Investigating the relationship between satisfaction of basic psychological needs, general health, and some background variables in the Iranian older adults: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Promoting the health and mental health (MH) of the older adults making up a large part of the world's population in the coming years can provide the necessary conditions for their health and well-being of them. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the satisfaction of basic psychological needs (BPNs), general health (GH), and some variables in Iranian older adults. METHODS: The present descriptive-correlational study was conducted on 780 older adults from Sarpol-e Zahab (Kermanshah) in 2019 including the study by multi-stage cluster random sampling. The data collection tool was BPNs satisfaction and GH questionnaire and a researcher-made questionnaire of individual and background information. Was used for data analysis using the SPSS version 16 program and descriptive statistics and tests Pearson correlation coefficient, chi-square test, independent-sample T-test, and multivariate linear regression. RESULTS: In the present study, participating a total of 780 older adult men aged 73.0 ± 29.32 years. There was a significant relationship between the satisfaction of BPNs and GH (p <  0.001). Also, 41% of the older adults were in poor GH and 30% were high in BPNs. Multiple logistic regression showed that the BPNs, age, income satisfaction, weather, and war zone were strong predictors of GH. the adjusted R2 value of 0.55 shows that the model described 55% of changes in the GH score. CONCLUSION: According to the findings of the study on the relationship between the satisfaction of BPNs and GH, providing insurance, social and economic support by developing health policies, creating supportive health environments, strengthening community action, and developing individual skills in the older adults can help improve their MH and that of the community.

Efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy in Parkinson's disease: A clinical trial.

Motor and psychiatric symptoms in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) constitute some of the most problematic issues for both the patients and their caregivers. This study evaluated the short- and long-term efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in PD patients whose psychiatric symptoms had been exacerbated due to drug therapy. Fifteen PD patients were treated using an electroshock device at a range of 25-100 Joules over a period of 6 weeks, during 12 sessions. Motor and psychiatric symptoms of all patients were evaluated before conducting ECT as baseline, after 12 sessions of ECT at the 6th week, and one month after completion of the treatment at the 10th week. The results showed that the variables mentation, behavior, mood, performance of daily activities, and severity of motor and psychiatric symptoms, were significantly improved at the end of the 6th and 10th weeks when compared with the baseline. Moreover, the results revealed that the mean values were significantly different only for motor symptoms at the end of the study (10th week) compared with the second time point. The current trial may indicate that ECT could potentially serve as a viable treatment for PD patients with refractory psychiatric symptoms. However, due to waning efficacy of ECT, it is recommended that PD patients undergo a conventional treatment in conjunction with periodic ECT sessions to ensure an optimal medical outcome.

When Much Is Too Much-Compared to Light Exercisers, Heavy Exercisers Report More Mental Health Issues and Stress, but Less Sleep Complaints.

BACKGROUND: Physical inactivity has become a global somatic and mental health issue. To counterbalance, promoting regular physical activity appears plausible, above all among adults, where physical inactivity is particularly high. However, some, but sparse, research also indicates that excessive exercising might be associated with unfavorable mental health dimensions. Here, we tested the hypothesis that excessive exercising was associated with more mental health issues. To this end, we assessed mental health issues, stress, mental toughness, and sleep disturbances among heavy and light adult exercisers. METHODS: A total of 200 adults (mean age: 35 years; 62% females) took part in the study. Of those, 100 were heavy exercisers (18-22 h/week), and 100 were light exercisers (1-6 h/week). Participants completed questionnaires covering sociodemographic information, mental health issues, perceived stress, mental toughness, and sleep disturbances. RESULTS: Compared with light exercisers, heavy exercisers reported higher mental health issues, more stress, but also higher mental toughness scores and less sleep disturbances. Higher age, lower mental toughness scores, heavy exerciser-status, and more sleep disturbances predicted higher mental health complaints. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with light exercising, heavy exercising might be associated with more mental health issues. As such, it appears that the association between exercise frequency, intensity, and duration and psychological well-being might be related to an optimum point, but not to a maximum point. In a similar vein, heavily exercising athletes, their coaches, parents, and representatives of sports associations should get sensitized to possible adverse psychological effects of excessive physical activity patterns.

Elder abuse among Spanish and Iranian people: new methodological approach to the same old story.

Elder abuse continues to be a taboo, mostly underestimated, ignored by societies across the world. Recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses have revealed significant variations in the prevalence of elder abuse, with large geographic variations. This is the first study that compares the prevalence of elder abuse and risk factors between a European and Asian countries and using the same method. Cross-sectional surveys were conducted in Spain and Iran. Eight hundred forty subjects, aged 65 and over, were chosen randomly from patients in primary care health centres. Prevalence of abuse and subtypes and risk factors were obtained using structured interviews. To minimize the potential effects of selection bias, a propensity score matching was performed. Multiple correspondence analysis was used to evaluate the possible relationships among all the variables and to identify specific profiles. Five hundred thirty-two older people remained for the analysis after matching. The prevalence of abuse was 39.1% in Spain and 80.5% in Iran. Elder abuse and its subtypes are significantly more probable in Iran than in Spain. Out of every five elderly people questioned, two in Spain and four in Iran responded affirmatively to a question concerning elder abuse. Multiple correspondence analysis allows the differences between patterns of elder abuse between both populations to be visualized. Elder abuse is a prevalent problem in Spain and Iran. While some characteristics are shared in the pattern of abuse there are different profiles between the two countries. Detecting elder abuse should be a priority objective in clinical and forensic setting. Key points • This is the first study that compares the prevalence of elder abuse between a European and Asian country, using the same methodology. • Multiple correspondence analysis allows specific elder abuse profiles to be identified. • Elder abuse is significantly more likely to occur in Iran than in Spain. • Out of every five elderly people questioned, two in Spain and four in Iran responded affirmatively to a question concerning elder abuse.

Dissociative Symptoms and Self-Reported Childhood and Current Trauma in Male Incarcerated People with Borderline Personality Disorder - Results from a Small Cross-Sectional Study in Iran.

BACKGROUND: There is evidence that incarcerated people show higher rates of symptoms of psychopathology. In the present study, we assessed male Iranian incarcerated people with borderline personality disorders (BPD) and investigated the occurrence of past and current trauma and their associations with dissociative experiences. METHODS: A total of 69 male Iranian incarcerated people (mean age: 33.76 years) diagnosed with PBD completed questionnaires covering sociodemographic information, dissociative experiences, and past and current traumatic events. RESULTS: Participants reporting the occurrence of childhood trauma also reported the occurrence of adulthood trauma. Dissociation and adulthood trauma were associated in a U-shaped, non-linear fashion: Low and high adulthood trauma were associated with higher dissociation. Younger age, the presence of childhood trauma, and being single or divorced predicted adulthood trauma. CONCLUSION: The pattern of results suggests that both childhood and adulthood trauma are highly prevalent among male incarcerated people, while the association between adulthood trauma and dissociation appeared to be more complex. When treating male incarcerated people, a complex interplay between past and current traumas and dissociation should be considered.

The therapeutic effects of methylphenidate and matrix-methylphenidate on addiction severity, craving, relapse and mental health in the methamphetamine use disorder.

BACKGROUND: Little evidence has examined the therapeutic effects of methylphenidate (MPH) and Matrix Model treatment on addiction severity, craving, relapse and mental health in people who use methamphetamine (PWUM). This study was conducted to determine the effects of MPH, Matrix Model treatment, and Matrix-MPH on addiction severity, craving, relapse and mental health in PWUM. METHODS: This clinical trial was conducted among 100 patients with METH users. Participants were randomly divided into four groups who received: 1) 22 sessions of 45-min, twice a week for Matrix Model treatment (n = 25); 2) MPH 10 mg/day in the first month, 7.5 mg/day in the second month and 5 mg/day in the third month (n = 25); 3) Matrix Model treatment combined with MPH (n = 25); 4) control group (n = 25) for 12 weeks. Addiction severity, craving, relapse and mental status were evaluated at baseline and end-of-trial. RESULTS: Matrix Model treatment combined with MPH significantly reduced MA craving (P < 0.001) and addiction severity (P < 0.001). In addition, Matrix Model treatment combined with MPH resulted in a significant increase of mental health (P = 0.001), compared with Matrix Model treatment, MPH, and control group. Also, negative METH urine test significantly increased in the Matrix Model treatment combined with MPH group compared with the other groups (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, Matrix Model treatment combined with MPH for 12 weeks had beneficial effects on addiction severity, craving, relapse, and mental health in PWUM, compared with Matrix Model treatment, MPH, and control group. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was retrospectively registered in the Iranian website ( www.irct.ir ) for clinical trials registration ( http://www.irct.ir : IRCT20171105037245N1 ). Registration date: 9 December 2017.

Effectiveness of Group Narrative Therapy on Depression, Quality of Life, and Anxiety in People with Amphetamine Addiction: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Drug abuse is a major issue and one of the main causes of health, psychological, and social problems. Studies have shown the effectiveness of narrative therapy in reducing psychological symptoms of addiction. The present study aimed to assess the effectiveness of group narrative therapy on depression, quality of life (QoL), and anxiety among people with amphetamine addiction in Kermanshah, Iran. METHODS: A randomized clinical trial was conducted during 2015-2016 among patients (n=26) with amphetamine addiction in Kermanshah, Iran. The participants were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The intervention group followed 10 sessions of narrative therapy, whereas the control group received routine psychiatric care. The data collection tools included a demographic data form, Beck depression inventory-II, QoL questionnaire, and Beck anxiety inventory. The data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 22.0). P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant reduction in depression and anxiety scores between the pre- and post-intervention stages (P<0.001) in the intervention group. However, their QoL was unaffected by the therapy (P=0.487). These variables did not show a significant change in the control group. CONCLUSION: Group narrative therapy reduced the level of depression and anxiety in patients with amphetamine addiction. However, their QoL was unaffected by the therapy. Trial Registration Number: IRCT2016010425442N.

The Correlation of Acne with Anxiety after Rhinoplasty.

INTRODUCTION: Rhinoplasty is one of the most common cosmetic surgeries occasionally associated with complications, such as acne lesions. Anxiety reportedly leads to the emergence or exacerbation of acne lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 147 patients undergoing rhinoplasty. The patients were assigned into two groups of case (with acne lesions) and control (without acne lesions) entailing 52 (45 females, 7 males) and 95 (68 females, 27 males) subjects, respectively. The data were collected using an instrument entailing clinical and demographic data and the state-trait anxiety inventory developed by Spielberger. RESULTS: According to the results, 70.7% and 71.6% of the patients in the case and control groups were female, respectively. Regarding the education level, 61.5% and 68.4% of the case and control groups had academic education, respectively. Additionally, 61.5% and 42.1% of the subjects in the case and control groups were single with the mean ages of 25.06±5.077 and 27.45±5.909 years, respectively. , 73.1% of the case group indicated grade 2 acne mostly in the face (100%) appearing 1-4 weeks post-surgery (51.9%). The case group had higher mean scores of trait (46.92±12.53) and state (46.21±9.30) anxiety, trait (P=0.001) and state (P=0.019) anxiety severity, as well as the prevalence of cosmetic dissatisfaction (51.9%), compared to the control group. Furthermore, acne severity showed a direct correlation with the severity of trait anxiety (r=0.472, P=0.005) and state anxiety (r=0.443, P=0.013). CONCLUSION: As the findings indicated, anxiety could be a major factor in triggering or exacerbating acne lesions after rhinoplasty. The assessment of mental health before the surgery, proper selection of the cases seeking aesthetic surgery, provision of psychological support, lack of medical history of acne lesions, and successful cosmetic rhinoplasty could result in reducing the prevalence of acne lesions after cosmetic surgeries, especially rhinoplasty.

The prevalence of panic disorder and its related factor in hospitalized patients with chest pain and normal angiography.

BACKGROUND: Chest pain is one of the common causes for referrals to cardiologists, 50% of which have no-cardiac origin. The occurrence of chest pains is among the most important factors responsible for psychological disorders. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of panic disorder and its related factor in hospitalized patients with chest pain and normal angiography. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In a cross-sectional study, 144 patients who referred to Emam Ali Cardiac Hospital of Kermanshah because of chest pain in 2013 and had a normal angiography during admission were selected using census sampling method. The statistical indicators of Chi-square and logistic regression were applied. RESULTS: From 144 patients with atypical chest pain, 95 were male (66%) and 49 were female (34%). Overall, 41 patients met the criteria for panic diagnosis and thus, the prevalence of panic attacks among patients with atypical chest pain was calculated as 28.5%. The results of multiple logistic regression analysis showed that female gender, early age, and the being single were among the predictive factors for the existence of panic disorder in patients with atypical chest pain and normal angiography (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Given the high prevalence of panic disorder in patients hospitalized for chest pain with normal angiography, it is recommended to consider the importance of paying attention to this disorder and identifying patients and referring them to professional psychiatrists.

Predictors of substance abuse among risky drivers: The role of personality characteristics and mental health.

BACKGROUND: Regarding the high prevalence of substance abuse and its serious complications, the necessity of assessing factors assuming to make tendency toward substance abuse is justifiable. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The statistical population consisted of all car drivers referred to traffic department in 2015 in Kermanshah. In this descriptive study of correlation type, 846 risky drivers from referrals to traffic department were randomly selected. Data were analyzed through NEO personality inventory, general health questionnaire, and discriminant analysis. RESULTS: Discriminant analysis was used to analyze data. Standard coefficients of discriminant function revealed that depression, social functionality, physical symptoms, neurosis, and anxiety symptoms were of the highest role in discriminant function while agreeableness and conscientiousness had the least role in discriminant function and its success. The discriminant analysis also showed that linear combination of above variables is able to explain about 75.5% of variance of difference between two groups (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: Regarding the results of this study, it is proposed that the role of personality characteristics as well as mental health in tendency toward substance abuse could be appreciated and included in preventive and treatment programs held for people with methamphetamine abuse.

Rosa Damascena oil improved sexual function and testosterone in male patients with opium use disorder under methadone maintenance therapy-results from a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Some patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) are treated with methadone maintenance therapy (MMT). However, as with opioids, methadone has major side-effects; sexual dysfunction is a particularly distressing such effect. Rosa Damascena oil has been shown to reduce subjective sexual dysfunction in patients with major depressive disorders, but its influence on testosterone has not so far been tested. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of Rosa Damascena oil on sexual dysfunction and testosterone levels among male patients with OUD and undergoing MMT. METHODS: A total of 50 male patients (mean age: 40 years) diagnosed with OUD and receiving MMT were randomly assigned either to the Rosa Damascena oil (drops) or a placebo condition. At baseline, and four and eight weeks later, patients completed questionnaires covering sexual and erectile function. Blood samples to assess testosterone levels were taken at baseline and eight weeks later on completion of the study. RESULTS: Over time sexual dysfunction decreased, and testosterone increased in the Rosa Damascena oil, but not in the placebo condition. Sexual dysfunction scores and testosterone levels were not consistently related. CONCLUSIONS: Results from this double-blind, randomized, and placebo-controlled clinical trial showed that Rosa Damascena oil improved sexual function and testosterone levels among males with OUD and undergoing MMT.

Attachment Style and Resiliency in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder.

BACKGROUND: The goal of the present study was to determine the relationships between attachment styles and resiliency in obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. METHODS: A random sample of 260 subjects was obtained from the population of undergraduate students of the Nour Branch of Islamic Azad University, which is located in Mazandaran, and these subjects were enrolled in this descriptive and correlational study. The collected data included the subjects' responses to an adult attachment style questionnaire, resilience scale, and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder questionnaire. The data were analyzed with Pearson correlation coefficient indices and multiple regressions. RESULTS: The results of the data analysis showed a positive correlation (relationship) between ambivalent/avoidant attachment styles and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and a negative correlation between resilience and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Furthermore, these results demonstrated that attachment style and resiliency can predict obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. In addition, no significant relationships were found between the demographic variables (convertibles) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that attachment style and resiliency contribute to the development of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder.

The Influence of Pain, Weakness and Rheumatoid Factor Status on Depression Incidence Among Iranian Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis.

BACKGROUND: Increased prevalence of depression among patients with Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been described previously. However, the impact of depression among Iranian patients has not yet been investigated. OBJECTIVES: Here, the prevalence of depression was assessed and the effect of disease-related characteristics including pain, weakness and rheumatoid factor (RF) status on incidence of depression was evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with RA, who were referred to rheumatology clinics of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences and healthy subjects from the general population of Kermanshah participated in this investigation. Depression was assessed using Beck's depression inventory II (BDI II). Pain and weakness were assessed subjectively by patients' self-report. Data was collected during a year between 2012 and 2013. Chi-square test and independent t-test were used. RESULTS: One hundred and seventy-one patients with RA and 198 healthy individuals participated in this investigation. In the RA group, depressive mood was detected in 45.7% of patients, which was significantly higher than healthy subjects (P = 0.008). Depression was more common in elderly patients (> 50 years old) in comparison with healthy subjects at a similar age (P = 0.03). Pain and weakness had no influence on depression incidence (P = 0.14 and 0.19, respectively) whereas patients with negative RF status were significantly more susceptible to severe depression (P: 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Depression is more common among Iranian patients with RA (45%) than healthy subjects regardless of gender. Depression has a significant association with older age. Negative RF status may predict future risk of depression.

Prevalence of Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Schizophrenia Referred to Farabi Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran.

OBJECTIVES: Our study was conducted to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS: The study population included all patients with schizophrenia who were referred to Farabi Hospital, Kermanshah, Iran, between March 2014 and March 2015. A total of 280 subjects who met the study criteria were selected according to the census sampling method. RESULTS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 30.4% (20.7% in men and 51.5% in women). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was greater in patients > 40 years than patients aged 20-40 years. There was a significant relationship between marital status and number of hospitalizations with the prevalence of metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: Given the high prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with schizophrenia, healthcare professionals should take measures to identify the risk factors and timely treatment of affected patients, thereby improving the patient's quality of life and reducing health costs.

Effects of Omega-3 Supplement in the Treatment of Patients with Bipolar I Disorder.

BACKGROUND: Fatty acids play various physiological roles in the organism; they are crucial for the structure of cell membranes, metabolic processes, transmission of nerve impulses and brain functions. In recent years, particular attention has been paid to the rich sources of omega-3 for the treatment of many diseases, especially mental illnesses. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of omega-3 supplement in the treatment of patients with bipolar I disorder (BID). METHODS: In this double-blind clinical trial, 100 patients suffering from BIDs were randomly divided into two, i.e. control (n = 50) and experimental (n = 50) groups. In addition to the other standard treatments, 1000 mg of omega-3 supplement was given to the experimental group on daily basis for 3 months and placebo was given to the control group. The Young Mania Rating Scale was completed for both groups before and after the intervention. Afterward, data were analyzed using paired t-test, independent t-test, and Chi-square test. RESULTS: Before intervention, mean severity of mania in the experimental group (23.50 ± 7.02) and control group (23.70 ± 8.09) was not significant (P ≤ 0.89). The difference after the intervention in the experimental group (10.64 ± 3.3) and control group (20.12 ± 6.78) was significant (P < 0.01). The mean intensity of mania before (23.50 ± 7.02) and after (10.64 ± 3.3) intervention reported to be significant at P < 0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Since omega-3 supplement was effective for the treatment of BID, it is suggested to use omega-3 supplements as an adjuvant therapy along with the other pharmacotherapies.

Demographic and mental history-related data predicted occurrence of psychosis in metamphetamine users.

Methamphetamine use is increasing worldwide, and the occurrence of psychosis further complicates treatment. This holds also true for Iran. The aim of the present study was to investigate possible predictors of metamphetamine-induced psychosis. 237 methamphetamine users (70.9% with psychosis; mean age: M=33.41 years) took part in the study. A psychiatric interview was performed covering socio-demographic and illness-related information. Male gender, low education, unemployment, being single, a history of mental disorders, and a higher number of previous hospitalizations predicted the occurrence of psychosis, while age and duration of metamphetamine use were excluded from the equation. Socio-demographic and mental illness-related dimension seemed suitable to predict occurrence of psychosis among metamphetamine abusers.

Studying the Amount of Depression and its Role in Predicting the Quality of Life of Women with Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND: Depression is the most common psychological reactions in women with breast cancer. This study aimed at investigating the amount of depression and its role in predicting the quality of life of women suffering from breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present descriptive study in volved a correlation method with 98 women living in Kermanshah-Iran with breast cancer. According to the access to the patients and the condition of conducting the research, they were chosen by available sampling. Life quality inventory (World Health Organization, 1989) and depression inventory (Beck et al., 2000) were used to gather the data. Moreover, to analyze the relationships among the variables correlation analysis with Pearson method, as well as multiple regression with the enter method and frequency analysis were applied. RESULTS: The findings revealed that not only is depression high, but also there is a negative significant relationship between depression and the quality of life, with predictive potential. CONCLUSIONS: The finding of a relationship between depression and the quality of life points to the need for addressing psychological problems of the affected individuals more appropriately. It is suggested that we consider psychological and educational services for patients in treatment planning to make people aware of different psychological aspects of their disease and ways of struggling and overcoming the problems.

The prevalence and clinical features of amphetamine-induced obsessive compulsive disorder.

BACKGROUND: Amphetamine abuse is increasing worldwide, and the occurrence of amphetamine-induced (AI) psychiatric issues further complicates treatment. In response, the DSM 5 has introduced the classification of amphetamine-induced obsessive-compulsive disorders (AI-OCD), though little has been published on either its prevalence rates or its clinical features. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate the prevalence of AI-OCD, to describe patients' clinical features, and to compare the prevalence rate among such patients with those for OCD in the general population in Western countries and Iran. METHODS: A total of 547 patients with amphetamine abuse or dependency and with a positive urine test (mean age: 31.64 years; 75.5% males) took part in the study. A psychiatric interview was carried out, covering both socio-demographic and illness-related information. RESULTS: 18 (3.3%) patients suffered from OCD prior to amphetamine abuse, 491 (89.8%) had no OCD, and 38 (6.9%) suffered from AI-OCD. Neither socio-demographic nor illness-related dimensions predicted patients with diagnosed AI-OCD. The prevalence of AI-OCD was significantly higher than that for OCD in the general population (2.3% in Western countries, 1.8% in Iran). CONCLUSIONS: Data suggest that prevalence rate of AI-OCD is about 7%. Neither socio-demographic nor illness-related dimensions predicted the occurrence of AI-OCD. Thus, it remains unclear why some amphetamine abusers develop AI-OCD while others do not.

Association of Coping Styles with Quality of Life in Cancer Patients.

BACKGROUNDS AND AIM: Cancer patients experience a high level of stress caused by the disease and treatment processes. Dealing with cancer using more beneficial coping styles can effectively improve the quality of life (QOL) and reduce the side effects of cancer, and it is treatment. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between coping styles and QOL in cancer patients. METHODS: The study was performed on 150 cancer patients (71 females and 79 males) admitted to the hospitals affiliated with Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences. Endler and Parker Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations, and World Health Organization's Quality of Life Questionnaire were used to evaluate their coping style and QOL, respectively. RESULTS: The Present study showed in cancer patients being male, single, having higher salary and education, and lower age are related to higher QOL. Furthermore, in general, QOL of cancer patients was positively correlated with avoidant coping style (P < 0.05, r : 0.170) and negatively associated with emotion-focused coping styles (P < 0.01, r : -0.378). CONCLUSION: The results suggested that focusing on a patient's coping style, predominantly on an emotion-focused coping style, is essential to improve patient's QOL, and that patients possibly to employ a more emotion-oriented coping style should receive enough notice, particularly before discharge.