Venous thromboembolism in adrenocortical carcinoma: a retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a leading cause of death in patients with cancer. Limited data exist about VTE in patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). The primary objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of VTE in a cohort of patients with ACC. Secondary objectives were to determine the impact of VTE events on overall survival (OS) and to describe the characteristics of VTE in patients with ACC. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed data from 289 patients with ACC cared for at a major referral center from February 2010 to June 2022. RESULTS: VTE prevalence was 18.7% (54 events). Thirty patients (55.6%) had pulmonary embolism (PE); 12 patients (22.2%) had deep vein thrombosis (DVT); and 12 patients (22.2%) had both PE and DVT. VTE occurred after ACC diagnosis in 50 patients (92.6%) including 44 patients (88%) with stage 3 or 4 ACC. VTEs were CTCAE grade ≤2 in 32 cases (59.3%), grade 3 in 17 (31.5%), and grade 4 in 2 (3.7%). Thirteen patients (24%) died within 6 months after VTE diagnosis, although there was no statistically significant association between VTE and overall survival. CONCLUSION: Despite the potential to underestimate the prevalence of VTEs, we found a high frequency of VTE events in patients with ACC. A majority of VTEs occurred in the context of advanced ACC and we observed high short-term mortality. Further studies are needed to validate our findings and investigate mechanisms associated with VTE in ACC.

Cabozantinib monotherapy for advanced adrenocortical carcinoma: a single-arm, phase 2 trial.

BACKGROUND: Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare malignancy with poor response to systemic chemotherapy. Mitotane is the only approved therapy for adrenocortical carcinoma. Cabozantinib is a multikinase inhibitor approved in multiple malignancies. This is the first prospective trial to explore the anti-tumour activity, safety, and pharmacokinetic profile of cabozantinib in patients with advanced adrenocortical carcinoma. METHODS: This investigator-initiated, single-arm, phase 2 trial in adult patients (aged ≥18 years) with advanced adrenocortical carcinoma was done at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (Houston, TX, USA). Eligible patients had histologically confirmed adrenocortical carcinoma, were not candidates for surgery with curative intent, had measurable disease, had an estimated life expectancy of at least 3 months, and an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0-2 with adequate organ function. Patients who had used mitotane within 6 months of study participation were required to have a serum mitotane level of less than 2 mg/L. Patients were given oral cabozantinib 60 mg daily with the option of dose reduction to manage adverse events. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival at 4 months, assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of study drug per protocol. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03370718, and is now complete. FINDINGS: Between March 1, 2018, and May 31, 2021, we enrolled 18 patients (ten males and eight females), all of whom received at least one dose of study treatment. Of the 18 patients, eight (44%) had an ECOG performance status of 0, nine (50%) patients had a performance status of 1, and one (6%) patient had a performance status of 2. Median follow-up was 36·8 months (IQR 30·2-50·3). At 4 months, 13 (72·2%; 95% CI 46·5-90·3) of 18 patients had progression-free survival and median progression-free survival was 6 months (95% CI 4·3 to not reached). One patient remains on treatment. Treatment-related adverse events of grade 3 or worse occurred in 11 (61%) of 18 patients. The most common grade 3 adverse events were lipase elevation (three [17%] of 18 patients), elevated γ-glutamyl transferase concentrations (two [11%] patients), elevated alanine aminotransferase concentrations (two [11%] patients), hypophosphatemia (two [11%] patients), and hypertension (two [11%] patients). One (6%) of 18 patients had grade 4 hypertension. No treatment related deaths occurred on study. INTERPRETATION: Cabozantinib in advanced adrenocortical carcinoma showed promising efficacy with a manageable and anticipated safety profile. Further prospective studies with cabozantinib alone and in combination with immune checkpoint therapy are ongoing. FUNDING: Exelixis.

Phase 1b Trial Evaluating Tolerability and Activity of Targeted Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Inhibition in Localized Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma.

PURPOSE: We initiated a biomarker-informed preoperative study of infigratinib, a fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) inhibitor, in patients with localized upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC), a population with high unmet needs and tumor with a high frequency of FGFR3 alterations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with localized UTUC undergoing ureteroscopy or nephroureterectomy/ureterectomy were enrolled on a phase 1b trial (NCT04228042). Once-daily infigratinib 125 mg by mouth × 21 days (28-day cycle) was given for 2 cycles. Tolerability was monitored by Bayesian design and predefined stopping boundaries. The primary endpoint was tolerability, and the secondary endpoint was objective response based on tumor mapping, done after endoscopic biopsy and post-trial surgery. Total planned enrollment: 20 patients. Targeted sequencing performed using a NovaSeq 6000 solid tumor panel. RESULTS: From May 2021 to November 2022, 14 patients were enrolled, at which point the trial was closed due to termination of all infigratinib oncology trials. Two patients (14.3%) had treatment-terminating toxicities, well below the stopping threshold. Responses occurred in 6 (66.7%) of 9 patients with FGFR3 alterations. Responders had median tumor size reduction of 67%, with 3 of 5 patients initially planned for nephroureterectomy/ureterectomy converted to ureteroscopy. Median follow-up in responders was 24.7 months (14.9-28.9). CONCLUSIONS: In this first trial of targeted therapy for localized UTUC, FGFR inhibition was well tolerated and had significant activity in FGFR3 altered tumors. Renal preservation was enabled in a substantial proportion of participants. These data support the design of a biomarker-driven phase 2 trial of FGFR3 inhibition in this population with significant unmet clinical needs.

Efficacy, Safety, and Tolerability of Tivozanib in Heavily Pretreated Patients With Advanced Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Tivozanib has been approved as a third-line or later therapy for advanced renal cell carcinoma based on the TIVO-3 trial, which was conducted before immune checkpoint therapies (ICT), cabozantinib, and lenvatinib/everolimus became incorporated in the current sequential treatment paradigm for advanced clear cell RCC (ccRCC). METHODS: We performed a retrospective study of patients with advanced ccRCC treated with tivozanib at MD Anderson Cancer Center during 6/2021-7/2023. A blinded radiologist assessed tumor response by RECIST v1.1. We assessed overall response rate (ORR), clinical benefit rate (CBR) [percentage of all treated patients who achieved radiologic response or stable disease (SD) for ≥ 6 months], progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and safety. RESULTS: Of 30 analyzed patients, 23% had performance status ≥ 2; 47% had International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium (IMDC) poor-risk disease. Median number of prior therapies was 4 (range 1-8). All patients received prior ICT, 87% cabozantinib and 60% lenvatinib ± everolimus. Of 26 evaluable patients, 2 patients had confirmed partial response (ORR 7.7%); 5 patients had SD for ≥ 6 months (CBR 23.3%). Median PFS was 3.8 months (range 0.7-13.9); median OS was 14.1 months (range 0.3-28.5). Fifteen patients (50%) had ≥ 1 treatment-related adverse event (TRAE). There were 6 grade ≥ 3 TRAEs [hypertension, congestive heart failure (3), mucositis, and GI perforation (grade 5)]. CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of heavily pretreated patients with advanced ccRCC, tivozanib yielded a modest clinical benefit in a minority of patients who received prior ICT, cabozantinib, and lenvatinib ± everolimus. TRAEs were consistent with previously published reports.

Development of a Strategic Initiative at MD Anderson Cancer Center to Improve Outcomes in Immune-Related Adverse Events.

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have transformed the treatment paradigm for many cancer types. The clinical use of ICIs is increasing rapidly, including in combinations associated with increased risk of toxicities, termed "immune-related adverse events" (irAEs). Therefore, MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) in Houston, Texas has proactively responded by developing a priority endeavor known as the Immuno-Oncology Toxicity (IOTOX) initiative. This strategic initiative aims to facilitate the seamless integration of key domains: (1) standardized clinical practice and innovative decision toolsets; (2) patient and provider education; and (3) a comprehensive clinical and translational research platform. The ultimate goal of this initiative is to develop and disseminate clinical best practices and biologic insights into irAEs to improve outcomes of patients with irAEs at MDACC and in the wider oncology community.

Incidence and Geographical Distribution of Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Retrospective Analysis of a State Cancer Registry.

OBJECTIVE: Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare malignancy without established association with environmental risk factors. ACC incidence is stable based on large surgical databases while referral centers data reported increasing number of cases seen. We studied ACC incidence and distribution at a county level to find potential ACC "hot spots" that could be linked to environmental exposures. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of Texas Cancer Registry that included ACC patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2018. County-level heatmaps were created and compared with breast, prostate, and lung cancer. RESULTS: We identified 448 ACC cases during the study period. Cases were registered in 110 of the 254 counties (43.3%) in Texas, representing 92.74% of the total population. The median incidence was 23 new cases/y (range 14-33). The mean population-adjusted ACC incidence rate was 0.104 per 100 000 per year (standard deviation 0.005; 95% CI, 0.092-0.116). Seven counties (6.3%) accounted for 215 (48.0%) cases, with more than 10 cases each and median standardized incidence ratio (SIR) of 0.1 (range, 0.0-0.9). One hundred three counties (93.7%) accounted for the remaining 233 cases (52%), with fewer than 10 cases per county. The highest standardized incidence ratios were found in counties with a median population of fewer than 14 000 residents and with only one reported case. CONCLUSION: Our analysis is the first report to create ACC heatmap and could not detect any geographic clustering of ACC in Texas. The incidence of ACC remained stable and consistent with data from other large databases.

Association of Emotional Exhaustion With Career Burnout Among Early-Career Medical Oncologists: A Single-Institution Study.

PURPOSE: Burnout is a psychological occupational syndrome defined by the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) as emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and a low sense of personal accomplishment. We sought to characterize the prevalence of burnout among early-career medical oncologists at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC). METHODS: For this institutional review board-approved study, an electronic survey was developed for Assistant Professors in the MDACC Division of Cancer Medicine. All participants were involved directly in patient care. Our survey included questions assessing self-reported burnout, nine questions validated in the abbreviated MBI, and 31 questions to assess potential contributors to burnout. Each question was scaled 1-5, with higher scores associated with higher burnout. Descriptive statistics were used to estimate the prevalence of burnout, and logistic regression analyses were performed to identify contributing factors. RESULTS: Among 86 Assistant Professors, 56 (65%) responded to the survey. The mean duration on faculty was 3.1 years. The mean clinical effort was 67% (range, 19-95). Fifty-four percent of respondents self-reported symptoms of burnout including 21% indicating severe burnout. Using the MBI, sentiments of being emotionally drained (54%), fatigued facing another day on the job (45%), and becoming more callous (30%) were especially notable. Twenty-five percent of respondents exhibited severe emotional exhaustion, which was more prevalent (P < .0001) than depersonalization (6%) or lack of personal accomplishment (17%). CONCLUSION: Burnout exists with high prevalence among early-career medical oncologists, with emotional exhaustion being the most common manifestation of burnout. Interventions focusing on reducing emotional exhaustion are needed to reduce burnout among early-career medical oncologists.

Treatment Outcomes in Patients With Metastatic Renal Cell Carcinoma With Sarcomatoid and/or Rhabdoid Dedifferentiation After Progression on Immune Checkpoint Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Metastatic RCC with sarcomatoid and/or rhabdoid (S/R) dedifferentiation is an aggressive disease associated with improved response to immune checkpoint therapy (ICT). The outcomes of patients treated with VEGFR-targeted therapies (TT) following ICT progression have not been investigated. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Retrospective review of 57 patients with sarcomatoid (S), rhabdoid (R), or sarcomatoid plus rhabdoid (S + R) dedifferentiation who received any TT after progression on ICT at an academic cancer center. Clinical endpoints of interest included time on TT, overall survival (OS) from initiation of TT, and objective response rate (ORR) by RECIST version 1.1. Multivariable models adjusted for epithelial histology, IMDC risk, prior VEGFR TT, and inclusion of cabozantinib in the post-ICT TT regimen. RESULTS: 29/57 patients had S dedifferentiation and 19 had R dedifferentiation. The most frequently used TT was cabozantinib (43.9%) followed by selective VEGFR TT (22.8%). The median time on TT was 6.4 months for all, 6.1 months for those with S dedifferentiation, 15.6 months for R dedifferentiation, and 6.1 months for S + R dedifferentiation. Median OS from initiation of TT was 24.9 months for the entire cohort, and the ORR was 20.0%. Patients with R dedifferentiation had significantly longer time on TT than those with S dedifferentiation (HR 0.44, 95% CI, 0.21-0.94). IMDC risk was associated with OS. CONCLUSIONS: A subset of patients with S/R dedifferentiation derive clinical benefit from TT after they have progressive disease on ICT. Patients with R dedifferentiation appeared to derive more benefit from TT than those with S dedifferentiation.

Comparative Effectiveness Analysis of Treatment Strategies for Surgically Resectable Neuroendocrine Carcinoma of the Urinary Tract.

BACKGROUND: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (neoCTX) has been recommended as the optimal strategy in surgically resectable neuroendocrine carcinoma (NEC) of the urinary tract (NEC-URO). OBJECTIVE: To determine the systemic therapy regimen and timing, which are most active against NEC-URO. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: We used our institutional historical clinical and pathological database to study 203 patients (cT2, 74%; cT3/4a, 22%; and cTx, 4%) with surgically resectable NEC-URO between November 1985 and May 2020. A total of 141 patients received neoCTX and 62 underwent initial radical surgery, 24 of whom received adjuvant CTX (adjCTX). INTERVENTION: Neoadjuvant CTX with etoposide/cisplatin (EP), an alternating doublet of ifosfamide/doxorubicin (IA) and EP, dose-dense methotrexate/vinblastine/doxorubicin/cisplatin (MVAC), gemcitabine/cisplatin (GC), or others. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Overall survival (OS), downstaging rate, and pathological complete response using a multivariable model adjusting for tumor- and patient-related factors. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: Downstaging rate was significantly improved with neoCTX versus initial surgery (49.6% vs 14.5%, p < 0.0001), stage cT2N0 versus cT3/4N0 (44% vs 25%, p = 0.01), or presence of carcinoma in situ (47% vs 28%, p = 0.01). Downstaging was greatest with IA/EP (65%) versus EP (39%), MVAC/GC (27%), or others (36%, p = 0.04). After adjusting for age and Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, IA/EP was still associated with improved downstaging (odds ratio = 3.7 [1.3-10.2], p = 0.01). At a median follow-up of 59.7 mo, 5-yr OS rates for neoCTX followed by surgery, surgery alone, and surgery followed by adjCTX were 57%, 22%, and 30%, respectively. An NEC regimen (IA/EP or EP) versus a urothelial regimen (MVAC/GC or others) was associated with improved survival (145.4 vs 42.5 mo, hazard ratio = 0.49, 95% confidence interval: 0.25-0.94). CONCLUSIONS: Neoadjuvant CTX remains the standard-of-care treatment for NEC-URO with an advantage for NEC regimens over traditional urothelial regimens. IA/EP improves pathological downstaging at the time of surgery compared with EP, but is reserved for younger and higher function patients. PATIENT SUMMARY: In this report, we looked at the outcomes from invasive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the urinary tract in a large US population. We found that the outcomes varied with treatment strategy. We conclude that the best outcomes are seen in patients treated with chemotherapy prior to surgery and regimens tailored to histology and tolerance.

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Suppress Hepatitis C Virus Replication in Infected Patients With Solid Tumors.

INTRODUCTION: Data are scarce regarding the virologic impact and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. We examined the virologic impact of ICI in HCV-infected patients with solid tumors and their safety. METHODS: HCV-infected patients with solid tumor treated with ICI at our institution between April 26, 2016, and January 5, 2022, were enrolled in a prospective observational study. The primary outcomes were ICI-induced changes in HCV viremia (HCV inhibition and HCV reactivation) and safety of ICI. RESULTS: We enrolled 52 consecutive patients with solid tumors treated with ICI. Most were men (41; 79%), White (31; 59%), without cirrhosis (34; 65%), and with HCV genotype 1 (40; 77%). Four patients (7.7%) experienced HCV inhibition while receiving ICI including 1 patient who developed undetectable viremia for 6 months in the absence of direct-acting antivirals (DAA). Two patients (4%) developed HCV reactivation, both while receiving immunosuppressive therapy for ICI-related toxic effects. Adverse events occurred in 36 patients (69%), and 39 of the 47 adverse events (83%) were grade 1-2. Grade 3-4 adverse events occurred in 8 patients (15%), and in all cases, they were related to ICI, not to HCV. No HCV-associated liver failure or death occurred. DISCUSSION: Inhibition of HCV replication with virologic cure can develop in patients receiving ICI without DAA. HCV reactivation occurs primarily in patients receiving immunosuppressants for ICI-related toxic effects. ICI are safe in HCV-infected patients with solid tumors. Chronic HCV infection should not be considered a contraindication for ICI therapy.

Phase II trial of neoadjuvant sitravatinib plus nivolumab in patients undergoing nephrectomy for locally advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Sitravatinib is an immunomodulatory tyrosine kinase inhibitor that can augment responses when combined with programmed death-1 inhibitors such as nivolumab. We report a single-arm, interventional, phase 2 study of neoadjuvant sitravatinib in combination with nivolumab in patients with locally advanced clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) prior to curative nephrectomy (NCT03680521). The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR) prior to surgery with a null hypothesis ORR = 5% and the alternative hypothesis set at ORR = 30%. Secondary endpoints were safety; pharmacokinetics (PK) of sitravatinib; immune effects, including changes in programmed cell death-ligand 1 expression; time-to-surgery; and disease-free survival (DFS). Twenty patients were evaluable for safety and 17 for efficacy. The ORR was 11.8%, and 24-month DFS probability was 88·0% (95% CI 61.0 to 97.0). There were no grade 4/5 treatment-related adverse events. Sitravatinib PK did not change following the addition of nivolumab. Correlative blood and tissue analyses showed changes in the tumour microenvironment resulting in an immunologically active tumour by the time of surgery (median time-to-surgery: 50 days). The primary endpoint of this study was not met as short-term neoadjuvant sitravatinib and nivolumab did not substantially increase ORR.

Phase I study of sapanisertib with carboplatin and paclitaxel in mTOR pathway altered solid malignancies.

Pre-clinically, the mTORC1/2 inhibitor sapanisertib restored sensitivity to platinums and enhanced paclitaxel-induced cancer cell killing. NCT03430882 enrolled patients with mTOR pathway aberrant tumors to receive sapanisertib, carboplatin and paclitaxel. Primary objective was safety and secondary objectives were clinical response and survival. One patient had a dose-limiting toxicity at dose level 4. There were no unanticipated toxicities. Grade 3-4 treatment-related adverse events included anemia (21%), neutropenia (21%), thrombocytopenia (10.5%), and transaminitis (5%). Of 17 patients evaluable for response, 2 and 11 patients achieved partial response and stable disease, respectively. Responders included a patient with unclassified renal cell carcinoma harboring EWSR1-POU5F1 fusion and a patient with castrate resistant prostate cancer harboring PTEN loss. Median progression free survival was 3.84 months. Sapanisertib in combination with carboplatin plus paclitaxel demonstrated a manageable safety profile, with preliminary antitumor activity observed in advanced malignancies harboring mTOR pathway alterations.

Cytoreductive Nephrectomy for Patients with Metastatic Sarcomatoid and/or Rhabdoid Renal Cell Carcinoma Treated with Immune Checkpoint Therapy.

BACKGROUND: Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) with sarcomatoid and/or rhabdoid (S/R) dedifferentiation is a highly aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis. Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) has shown significant treatment efficacy in this subtype. There remains uncertainly regarding the role of cytoreductive nephrectomy (CN) for patients with metastatic RCC (mRCC) with S/R who received ICT. OBJECTIVE: Here, we report the outcomes with ICT for patients with mRCC and S/R dedifferentiation by CN status. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A retrospective review was conducted of 157 patients with sarcomatoid, rhabdoid, or sarcomatoid plus rhabdoid dedifferentiation who received an ICT-based regimen at two cancer centers. INTERVENTION: CN performed at any time point; nephrectomy with curative intent was excluded. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: ICT treatment duration (TD) and overall survival (OS) from ICT initiation were recorded. To address the immortal time bias, a time-dependent Cox regression model was generated that accounted for confounders identified by a directed acyclic graph as well as a time-dependent nephrectomy variable. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS: A total of 118 patients underwent CN, and of them, 89 underwent upfront CN. The results did not contradict the supposition that CN does not improve ICT TD (hazard ratio [HR] 0.98, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65-1.47, p = 0.94) or OS from ICT initiation (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.47-1.33, p = 0.37). In patients who underwent upfront CN compared with those who did not undergo CN, there was no association with ICT duration or OS (HR 0.61, 95% CI 0.35-1.06, p = 0.08). A detailed clinical summary of 49 patients with mRCC and rhabdoid dedifferentiation is provided. CONCLUSIONS: In this multi-institutional cohort of mRCC with S/R dedifferentiation treated with ICT, CN was not significantly associated with improved TD or superior OS when accounting for the lead time bias. There appears to be a subset of patients who derive meaningful benefit from CN, so improved tools for stratification prior to CN are needed to optimize outcomes. PATIENT SUMMARY: Immunotherapy has improved outcomes for patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) who have sarcomatoid and/or rhabdoid (S/R) dedifferentiation, which is an aggressive and uncommon feature; yet, the utility of a nephrectomy in this setting is unclear. We found that nephrectomy did not significantly improve survival or time on immunotherapy for these patients with mRCC and S/R dedifferentiation; yet, there may be a subset of patients who benefit from this surgical approach.

Integrative Clinical and Genomic Characterization of MTAP-deficient Metastatic Urothelial Cancer.

Deficiency of MTAP (MTAPdef) mainly occurs because of homozygous loss of chromosome 9p21, which is the most common copy-number loss in metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC). We characterized the clinical and genomic features of MTAPdef mUC in 193 patients treated at MD Anderson Cancer Center (MDACC) and 298 patients from the phase 2 IMvigor210 trial, which investigated atezolizumab in cisplatin-ineligible and platinum-refractory disease. In the MDACC cohort, visceral metastases were significantly more common for MTAPdef (n = 48) than for MTAP-proficient (MTAPprof; n = 145) patients (75% vs 55.2%; p = 0.02). MTAPdef was associated with poor prognosis (median overall survival [mOS] 12.3 vs 20.2 mo; p = 0.007) with an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.93 (95% confidence interval 1.35-2.98). Similarly, IMvigor210 patients with MTAPlo (n = 29) had a higher incidence of visceral metastases than those with MTAPhi tumors (n = 269; 86.2% vs 72.5%; p = 0.021) and worse prognosis (mOS 8.0 vs 11.3 mo; p = 0.042). Hyperplasia-associated genes were more frequently mutated in MTAPdef tumors (FGFR3: 31% vs 8%; PI3KCA: 31% vs 19%), while alterations in dysplasia-associated genes were less common in MTAPdef tumors (TP53: 41% vs 67%; RB1: 0% vs 16%). Our findings support a distinct biology in MTAPdef mUC that is associated with early visceral disease and worse prognosis. PATIENT SUMMARY: We investigated the outcomes for patients with the most common gene loss (MTAP gene) in metastatic cancer of the urinary tract. We found that this loss correlates with worse prognosis and a higher risk of metastasis in internal organs. There seems to be distinct tumor biology for urinary tract cancer with MTAP gene loss and this could be a potential target for treatment.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of tyrosine kinase inhibitor-related lower GI adverse effects.

PURPOSE: A variety of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are currently approved for the treatment of solid tumors and hematological cancers. However, TKIs are often associated with gastrointestinal (GI) adverse effects (AEs), especially diarrhea. Therefore, in the present study, we aimed to describe the clinical features and outcomes of TKI-associated lower GI AEs. METHODS: This was a retrospective single-center cohort study of patients with cancer treated with TKIs from March 2016 to September 2020 who experienced diarrhea without other identifiable causes. Basic and GI AE-related characteristics and outcomes were compared using χ2 and Mann-Whitney U tests. RESULTS: Of 2172 patients who received TKIs over the study period, we included 228 in the final analysis. Of these, 166 (72.8%) had hematological cancers. Besides diarrhea, GI symptoms included nausea (36.4%), vomiting (21.9%), abdominal pain (15.4%), and bleeding (3.1%). Symptoms were typically mild, with 209 patients (91.7%) presenting with Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade 1-2 diarrhea. Only 5 patients (2.2%) received immunosuppressants for diarrhea treatment, 83 (36.4%) received no treatment, 29 (12.7%) received antibiotics, 101 (44.3%) received supportive antidiarrheal medications, and 17 patients (7.5%) needed TKI dose reduction or cessation of TKI use. When compared with patients with hematological cancers, those with solid tumors had a higher rate of hospitalization (29.0% vs. 7.2%; p < 0.001) and mortality (75.8% vs. 43.4%; p < 0.001) but a lower rate of recurrence of GI AEs (21.0% vs. 42.8%; p = 0.003. Only 15 patients (6.6%) underwent colonoscopy, with normal endoscopic findings in 8 patients (53.3%) and nonulcerative inflammation in 5 patients (33.3%). The inflammation universally involved the left colon. Twelve of the 15 patients who underwent colonoscopy had active colitis. In the hematological cancer group, patients with acute myeloid leukemia had a lower GI AE recurrence rate than did patients with other hematological cancers (7.2% vs. 30.1%; p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Ten percent of cancer patients receiving TKIs experienced lower GI AEs, which were usually mild. Symptoms TKI-related GI adverse effects were nonspecific, often overlapping those of other cancer therapy-related GI AEs. Treatment of GI AEs was largely supportive, with limited roles for antibiotics and immunosuppressants.

Predictive capacity of a miRNA panel in identifying teratoma in post-chemotherapy consolidation surgeries.

Objectives: To investigate the utility of a novel serum miRNA biomarker panel to distinguish teratoma from nonmalignant necrotic/fibrotic tissues or nonviable tumours in patients with NSGCT undergoing post-chemotherapy consolidation surgery. Patients and methods: We prospectively collected pre-surgical serum samples from 22 consecutive testicular NSGCT patients with residual NSGCT after chemotherapy undergoing post-chemotherapy consolidation surgery. We measured serum miRNA expression of four microRNAs (miRNA-375, miRNA-200a-3p, miRNA-200a-5p and miRNA-200b-3p) and compared with pathologic findings at time of surgery. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were performed to assess the ability of these miRNA to differentiate between teratoma and necrosis or viable malignancy. Results: Twenty-two patients with NSGCT were split into two groups based on pathology at time of post-chemotherapy consolidation surgery (teratoma group vs. necrosis/fibrosis/viable tumour group, i.e., NFVT). Patients with teratoma were older at diagnosis compared with those patients with NFVT (median age 28.7 vs. 23.9). Patients with NFVT were more likely to have embryonal carcinoma in their primary tumour (81.8% vs. 27.3%; p = 0.01). The majority of patients in both groups were stage III (63.6% vs. 72.7%). In this analysis, none of the miRNAs had good sensitivity or specificity to predict teratoma. There was no significant association between the expression levels of the miRNAs and the presence of teratoma. There was no statistically significant correlation between any of the miRNAs and teratoma size. Conclusion: This novel miRNA panel (miRNA-375, miRNA-200a-3p, miRNA-200a-5p and miRNA-200b-3p) did not distinguish teratoma from nonmalignant necrotic/fibrotic tissues or nonviable tumours in patients with NSGCT undergoing post-chemotherapy consolidation surgery.

Implementing an immunotherapy toxicity (IOTOX) GI service improves outcomes in patients with immune-mediated diarrhea and colitis.

PURPOSE: Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized cancer therapy but can lead to GI toxicity, termed immune-mediated diarrhea and colitis (IMDC). Standardization of IMDC management and early GI consultation is imperative to control symptoms and prevent delays in cancer care. Therefore, we implemented an inpatient algorithm and a focused IOTOX GI service to measure outcomes. METHODS: Patients who received ICIs and were hospitalized with severe IMDC were grouped into a pre-interventional cohort in 2017, followed by implementation of the standardized algorithm in 2018, and then a post-interventional cohort of patients in 2019. Clinical data and patient outcomes were compared using univariate and multivariate analysis to determine the morbidity, and overall survival. RESULTS: Our sample comprised 126 hospitalized patients with IMDC, with 59 patients in the pre-interventional 2017 cohort, and 67 patients in the post-interventional 2019 cohort. We found no significant differences in the clinical severity of IMDC symptoms between the two cohorts (p = 1.03) or median time from ICI exposure to development of IMDC (p = 0.495, respectively). After implementing the standardized algorithm, we observed higher rates of GI consultation (p < 0.001) in the post-treatment group. Patients in the post-treatment cohort showed decreased time to clinical remission (4 vs 10 days, p = 0.046), higher rate of GI follow-up after hospital discharge (p = 0.038), fewer hospital re-admissions (p = 0.002), and significantly fewer recurrences of IMDC symptoms (p = 0.002). Overall survival was significantly higher for at least 2 years in patients who followed with GI post-discharge compared to those without follow-up (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Prompt GI consultation and monitoring of IMDC using a regimented approach can provide efficacious management, decrease time to clinical remission of symptoms, decrease re-admissions to the hospital, and improve overall patient outcomes.

Longitudinal GFR trends after neoadjuvant chemotherapy prior to nephroureterectomy for upper tract urothelial carcinoma.

PURPOSE: Renal function dictates sequencing and eligibility for definitive therapy in upper tract urothelial carcinoma. We investigated longitudinal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) changes after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) and nephroureterectomy (RNU). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients treated with ≥3 cycles of chemotherapy prior to RNU for UTUC from 2000 to 2019 were included. GFR was calculated by CKD-Epi before chemotherapy, before RNU, 1 to 3 months, and 12 months post-RNU. Pathologic stage and overall survival were compared in those with stable GFR (+/-10% of baseline) to the rest of the cohort. RESULTS: One hundred and fifty-two patients received ≥3 cycles of NAC, with 121 (79%) receiving at least 1 cycle of cisplatin. Renal function dropped by mean of 22.3 ml/min/1.73 m2 from the beginning of chemotherapy to 1-year post-surgery. In patients receiving cisplatin, a mean decline of 26.2 ml/min/1.73 m2 was observed vs. 8.8 ml/min/1.73 m2 without cisplatin-based NAC (P < 0.01). GFR after RNU was unchanged between 3 and 12 months postoperatively. At 1 to 3 months after RNU, 19% of patients had GFR<30 ml/min/1.73m2. Improvement in GFR during NAC was associated with invasive final pathologic stage (P = 0.018) and worse overall survival (P = 0.049). CONCLUSIONS: In patients managed with NAC prior to RNU, renal function stabilizes at 1 to 3 months post-operatively and remains clinically similar for cisplatin or non-cisplatin-based therapy. Improvement in GFR during NAC was associated with higher pathologic stage and poorer survival, especially in those receiving non-cisplatin-based therapy, an observation that requires further investigation.

Definitive Local Consolidative Therapy for Oligometastatic Solid Tumors: Results From the Lead-in Phase of the Randomized Basket Trial EXTEND.

PURPOSE: The benefit of local consolidative therapy (LCT) for oligometastasis across histologies remains uncertain. EXTernal beam radiation to Eliminate Nominal metastatic Disease (EXTEND; NCT03599765) is a randomized phase 2 basket trial evaluating the effectiveness of LCT for oligometastatic solid tumors. We report here the prospective results of the single-arm "lead-in" phase intended to identify histologies most likely to accrue to histology-specific endpoints in the randomized phase. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Eligible histologies included colorectal, sarcoma, lung, head and neck, ovarian, renal, melanoma, pancreatic, prostate, cervix/uterine, breast, and hepatobiliary. Patients received LCT to all sites of active metastatic disease and primary/regional disease (as applicable) plus standard-of-care systemic therapy or observation. The primary endpoint in EXTEND was progression-free survival (PFS), and the primary endpoint of the lead-phase was histology-specific accrual feasibility. Adverse events were graded by Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0. RESULTS: From August 2018 through January 2019, 50 patients were enrolled and 49 received definitive LCT. Prostate, breast, and kidney were the highest enrolling histologies and identified for independent accrual in the randomization phase. Most patients (73%) had 1 or 2 metastases, most often in lung or bone (79%), and received ablative radiation (62%). Median follow-up for censored patients was 38 months (range, 16-42 months). Median PFS was 13 months (95% confidence interval, 9-24), 3-year overall survival rate was 73% (95% confidence interval, 57%-83%), and local control rate was 98% (93 of 95 tumors). Two patients (4%) had Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events grade 3 toxic effects related to LCT; no patient had grade 4 or 5 toxic effects. CONCLUSIONS: The prospective lead-in phase of the EXTEND basket trial demonstrated feasible accrual, encouraging PFS, and low rates of severe toxic effects at mature follow-up. The randomized phase is ongoing with histology-based baskets that will provide histology-specific evidence for LCT in oligometastatic disease.