Atropine: Updates on myopia pharmacotherapy.

The prevalence of myopia has rapidly increased over the last 30 years, with the World Health Organization estimating a worldwide incidence of 23%, projected to increase to 50% by 2050. The myopia epidemic has prompted a reincarnation in efforts to overcome this challenge. The exploration of atropine use in myopia was a result due to a lack of treatment in effect. This study aimed at reviewing the role of atropine in the management of myopia worldwide based on currently available findings. A literature search was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar for studies published up to April 2022 inclusive. Articles with high or medium clinical relevance were selected for this review. Multiple studies have demonstrated the relevance and efficacy rates of different concentrations of atropine, despite still insufficiently explained the exact site and mechanism of action of atropine in slowing myopia progression. Currently available findings highlight that topical atropine opened a new page in pharmacotherapy of myopia and have shown a high therapeutic effect on myopia progression in Asian and European child population, irrespective of ethnicity. There is potential for myopia control with fewer side effects using lower concentrations but still exists a room for improvement, underscoring the requirement of modified atropine topical preparations with increased bioavailability, potentially with nanoparticle formulations, to enable the effective management of myopia.

Is it time to consider teleophthalmology as a game-changer in the management of diabetic retinopathy? / É hora de se considerar a teleoftalmologia como um agente de mudança no manejo da retinopatia diabética?

ABSTRACT Currently the "pandemic" of diabetes mellitus is noted. The incidence and prevalence of diabetes and diabetic retinopathy, the most common microvascular complications of diabetes, are exponentially growing due to increased life expectancy in many parts of the world. The increasing number of people suffering from diabetic retinopathy not only highlights medical issues, but also an economic burden, representing a medical and social challenge. It is extremely important to identify a disease as soon as possible and successfully treat it. Technological progress results in developing Artificial Intelligence systems capable of detecting diabetic retinopathy. Current screening will be cost effectively based on the use of advanced digital technologies, in particular teleretinal screening systems. At present, we may consider teleophthalmology and Artificial Intelligence with automatic analysis of fundus photos as a Millennium-minded impactful tool for increasing discoverability and manageability of diabetic retinopathy, especially in filling the gap of inaccessibility to hard-to-reach areas, which enforces highly professionally effective time- and cost-saving care everywhere to provide the best possible care for the patients.

RESUMO Atualmente, observa-se a "pandemia" do diabetes mellitus. A incidência e a prevalência do diabetes e da retinopatia diabética, as complicações microvasculares mais comuns do diabetes, estão crescendo exponencialmente devido ao aumento da expectativa de vida em muitas partes do mundo. O número cada vez maior de pessoas que sofrem de retinopatia diabética não apenas destaca problemas médicos, mas também um ônus econômico, representando um desafio médico e social. É extremamente importante identificar uma doença o mais rápido possível e tratá-la com sucesso. O progresso tecnológico resulta no desenvolvimento de sistemas de Inteligência Artificial capazes de detectar a retinopatia diabética. A triagem atual será econômica com base no uso de tecnologias digitais avançadas, em especial os sistemas de triagem telerretiniana. No momento, podemos considerar a teleoftalmologia e a Inteligência Artificial com análise automática de fotos de fundo de olho como uma ferramenta de impacto do milênio para aumentar a capacidade de descoberta e de manejo da retinopatia diabética, especialmente para preencher a lacuna da inacessibilidade a áreas de difícil acesso, o que impõe um atendimento altamente profissional e eficaz, com economia de tempo e de custos, em todos os lugares, para oferecer o melhor atendimento possível aos pacientes.

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors in the management of macular edema: A review of the literature.

Background: Macular edema (ME) is a vision-threatening condition that commonly develops as a consequence of ocular diseases, including age-related macular degeneration, retinal vaso-occlusion of the central retinal vein and its branches, diabetic retinopathy, central serous chorioretinopathy, uveitis, retinitis pigmentosa, pseudophakia, ocular trauma, and drug toxicity. The treatment of ME remains challenging, although steroids and vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors are available. Cost-effective therapy using a noninvasive administration route is required. This study aimed at reviewing the role of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAIs) in the management of ME. Methods: A literature search was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar for studies from January 2000 to March 2022. The following keywords were used in various combinations: "macular edema", "carbonic anhydrase", "carbonic anhydrase inhibitors", "acetazolamide", "dorzolamide", and "brinzolamide". Results: Articles with high or medium clinical relevance were selected for this review. We found that multiple studies have demonstrated the relevance and efficacy rates of CAIs in the management of ME. Most published studies focused on acetazolamide and dorzolamide, with nearly all studies reporting therapeutic responses. Conclusions: ME is the leading cause of vision loss and requires noninvasive and cost-effective pharmacotherapy. With progress in the understanding of ME, particularly the role of carbonic anhydrase as a key driver, CAIs are the focus of research. Further optimization of the choice of CAIs and retinal bioavailability, potentially with nanoparticle formulations, is required to enable the effective management of ME. Further research is warranted to address the therapeutic effects of CAIs in different formulations.

Therapeutic Potential of Ranibizumab in Corneal Neovascularization.

Ranibizumab is a humanized, affinity-matured vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody fragment that neutralizes all isoforms of VEGF and is FDA approved for use in ophthalmology. Recently it was suggested that ranibizumab may be useful in the treatment of corneal neovascularization, but in reality this therapy is not yet evidence based.

Therapeutic potential of intravitreal pharmacotherapy in retinal vein occlusion.

Retinal vein occlusion (RVO) is the most common visually disabling disease affecting the retina after diabetic retinopathy. Although the disease entity has long been known, its management is still controversial. Macular edema is the main reason for decreased visual acuity (VA) in this retinal vascular disorder. Recently the vitreous cavity has increasingly been used as a reservoir of drugs for the direct treatment of macular edema through intravitreal injection route. The most widely injected drugs so far have been triamcinolone acetonide (TA) and bevacizumab. The objective of this review is to evaluate the evidence and discuss the rationale behind the recent suggestions that intravitreal pharmacotherapy by corticosteroids and anti-vascular endothelial growth factors may be useful in the treatment of retinal vein occlusion.