Gingival crevicular fluid tissue/blood vessel-type plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 levels in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: effects of nonsurgical periodontal therapy.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of nonsurgical periodontal therapy on clinical parameters and gingival crevicular fluid levels of tissue/blood vessel-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-2 (PAI-2) in patients with periodontitis, with or without rheumatoid arthritis (RA). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifteen patients with RA and chronic periodontitis (RA-P), 15 systemically healthy patients with chronic periodontitis (H-P) and 15 periodontally and systemically healthy volunteers (C) were included in the study. Plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, gingival crevicular fluid t-PA and PAI-2 levels, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, serum C-reactive protein and disease activity score were evaluated at baseline and 3 mo after mechanical nonsurgical periodontal therapy. RESULTS: All periodontal clinical parameters were significantly higher in the RA-P and H-P groups compared with the C group (p < 0.001) and decreased significantly after treatment (p < 0.001). Pretreatment t-PA levels were highest in the RA-P group and significantly decreased post-treatment (p = 0.047). Pre- and post-treatment PAI-2 levels were significantly lower in controls compared with both periodontitis groups (p < 0.05). Gingival crevicular fluid volume and the levels of t-PA and PAI-2 were significantly correlated. CONCLUSION: In patients with periodontitis and RA, nonsurgical periodontal therapy reduced the pretreatment gingival crevicular fluid t-PA levels, which were significantly correlated with gingival crevicular fluid PAI-2 levels. The significantly higher t-PA and PAI-2 gingival crevicular fluid levels in periodontal patients, regardless of systemic status, suggest that the plasminogen activating system plays a role in the disease process of periodontitis.

High sensitivity detection of salivary 8-hydroxy deoxyguanosine levels in patients with chronic periodontitis.

BACKGROUND: Inflammation is associated with hydroxyl radical damage to DNA as a result of oxidative stress. 8-Hydroxy deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) is a marker of this process and its levels in saliva could be linked to the severity of periodontal inflammation. The aim of this study was to test the sensitivity of liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in comparison to enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of 8-OHdG in saliva in patients with chronic periodontitis before and after periodontal treatment. METHODS: Saliva samples were collected from 23 patients (eight females and 15 males; 46.1 ± 5.1 years of age) with generalized chronic periodontitis and 25 (15 females and 10 males; 44.9 ± 6.8 years of age) periodontally healthy individuals. Patients received initial periodontal treatment consisting of scaling and root planing and were evaluated at baseline and after 6 wk of completion of non-surgical therapy. Salivary 8-OHdG levels were measured using ELISA and LC-MS/MS before and after the treatment. Clinically, plaque index, gingival index, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing, gingival recession and probing pocket depth were measured at baseline and after 6 wk. RESULTS: Salivary levels of 8-OHdG decreased significantly after the non-surgical periodontal treatment (p < 0.001). Statistically significant positive correlations were observed between plaque index, gingival index, probing pocket depth, clinical attachment level, bleeding on probing values and LC-MS/MS and ELISA levels of 8-OHdG (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: LC-MS/MS is a reliable and sensitive method for evaluating salivary 8-OHdG levels to monitor the treatment response of periodontitis.

Increased serum interleukin-33 levels in patients with Graves' disease.

OBJECTIVE: Interleukin-33 (IL-33), a 30 kDa cytokine, is a member of IL-1 family. It is considered to be an autoimmune biomarker associated with T helper 2 (Th 2) response. γ-interferon is also produced by T helper 1 (Th 1) cells to induce cellular responses. γ-interferon is a 143-amino acid residue glycoprotein with several biological functions including potent anti-viral activity, stimulation of macrophage activity, modulation of Major Histocompatibilty Complex class I/class II expression, and regulation of a diversity of specific immune responses. The aim of this study was to investigate the serum levels of IL-33 and γ-interferon in different thyroid disorders. METHODS: Twenty patients with Graves' disease, 21 patients with Hashimoto hypothyroidism, 21 euthyroid Hashimoto patients, and 27 control subjects were recruited to this study. Blood samples were drawn and IL-33 and γ-interferon tests were analyzed from 89 participants. Serum IL-33 and γ-interferon analyses were performed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between groups for serum γ-interferon levels. Serum IL-33 concentrations were significantly higher in Graves' disease group compared to the other groups (p<0.000) There was a positive correlation between serum IL-33 and free triiodothyronine (fT3) and thyroxine (fT4). Also, negative correlation between serum IL-33 and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was statistically significant (p<0.000). CONCLUSIONS: The correlation of serum IL-33 with thyroid hormone levels may be a useful indicator for Graves' disease. These findings may help to make evident the pathophysiologic processes of the autoimmune thyroid diseases and improve therapeutic methods. .

The effects of analytical factors on second trimester risk estimations.

OBJECTIVE: Triple test with measured maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein, human chorionic gonadotropin, and unconjugated estriol combination as a routine procedure for fetal Down's syndrome, trisomy 18 and neural tube defect screening has some intrinsic problems, such as precision. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of analytical variation of triple test on prenatal risk estimation. METHOD: Five different serum pools were prepared and triple test was performed seven times for within run and five times for between run precision determination. RESULT: Within run and between run, precision values of risk estimations by measuring the same sample for Triple test were calculated to be 7.9-21.4% and 14.1-31.0% for trisomy 21, 13.2-23.7% and 14.2-15.1% for trisomy 18, 47.2 and 42.0 % for neural tube defect, respectively. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrated that analytical variations have great impact on second trimester risk estimation procedures; therefore, triple test analyses should be carried out in laboratories using strict internal and external quality control programs. Moreover, triple test results should always be interpreted by considering analytical and biological variations.

In vitro IL-1beta release from gingival fibroblasts in response to pure metals, dental alloys and ceramic.

Little information is available on the immunological basis for side-effects of dental materials. The objective of this study is to evaluate effects of pure metals, dental alloys and ceramic on cell viability and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1beta) release in three-dimensional human gingival fibroblast cultures as an indicator of their biological performance in gingival tissues. The gingival fibroblast cultures were exposed to test specimens fabricated from nickel, iron, molybdenum, copper, indium, gold, Ni-Cr-Mo alloy (Remanium CS), Au-Pt-In alloy (Pontostar) and a dental ceramic (In-ceram). Cell viability was determined by the MTT method 24 and 48 h after exposure. Assays for IL-1beta were carried out by ELISA. Statistical analysis was performed applying the non-parametric Mann-Whitney pairwise test. Dental ceramic and gold did not influence cell viability after 24 and 48 h. Cell viability was determined after 24 and 48 h to nickel (79-77%), iron (92-90%), molybdenum (86-83%), copper (48-36%), indium (90-90%), Remanium CS (83-80%), Pontostar (94-91%) compared with control cultures. Dental ceramic, Pontostar and gold had no significant influence on IL-1beta secretion. The highest amounts of IL-1beta (10-fold) levels were determined in cell cultures exposed to copper. Indium, molybdenum and iron induced twofold IL-1beta levels compared with untreated control cultures. These results support that some metals may alter immune responses and thereby contribute to a variety of dental pathological conditions and three-dimensional cell culture models for gingival fibroblasts appear to be suitable for in vitro studies.

A practical approach to glomerular filtration rate measurements: creatinine clearance estimation using cimetidine.

Determination of creatinine clearance (Ccr) is not a reliable indicator of glomerular filtration rate (GFR), owing to tubular secretion of creatinine. It has been reported that Ccr measurements can approximate true GFR after cimetidine (Ci) administration. In this study, GFR was estimated by Cockcroft and Gault's equation (C(C-G)) based on measurement of plasma creatinine, and Ccr was determined by the standard clearance equation using 4- and 24-hr urine samples (Ccr4 and Ccr24, respectively) in 17 patients and 10 healthy controls. After cimetidine administration (800 mg, 3 times daily), GFR values were recalculated at the same time periods (C(CiC-G), CcrCi4 and CcrCi24, respectively). The results were all compared to those obtained by the 99mTc-DTPA protein-free double-sample method (C(DTPA)), which is a reference method for GFR determination. The coefficient of variation (CV%) for Ccr24/C(DTPA) was high before cimetidine administration; Ccr24 and CcrCi24 values were significantly different from C(DTPA) (CV 23.1%, Ccr24/C(DTPA) = 1.17, p 0.005; and CV 14.1%, CcrCi24/C(DTPA) = 0.92, p 0.006, respectively). Ccr4 values obtained before cimetidine ingestion showed large variation and were significantly different from C(DTPA) (CV 15.5%, Ccr4/C(DTPA) = 1.11, p 0.001). CcrCi4 values after cimetidine were similar to CDTPA (CV 6.9%, CcrCi4/C(DTPA) = 1.01, p 0.28). C(C-G) estimates were higher before cimetidine intake (CV 12.4%, C(C-G)/C(DTPA) = 1.21, p <0.001), whereas C(CiC-G) values were not significantly different from C(DTPA) values (CV 7.0%, C(CiC-G)/C(DTPA) = 1.01, p 0.67). This study shows that GFR estimations by C(C-G), Ccr4, Ccr24, or CcrCi24 are insufficiently reliable. On the other hand, C(CiC-G) and CcrCi4 results are acceptable for true GFR estimations.

Brainstem auditory-evoked potentials in iron-deficiency anemia.

Slight-to-moderate impairments may be observed in mental and motor developments of infants with iron- deficiency anemia. Brainstem auditory-evoked potentials provide a noninvasive means of examining the auditory aspect of the central nervous system functions. In this study the effect of iron-deficiency anemia on auditory functions was investigated by using brainstem auditory-evoked potentials. Brainstem auditory-evoked potentials of the 20 iron-deficient infants were not significantly different from those of the control group that included 20 healthy age-matched infants. Furthermore, there was not a statistically significant difference between the brainstem auditory-evoked potentials of the study group performed before and 3 months after oral iron therapy. Although we could not demonstrate a hearing loss in infants with moderate iron-deficiency anemia in this study, the relationship between severe iron-deficiency anemia and hearing loss or auditory dysfunction remains to be determined.

The value of first-day bilirubin measurement in predicting the development of significant hyperbilirubinemia in healthy term newborns.

OBJECTIVE: The recognition, follow-up, and early treatment of neonatal jaundice has become more difficult, since the earlier discharge of newborns from hospitals has become common practice. This prospective study was undertaken to identify the newborns at risk for developing significant hyperbilirubinemia later during the first days of life by measuring the serum bilirubin levels of the first 5 days of life to determine the critical predictive serum bilirubin value on the first day of life. METHODOLOGY: A total of 498 healthy term newborns were followed with daily serum total bilirubin measurements for the first 5 days of life, and cases with serum bilirubin levels of >/=17 mg/dL after 24 hours of life were defined to have significant hyperbilirubinemia. RESULTS: No newborns had a serum total bilirubin level of >/=17 mg/dL in the first 72 hours of life. Sixty of 498 cases (12.05%) had significant hyperbilirubinemia after 72 hours of life, and these cases had significantly higher bilirubin levels than those who did not develop significant hyperbilirubinemia on each of the first 5 days' measurements. Of the 206 newborns who had a serum bilirubin level of >/=6 mg/dL in the first 24 hours, 54 (26.21%) developed significant hyperbilirubinemia, whereas only 6 of the 292 newborns (2.05%) who had a serum bilirubin level of <6 mg/dL on the first day developed significant hyperbilirubinemia. A mean serum bilirubin level of >/=6 mg/dL on the first day had the highest sensitivity (90%). At this critical serum bilirubin value, the negative predictive value was very high (97.9%) and the positive predictive value was fairly low (26.2%). Furthermore, because no cases with a serum bilirubin level of <6 mg/dL in the first 24 hours of life required a subsequent phototherapy treatment and because all of those infants requiring a phototherapy treatment with serum bilirubin levels of >/=20 mg/dL were just among the cases whose first-day bilirubin levels were >/=6 mg/dL, the critical bilirubin level of 6 mg/dL on the first day made it possible, with the highest (100%) sensitivity and negative predictive value, to definitely predict all of the infants who would have a bilirubin level of >20 mg/dL, requiring a phototherapy treatment later during the first days of life. CONCLUSIONS: A serum bilirubin measurement and the use of the critical bilirubin level of 6 mg/dL in the first 24 hours of life will predict nearly all of the term newborns who will have significant hyperbilirubinemia and will determine all those who will require a phototherapy treatment later during the first days of life.

The role of erythrocyte protoporphyrin in the diagnosis of iron deficiency anemia of children.

The values of erythrocyte protoporphyrin, ferritin and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) measurements in diagnosing iron deficiency anemia were investigated in 72 iron deficient and in 25 healthy control infants. Receiver operator curve, sensitivity and specificity of erythrocyte protoporphyrin, ferritin and mean corpuscular volume were compared between the study and control groups. In the study group mean corpuscular volume, hemoglobin and ferritin concentrations were significantly lower, and erythrocyte protoporphyrin was significantly higher when compared to the control group. In the iron deficient study group, erythrocyte protoporphyrin was the most sensitive test and ferritin was the most specific test, whereas ferritin was the most diagnostic test and mean corpuscular volume was the least diagnostic test. A significant correlation between erythrocyte protoporphyrin and hemoglobin values was determined. We conclude that erythrocyte protoporphyrin is a more sensitive but less specific test than ferritin, and it can be used as a first-line diagnostic test in the evaluation of iron deficiency and in diagnosing iron deficiency anemia in infants.