Determination of progressive stages of type 2 diabetes in a 45% high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mouse model is achieved by utilizing both fasting blood glucose levels and a 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test.

Type 2 diabetes is considered one of the top ten life-threatening diseases worldwide. Following economic growth, obesity and metabolic syndrome became the most common risk factor for type 2 diabetes. In this regard, high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mouse model is widely used for type 2 diabetes pathogenesis and novel therapeutics development. However, criteria for classifying type 2 diabetes progressive stages in this mouse model are yet to be determined, led to the difficulty in experimental end-point decision. In this study, we fed C57BL/6J male mice with 45% high-fat diet, which is physiologically close to human high-fat consumption, and evaluated the progression of type 2 diabetes. After consuming high-fat diet for 4 weeks, mice developed metabolic syndrome, including obesity, significant increase of fasting plasma cholesterol level, elevation of both C-peptide and fasting blood glucose levels. By combining both fasting blood glucose test and 2-hour-oral glucose tolerance test, our results illustrated clear progressive stages from metabolic syndrome into pre-diabetes before onset of type 2 diabetes in C57BL/6J mice given a 45% high-fat diet. Besides, among metabolic measurements, accumulating body weight gain > 16.23 g for 12 weeks could be utilized as a potential parameter to predict type 2 diabetes development in C57BL/6J mice. Thus, these results might support future investigations in term of selecting appropriate disease stage in high-fat diet-fed C57BL/6J mouse model for studying early prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Long-term control of diabetes in a nonhuman primate by two separate transplantations of porcine adult islets under immunosuppression.

Porcine islet transplantation is an alternative to allo-islet transplantation. Retransplantation of islets is a routine clinical practice in islet allotransplantation in immunosuppressed recipients and will most likely be required in islet xenotransplantation in immunosuppressed recipients. We examined whether a second infusion of porcine islets could restore normoglycemia and further evaluated the efficacy of a clinically available immunosuppression regimen including anti-thymocyte globulin for induction; belimumab, sirolimus, and tofacitinib for maintenance and adalimumab, anakinra, IVIg, and tocilizumab for inflammation control in a pig to nonhuman primate transplantation setting. Of note, all nonhuman primates were normoglycemic after the retransplantation of porcine islets without induction therapy. Graft survival was >100 days for all 3 recipients, and 1 of the 3 monkeys showed insulin independence for >237 days. Serious lymphodepletion was not observed, and rhesus cytomegalovirus reactivation was controlled without any serious adverse effects throughout the observation period in all recipients. These results support the clinical applicability of additional infusions of porcine islets. The maintenance immunosuppression regimen we used could protect the reinfused islets from acute rejection.

Alterations in Structural and Functional Connectivities in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the structural and functional connectivities of brain network using graph theoretical analysis in neurologically asymptomatic patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We further investigated the prevalence of cognitive impairment (CI) in ESRD patients and analyzed the association between network measures of brain connectivity and cognitive function. METHODS: We prospectively enrolled 40 neurologically asymptomatic ESRD patients, 40 healthy controls, and 20 disease controls. All of the subjects underwent diffusion-tensor imaging (DTI) and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). We calculated measures of structural and functional connectivities based on DTI and rs-fMRI, respectively, and investigated differences therein between the ESRD patients and the healthy controls. We assessed cognitive function in the ESRD patients using the Korean version of the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease neuropsychological battery. RESULTS: The ESRD patients exhibited decreased global structural and functional brain connectivities, as well as alterations of network hubs compared to the healthy controls and disease controls. About 70% of the ESRD patients had CI. Moreover, ESRD patients without CI exhibited decreased global connectivity and alterations of network hubs. Furthermore, there was a significant positive association between measures of brain connectivity and cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS: We found that ESRD patients exhibited decreased structural and functional brain connectivities, and that there was a significant association between brain connectivity and cognitive function. These alterations in the brain network may contribute to the pathophysiological mechanism of CI in ESRD patients.

Thalamic nuclei volumes and network in juvenile myoclonic epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the alterations of thalamic nuclei volumes and intrinsic thalamic networks in patients with juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) compared to healthy controls. METHODS: We enrolled 50 patients with JME and 42 healthy controls. We obtained structural volumes of the individual thalamic nuclei based on T1-weighted imaging and performed intrinsic thalamic network analysis using graph theoretical analysis. We analyzed the differences of thalamic nuclei volumes and intrinsic thalamic networks between the patients with JME and healthy controls. RESULTS: In the patients with JME, there were significant alterations of thalamic nuclei volumes compared to healthy controls. Right laterodorsal and left suprageniculate nuclei volumes were significantly increased (0.0019% vs 0.0014%, P < .0001; 0.0011% vs 0.0008%, P = .0006, respectively), whereas left ventral posterolateral, left ventromedial, and left pulvinar inferior nuclei volumes (0.0572% vs 0.0664%, P = .0001; 0.0013% vs 0.0015%, P = .0002; 0.0120% vs 0.0140%, P < .0001, respectively) were decreased in the patients with JME. Furthermore, the intrinsic thalamic network of the patients with JME was significantly different from that of the healthy controls. The modularity in the patients with JME was significantly increased over that in healthy controls (0.0785 vs 0.0212, P = .039). CONCLUSION: We found that there were significant alterations of thalamic nuclei volumes and intrinsic thalamic networks in patients with JME compared to healthy controls. These findings might contribute to the underlying pathogenesis of in JME.

Quantification of thalamic nuclei in patients diagnosed with temporal lobe epilepsy and hippocampal sclerosis.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to investigate the changes in the volume of individual thalamic nuclei in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and hippocampal sclerosis (HS). METHODS: We enrolled 80 TLE patients with HS and 40 healthy controls. All of the subjects underwent 3D T1-weighted imaging. The hippocampus subfields and thalamic nuclei were segmented using the FreeSurfer program. We investigated volume changes in thalamic nuclei according to the HS side involved, and types or antiepileptic drug (AED) response compared with healthy controls. RESULTS: Compared with healthy controls, patients with HS showed atrophy of thalamic nuclei involving right and left parafascicular nuclei. In the right HS, the atrophy of the right thalamic nucleus was more prominent than that of the left thalamic nucleus, whereas the reduction in the volume of left thalamic nuclei was more prominent in patients with left HS. The reduction in thalamic nuclear volumes was more prominent in HS type 1 (atrophy of both CA1 and CA4 regions) than in other HS types. The suprageniculate nuclear volumes were significantly increased in patients with drug-controlled epilepsy. CONCLUSIONS: Our study demonstrates thalamic nuclear atrophy in TLE patients with HS. In addition, the atrophy of individual thalamic nuclei varied according to the HS side, the HS types, and the AED response. These findings suggest that the role of thalamic nuclei varied in TLE with HS subtypes and displayed varying degrees of vulnerability in the pathology networks associated with the hippocampus.

Vorinostat-eluting poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) nanofiber-coated stent for inhibition of cholangiocarcinoma cells.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to fabricate a vorinostat (Zolinza™)-eluting nanofiber membrane-coated gastrointestinal (GI) stent and to study its antitumor activity against cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cells in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: Vorinostat and poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) dissolved in an organic solvent was sprayed onto a GI stent to make a nanofiber-coated stent using an electro-spinning machine. Intact vorinostat and vorinostat released from nanofibers was used to assess anticancer activity in vitro against various CCA cells. The antitumor activity of the vorinostat-eluting nanofiber membrane-coated stent was evaluated using HuCC-T1 bearing mice. RESULTS: A vorinostat-incorporated polymer nanofiber membrane was formed on the surface of the GI stent. Vorinostat was continuously released from the nanofiber membrane over 10 days, and its release rate was higher in cell culture media than in phosphate-buffered saline. Released vorinostat showed similar anticancer activity against various CCA cells in vitro compared to that of vorinostat. Like vorinostat, vorinostat released from nanofibers induced acetylation of histone H4 and inhibited histone deacetylases 1⋅3⋅4/5/7 expression in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, vorinostat nanofibers showed a higher tumor growth inhibition rate in HuCC-T1 bearing mice than vorinostat injections. CONCLUSION: Vorinostat-eluting nanofiber membranes showed significant antitumor activity against CCA cells in vitro and in vivo. We suggest the vorinostat nanofiber-coated stent may be a promising candidate for CCA treatment.