Conhecimento dos acadêmicos de Medicina da Amazônia acerca das línguas indígenas e da Libras / Amazonian Medical students' knowledge of indigenous languages and brazilian Sign language (Libras)

RESUMO Introdução: A qualidade da comunicação entre o profissional de saúde e o paciente é um importante pilar para uma atenção em saúde eficiente. O estado de Roraima caracteriza-se por possuir um alto percentual de indígenas, além de outros grupos que demandam linguagens de comunicação específicas. Objetivo: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar comparativamente os níveis de conhecimento dos estudantes do curso de Medicina e dos profissionais médicos recém-formados pela Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR) e dos discentes de outros cursos de graduação da UFRR, que não pertencem à área de saúde, acerca da Língua Brasileira de Sinais (Libras) e das línguas indígenas Macuxi, Yanomami e Wapichana. Método: Trata-se de um estudo de corte transversal, observacional e descritivo, com caráter quantitativo, envolvendo 202 participantes, o qual utilizou como ferramenta de coleta de dados um questionário estruturado aplicado de forma virtual. Resultado: O presente estudo envolveu 80 estudantes ou profissionais recém-formados em Medicina (39,6%), 47 estudantes ou profissionais recém-formados de Engenharia (23,3%) e 75 estudantes ou profissionais recém-formados de Direito (37,1%). Dentre a totalidade dos participantes, 100 eram homens (49,5%) e 102 mulheres (50,5%). Houve associação entre cursar Medicina e saber falar pelo menos uma língua indígena (p = 0,0004). Essa relação não foi evidenciada nos cursos de Direito e Engenharia Civil. Também foi identificada a associação entre estar cursando ou ter cursado Medicina e ter interesse em aprender Libras (p = 0,0159) ou ter interesse em aprender uma língua indígena (p = 0,0054). Essa associação não foi identificada entre os alunos que cursaram ou estavam cursando Direito ou Engenharia Civil. Conclusão: Apesar de os participantes de Medicina possuírem um maior nível de conhecimento a respeito de línguas indígenas e Libras, quando comparados aos outros cursos, isso não garante uma atenção em saúde efetiva em sua integralidade, uma vez que se evidenciou uma grande dificuldade no processo de comunicação entre eles com indígenas e pessoas surdas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The quality of communication between the health professional and the patient is an important pillar for efficient health care. The state of Roraima is characterized by having a high percentage of indigenous individuals, in addition to other groups that demand specific communication languages. Objective: This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the levels of knowledge of Medical students and newly graduated medical professionals from Universidade Federal de Roraima (UFRR) and students from other undergraduate courses at UFRR, who do not belong to the health area, of the Brazilian Sign Language (LIBRAS, Língua Brasileira de Sinais) and the Macuxi, Yanomami and Wapichana indigenous languages. Method: This is a cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study, with a quantitative approach, involving 202 participants, which used a structured questionnaire applied virtually as the data collection tool. Results: The present study assessed 80 students or newly graduated doctors (39.6%), 47 engineering students or newly graduated ones (23.3%) and 75 Law students or newly graduated ones (37.1%). Of all participants, 100 were men (49.5%) and 102 were women (50.5%). There was an association between studying medicine and knowing how to speak at least one indigenous language (p = 0.0004). This relationship was not demonstrated for the Law and Civil engineering courses. An association was also identified between studying or having studied Medicine and being interested in learning LIBRAS (p = 0.0159) or being interested in learning an indigenous language (p = 0.0054). This association was not identified in students who studied or were studying Law or Civil engineering. Conclusion: Although medical participants have a higher level of knowledge about indigenous languages and LIBRAS when compared to the other courses, this does not guarantee effective health care in its entirety, since there was great difficulty related to the process of communication between them and indigenous and deaf individuals.

Exposure to Treponema pallidum Infection among Adolescent and Young Adult Women in Roraima, Amazon Region of Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Syphilis is a chronic infectious disease, and its prevalence has been described since the 15th century. Because of the high prevalence of this infection in Brazil, this study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of syphilis and its associated factors among adolescent and young women living in the city of Boa Vista, Roraima, Brazil. METHODS: The present study was cross-sectional, descriptive, analytical and quantitative. It involved 200 young and adolescent women. Laboratory tests were performed to diagnose syphilis, and a sociodemographic and epidemiological questionnaire was employed. RESULTS: In the studied sample, 10 women had a positive result for syphilis, characterizing a prevalence of 5% for infection with Treponema pallidum. There was a statistically significant association between a monthly family income of less than 1 minimum wage and syphilis (p = 0.0449) and between illicit drug use and syphilis (p = 0.0234). CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate the need for public health interventions, action plans, and the implementation of risk reduction strategies focused on this population.

Prevalence and Factors Associated With Syphilis in People Living With HIV/AIDS in the State of Pará, Northern Brazil.

Syphilis continues to be a public health problem worldwide and its incidence has increased in people living with HIV/AIDS in recent years. This study determined the prevalence and factors associated with syphilis in people living with HIV/AIDS in the city of Belém, northern Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to November 2018. A total of 500 people living with HIV/AIDS attended at a specialized unit of the public health network of the State of Pará were studied. Questionnaires were used to collect socio-demographic data and potential risk factors for syphilis. Blood samples were collected from all subjects and screened for syphilis using VDRL, and the seropositive were confirmed using FTA-abs. Logistic regressions were used to identify the factors associated with syphilis. Most subjects were male (56.8%), had more than 40 years (54.0%), single (63.0%), had finished high school (54.2%), had monthly income ≤1 minimum wage (72.4%), and had been born to the city of Belém (59.8%). Prevalence of syphilis was 6.4%. Eight characteristics/behaviors associated with syphilis: male, young adults, single, studied at least high school, monthly income >1 minimum wage, homosexual/bisexual, does not use or sporadically use condoms during sexual intercourse, and have had more than one sexual partner in the last three months. The prevalence of syphilis in people living with HIV/AIDS in Belém is low when compared to other Brazilian states. However, there is a need for public policies and actions to monitor, control and prevent these two sexually transmitted infections.

The Validity Concept in Medical Education: a Bibliometric Analysis / O Conceito de Validade na Educação Médica: uma Análise Bibliométrica

Abstract: Introduction: Assessment is a critical part of learning and validity is arguably its most important aspect. However, different views and beliefs led to a fragmented conception of the validity meaning, with an excessive focus on psychometric methods and scores, neglecting the consequences and utility of the test. The last decades witnessed the creation of a significant number of tests to assess different aspects of the medical profession formation, but researchers frequently limit their conclusions to the consistency of their measurements, without any further analysis on the educational and social impacts of the test. The objective of this work is to determine the predominant concept of validity in medical education assessment studies. Method: The authors conducted a bibliometric research of the literature about studies on the assessment of learning of medical students, to determine the prevalent concept of validity. The research covered a period from January 2001 to august 2019. The studies were classified in two categories based on their approach to validity: (1)" fragmented validity concept" and (2)" unified validity concept". To help with validity arguments, the studies were also classified based on Miller's framework for clinical assessment. Results: From an initial search resulting in 2823 studies, 716 studies were selected based on the eligibility criteria, and from the selected list, of which 693 (96,7%) were considered studies of the fragmented validity concept, which prioritized score results over an analysis of the test's utility, and only 23 studies (3,2%) were aligned with a unified view of validity, showing an explicit analysis of the consequences and utility of the test. Although the last decade witnessed a significant increase in the number of assessment studies, this increase was not followed by a significant change in the validity concept. Conclusions: This bibliometric analysis demonstrated that assessment studies in medical education still have a fragmented concept of validity, restricted to psychometric methods and scores. The vast majority of studies are not committed to the analysis about the utility and educational impact of an assessment policy. This restrictive view can lead to the waste of valuable time and resources related to assessment methods without significant educational consequences.

Resumo: Introdução: Avaliação é uma parte crítica da aprendizagem, e validade é sem dúvida seu aspecto mais importante. No entanto, diferentes visões e crenças levaram a uma concepção fragmentada do significado de validade, com um foco excessivo nos métodos psicométricos e escores, negligenciando a utilidade do teste. As últimas décadas testemunharam a criação de um número significativo de testes para avaliar diferentes aspectos da formação da profissão médica, mas os pesquisadores frequentemente limitam suas conclusões à consistência de suas medidas, sem nenhuma análise adicional sobre os impactos educacionais e sociais do teste. O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar o conceito predominante de validade nos estudos de avaliação em educação médica. Método: Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliométrica da literatura de estudos sobre avaliação da aprendizagem de estudantes de Medicina para determinar o conceito prevalente de validade. A pesquisa abrangeu o período de janeiro de 2001 a agosto de 2019. Os estudos foram classificados em duas categorias: 1. "conceito de validade fragmentada" e 2. "conceito de validade unificada". Para ajudar nos argumentos de validade, os estudos também foram classificados com base na estrutura de Miller para avaliação clínica. Resultados: A partir de uma pesquisa inicial que resultou em 2.823 estudos, selecionaram-se 716 com base nos critérios de elegibilidade, e consideraram-se 693 (96,7%) estudos com conceito fragmentado de validade que priorizavam os resultados dos escores em detrimento de uma análise da utilidade do teste, e apenas 23 (3,2%) foram alinhados com uma visão unificada de validade, apresentando uma análise explícita das consequências e da utilidade do teste. Embora a última década tenha testemunhado um aumento expressivo de estudos sobre avaliação, esse crescimento não foi acompanhado por uma mudança significativa do conceito de validade. Conclusões: Esta análise bibliométrica demonstrou que os estudos sobre avaliação de aprendizagem em educação médica têm um conceito fragmentado de validade, limitados aos métodos psicométricos e escores. A grande maioria dos trabalhos não está comprometida com uma análise sobre a utilidade e o impacto educacional de uma política de avaliação. Essa visão restritiva pode levar à perda de tempo e recursos valiosos com métodos de avaliação sem consequências educacionais significativas.

Conhecimento dos pacientes diabéticos usuários do Sistema Único de Saúde acerca da retinopatia diabética / Knowledge of diabetic patients users of the Health Unic System about diabetic retinopathy

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar o nível de conhecimento dos pacientes diabéticos, atendidos no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) na cidade de Boa Vista/Roraima, acerca da Retinopatia Diabética (RD). Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo, de caráter quantitativo, realizado através da aplicação de um questionário semi-estruturado para 150 indivíduos diabéticos, usuários do SUS, da cidade de Boa Vista - RR, durante o ano de 2017. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas utilizando os programas Microsoft Excel e EpiInfo 7®, fixando-se o nível de 5% para a rejeição da hipótese de nulidade. Resultados: Do total amostral pesquisado,76,7% dos indivíduos não possuía nenhum conhecimento sobre a RD, 19,3% tinha algum tipo de conhecimento, mas não possuía a patologia, 2,7% conhecia, possuía a RD e fazia tratamento e 1,3% conhecia, possuía a RD e não se tratava. Quanto a orientação, 40,6% dos participantes nunca recebeu nenhuma informação sobre o risco de perda da visão. Acerca do tipo de Diabetes, 44,7% dos participantes não sabia que tipo possuía, 42% relatou ter DM 2 e 13,3% DM1. Sobre o controle da glicose, 59,4% não conseguia mantê-lo. Foi evidenciada associação entre o controle da glicose e o conhecimento sobre RD, entre o tempo de instalação da DM e o conhecimento sobre RD e entre ter consultado um oftalmologista e conhecer sobre a RD. Conclusão: O nível de conhecimento sobre a RD é muito baixo, fator preocupante por tratar-se de uma das complicações mais importantes do Diabetes. Percebe-se que o sistema de saúde não está sendo eficiente como facilitador deste conhecimento.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the level of knowledge of diabetic patients treated at the Unified Health System (SUS - Sistema Único de Saúde) in the city of Boa Vista / Roraima, about Diabetic Retinopathy (DR). Methods: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, quantitative study conducted through the application of a semi-structured questionnaire for 150 diabetic individuals, SUS users, from the city of Boa Vista - RR, during the year 2017. Statistical analyzes were performed using the Microsoft Excel and EpiInfo 7® programs, setting the 5% level for the rejection of the null hypothesis. Results: Of the total sample, 76.7% of the individuals did not have any knowledge about DR, 19.3% had some type of knowledge, but did not have the pathology, 2.7% knew, had DR and was receiving treatment, 1,3% knew, had DR and was not receiving treatment. About orientation, 40.6% of the participants never received any information about the risk of vision loss. About the type of Diabetes, 44.7% of the participants did not know what type they had, 42% reported having DM 2 and 13.3% DM1. On glucose control, 59.4% could not maintain it. It was evidenced an association between glucose control and DR knowledge, between the time of DM installation and knowledge about DR, and between having consulted an ophthalmologist and knowing about DR. Conclusion: The level of knowledge about DR is very low, a worrying factor because it is one of the most important complications of diabetes. It is observed that the health system is not being efficient as facilitator of this knowledge.

Antibacterial and antifungal activity of extracts and exudates of the Amazonian medicinal tree Himatanthus articulatus (Vahl) Woodson (common name: sucuba).

Himatanthus articulatus (Vahl) Woodson is a tree found in the northern Amazon savannahs (common name: sucuba) that is used in local Amerindian medicine. Leaf, bark and branch wood methanol extracts, sequentially obtained hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts and latex were evaluated for antifungal and antibacterial activities against American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and local clinical strains using the disc diffusion method. Methanol extracts and latex inhibited Candida albicans, leaf methanol extracts inhibited Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and bark methanol extracts inhibited B. subtilis. Active extracts inhibited the ATCC and clinical strains. Polar antifungal and antibacterial principles in latex and extracts are thought to be responsible for the inhibition.

Antibacterial and antifungal activity of extracts and exudates of the Amazonian medicinal tree Himatanthus articulatus (Vahl) Woodson (common name: sucuba)

Himatanthus articulatus (Vahl) Woodson is a tree found in the northern Amazon savannahs (common name: sucuba) that is used in local Amerindian medicine. Leaf, bark and branch wood methanol extracts, sequentially obtained hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts and latex were evaluated for antifungal and antibacterial activities against American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) and local clinical strains using the disc diffusion method. Methanol extracts and latex inhibited Candida albicans, leaf methanol extracts inhibited Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis and bark methanol extracts inhibited B. subtilis. Active extracts inhibited the ATCC and clinical strains. Polar antifungal and antibacterial principles in latex and extracts are thought to be responsible for the inhibition.