing a multilevel PA intervention program in adolescents. Six-month results document increased PA and decreased sedentary behaviour.

Circulating procoagulant microparticles in obesity.

AIM: Obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and venous thromboembolism. Circulating procoagulant microparticles (MP) have been described in various clinical situations associated with thrombosis and in diabetic patients. The aim of this preliminary study was to evaluate the presence of MP in obese patients without any other vascular risk factor in particular diabetes. METHODS: Fifty-eight obese women <50 year-old without other cardiovascular risk factors were recruited from a single out-patient nutrition clinic. They were compared to 45 age-matched healthy normal weight controls. Main outcome was MP levels in patients and controls. Relationships between MP concentrations and parameters reflecting insulin resistance in patients were also studied. RESULTS: Obese patients were 33.3 +/- 1.2 years old and had a mean BMI of 42.4 +/- 0.9 kg/m2. There vas a greater proportion of smokers in the obese group (34.5 vs 15.6%). Mean MP levels were markedly higher in obese patients compared to controls (10.6 +/- 0.5 vs 3.2 +/- 0.3 nMPSeq, P < 0.001). There was no difference in MP concentrations between smokers and non smokers. In the obese group, there was a negative correlation between MP and BMI (r = -0.265, P < 0.05) but no relationship could be established between MP concentrations and markers of insulin resistance. CONCLUSION: This increase in circulating MP levels reflects cell activation and could account for the increased risk of thrombotic complications in obesity. Further studies are ongoing to explore the relationships between MP levels and coagulation markers and to assess the effect of weight reduction.

[Cellular mechanisms of thyroid hormone action]. / Mécanismes d'action cellulaire des hormones thyroïdiennes.

KEY POINTS: Thyroid hormones affect cardiac myocytes as well as the smooth muscle and endothelial cells of the vascular wall. Free 3,53'-L-triiodothyronine (FT3) and its specific nuclear receptor modulate the transcription of various proteins, principally those involved in the myocyte contractile apparatus (myosin heavy chains), and the regulation of intracellular calcium flux (sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ATPase). Thyroid hormones also have non-genomic effects that work rapidly, complement the effects described above, and are related to alterations in the properties of many channels and membrane receptors, especially in the sinoatrial mode. Thyroid hormones also affect the smooth muscle and endothelial cells of the vascular walls and reduce systemic vascular resistance. These effects on cardiac and vascular cells globally explain the cardiac manifestations (especially the inotropic and chronotropic effects) observed during dysthyroidism, particularly in hyperthyroidism where they are often in the forefront (positive inotropic and chronotropic effects).

[Cardiac consequences of clinical dysthyroidism. Pathophysiological, clinical, and epidemiologic data]. / Répercussions cardiaques des dysthyroïdies avérées. Données physiopathologiques, cliniques et épidémiologiques.

KEY POINTS: Thyroid hormones affect the vascular system, including the diastolic and systolic functioning of the heart. Resting heart rate increases early in hyperthyroidism (cardiac contractility expands due to improved ventricular loading and decreased systemic vascular resistance). Paradoxically, these hemodynamic alterations progressively reduce cardiac performance on effort (changes in diastolic, then systolic functioning) and finally at rest (modification in ventricular loading following tachycardia or atrial fibrillation), especially in cases of underlying heart disease (in the elderly). Hypothyroidism has an inverse hemodynamic effect and is less noisy, usually limited to relative bradycardia. The morbidity and mortality associated with hypothyroidism are apparently related to the atherogenic and prothrombotic vascular modifications that follow thyroid hormone deficiency, whereas heart failure and particularly atrial fibrillation and its thromboembolic complications are the primary consequences of hyperthyroidism. In both cases, return to normal thyroid levels corrects the cardiac abnormalities caused by the dysthyroidism. Dysthyroidism (hypo- or hyperthyroidism) occurs in 10 to 20% of the patients treated with amiodarone for arrhythmia. Because of its potential seriousness, some clinical or laboratory tests are necessary before initiating treatment, and specific clinical surveillance should be scheduled, including laboratory tests.