Clinical Factors Associated With Mode of Death Following Cardiac Arrest.

BACKGROUND: Death after resuscitation from cardiac arrest is common. Although associated factors have been identified, knowledge about their relationship with specific modes of death is limited. OBJECTIVE: To identify clinical factors associated with specific modes of death following cardiac arrest. METHODS: This study involved a retrospective medical record review of patients admitted to a single health care center from January 2015 to March 2020 after resuscitation from cardiac arrest who died during their index hospitalization. Mode of death was categorized as either brain death, withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies due to neurologic causes, death due to medical causes, or withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies due to patient preference. Clinical characteristics across modes of death were compared. RESULTS: The analysis included 731 patients. Death due to medical causes was the most common mode of death. Compared with the other groups of patients, those with brain death were younger, had fewer comorbidities, were more likely to have experienced unwitnessed and longer cardiac arrest, and had more severe acidosis and hyperglycemia on presentation. Patients who died owing to medical causes or withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies due to patient preference were older and had more comorbidities, fewer unfavorable cardiac arrest characteristics, and fewer days between cardiac arrest and death. CONCLUSIONS: Significant associations were found between several clinical characteristics and specific mode of death following cardiac arrest. Decision-making regarding withdrawal of care after resuscitation from cardiac arrest should be based on a multimodal approach that takes account of a variety of personal and clinical factors.

Risk factors for development of cerebral edema following cardiac arrest.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral edema following cardiac arrest is a well-known complication of resuscitation and portends a poor outcome. We identified predictors of post-cardiac arrest cerebral edema and tested the association of cerebral edema with discharge outcome. METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review including patients admitted at a single center between January 2015-March 2020 following resuscitation from in-hospital and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who had head computed tomography imaging. Our primary outcome was moderate-to-severe cerebral edema, which we defined as loss of grey-white differentiation with effacement of the basal and ambient cisterns and radiographic evidence of uncal herniation. We used logistic regression to test associations of demographic information, clinical predictors and comorbidities with moderate-severe cerebral edema. RESULTS: We identified 727 patients who met the inclusion criteria, of whom 102 had moderate-to-severe cerebral edema. We identified six independent predictors of moderate-to-severe cerebral edema: younger age, prolonged arrest duration, pulseless electrical activity/asystole as initial rhythm, unwitnessed cardiac arrest, hyperglycemia on admission, and lower Glasgow coma score on presentation. Of patients with moderate-to-severe cerebral edema, 2% survived to discharge, 56% had withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies and 42% progressed to death by neurological criteria. CONCLUSIONS: Our study identified several risk factors associated with the development of cerebral edema following cardiac arrest. Further studies are needed to determine the benefits of early interventions in these high-risk patients.

Clinician's Perception of Practice Changes for Stroke During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: Approach to acute cerebrovascular disease management has evolved in the past few months to accommodate the rising needs of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. In this study, we investigated the changes in practices and policies related to stroke care through an online survey. METHODS: A 12 question, cross-sectional survey targeting practitioners involved in acute stroke care in the US was distributed electronically through national society surveys, social media and personal communication. RESULTS: Respondants from 39 states completed 206 surveys with the majority (82.5%) from comprehensive stroke centers. Approximately half stated some change in transport practices with 14 (7%) reporting significant reduction in transfers. Common strategies to limit healthcare provider exposure included using personal protective equipment (PPE) for all patients (127; 63.5%) as well as limiting the number of practitioners in the room (129; 64.5%). Most respondents (81%) noted an overall decrease in stroke volume. Many (34%) felt that the outcome or care of acute stroke patients had been impacted by COVID-19. This was associated with a change in hospital transport guidelines (OR 1.325, P = 0.047, 95% CI: 1.004-1.748), change in eligibility criteria for IV-tPA or mechanical thrombectomy (MT) (OR 3.146, P = 0.052, 95% CI: 0.988-10.017), and modified admission practices for post IV-tPA or MT patients (OR 2.141, P = 0.023, 95% CI: 1.110-4.132). CONCLUSION: Our study highlights a change in practices and polices related to acute stroke management in response to COVID-19 which are variable among institutions. There is also a reported reduction in stroke volume across hospitals. Amongst these changes, updates in hospital transport guidelines and practices related to IV-tPA and MT may affect the perceived care and outcome of acute stroke patients.

Giant carotid pseudoaneurysm amenable to pipeline stenting in a patient with Ehlers-Danlos type IV.

BACKGROUND: Ehlers-Danlos type IV primarily affects collagen synthesis in the vasculature, increasing the risk of these patients to have dissection and pseudoaneurysm formation. Due to friable vessels, antiplatelet or anticoagulation has been the treatment of choice. However, newer intravascular surgical devices may be promising for future management. CASE DESCRIPTION: A 24-year-old man with a history of Ehlers-Danlos type IV with multiple vascular and bleeding complications presented after recurrent, unprovoked presyncopal episodes. Patient was found to have dissection of bilateral internal carotid arteries (ICA) and right vertebral artery. Left ICA pseudoaneurysm was found in the proximal cervical segment. Patient was stabilized as an inpatient and discharged with outpatient follow-up with neurointerventional surgery. Follow-up imaging showed growth of the left ICA aneurysm. Patient elected to have pipeline stenting of the left ICA pseudoaneurysm. The procedure was performed without complication. Patient was discharged on dual antiplatelet therapy. At 7-month follow-up appointment, patient noted no neurological deficits. Follow-up digital subtraction angiogram at 7 months documented near-complete resolution of the pseudoaneurysm secondary to pipeline stenting. CONCLUSION: Pipeline stent implantation may be a viable corrective surgical option for patients with connective tissue disorders (specifically Ehlers-Danlos type IV) who present with pseudoaneurysm formation.