RESUMEN
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus T.) is one of the most important economic crops in China. Soil-borne diseases are becoming more and more serious with longer growing seasons and continuous cropping of watermelon in greenhouses. In May 2020, symptoms were observed on plants in greenhouses located at Xingtai, Hebei province of China and included wilted leaves, chlorosis and plant death. Among the 26 greenhouses examined, symptomatic plants were observed in 17 greenhouses. The incidences of infected plants ranged from 1% to 35%, and caused an average 10% yield loss. Symptoms began on lower part of the plants and progressed upward to the vines and leaves. At the early stage of infection, the edge of watermelon leaves changed from green to yellow, and became soft. As the disease progressed, infected leaves wilted and desicated. The vascular tissue of the stem exhibited a uniform brown discoloration that often extended throughout the vine. To identify the causal agent, small pieces approximate 3.0×3.0 mm size of infected stem tissues were collected and sterilized with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 1 min, rinsed three times with sterile water and transferred onto potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium amended with 100 µg·mL-1 of chloramphenicol. The plates were incubated at 25°C for 3 days in the dark and fungal isolates were purified using the single-spore isolation method. A total of 22 fungal isolates with identical colony morphology were collected from diseased plants. The color of the fungal colonies on PDA medium was creamy-white with an abundance of mycelia that darken after 5 days growth due to the formation of microsclerotia. Fungal colonies consisted of fine, hyaline hyphae with verticillate conidiophores producing hyaline, ellipsoidal to oval conidia with an average size of 5.12×3.41 µm (n=50). The morphological characters of the fungal isolates were identical to those of Verticillium dahliae Kleb. described by Hawksworth and Talboys (Hawksworth, D. and Talboys, P, 1970). Pathogenicity tests were performed by soaking 30 watermelon seedlings with wounded root tips in the fungal conidial suspension (1x107 conidium/mL) for 30 min (Ma, et al, 2004). The same number of non-inoculated watermelon seedlings was used as a control. All plants were kept in a greenhouse at 25°C and 90%-95% relative humidity. Seven days post-inoculation (dpi), leaves of treated plants began to show symptoms of wilt. At 10-dpi, lower leaves wilted and dry and by 15-dpi, whole plants were dead. Pathogenicity tests were repeated three times with consistent results. The pathogen was re-isolated from the diseased plants and displayed identical morphological characteristics to the original isolates. To further identity the pathogens, the ribosomal DNA Internal Transcribed Spacer (rDNA-ITS) region was amplified by PCR (White et al., 1990; Liu et al., 1999; Bellemain et al.. 2010). The amplicon was sequenced and showed 99%-100% identity to the ITS region of the V. dahliae reference strains deposited in the NCBI database (MK093977.1, MK287620.1, MT348570.1 and LC549667.1, respectively). Based on morphological and ITS sequence information, the fungal pathogen was identified as V. dahliae. V. dahliae is an economically important pathogen with a wide host range worldwide. The discovery of Verticillium wilt on watermelons indicates that there might be a risk of Verticillium wilt when watermelons are planted in subsequent crops of the host plants of the disease, such as cotton or eggplant. To our knowledge, this is the first report of V. dahliae causing Verticillium wilt of watermelon in China. Financed: the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest, China (201503109) References: Hawksworth, D. and Talboys, P. 1970. Description of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, CMI, Surrey. Ma, P., et al. 2004. A New Inoculation Method for Verticillium Wilt on Cotton and Its Application in Evaluating Pathogenesis and Host Resistance. Acta Phytopathologica Sinica, 34(6): 536-541. White, T. J., et al. 1990. Amplification and Direct Sequencing of Fungal Ribosomal RNA Genes for Phylogenetics. PCR protocols: a guide to methods and applications, 18(1), 315-322. Bellemain, E., et al. 2010. ITS as an Environmental DNA Barcode for Fungi: an in Silico Approach Reveals Potential PCR Biases. BMC microbiology, 10(1), 1-9. Liu, Y. J., et al. 1999. Phylogenetic Relationships Among Ascomycetes: Evidence from an RNA Polymerse II SubunitMol. Biol. Evol. 16:1799-1808.
RESUMEN
A highly efficient catalytic protocol for the isomerization of substituted amide-derived olefins is presented that successfully uses a hydride palladium catalyst system generated from [PdCl(2)(PPh(3))(2)] and HSi(OEt)(3). The Z to E isomerization was carried out smoothly and resulted in geometrically pure substituted olefins. Apart from the cis-trans isomerization of double bonds, the selective reduction of terminal olefins and activated alkenes was performed with excellent functional group tolerance in the presence of an amide-derived olefin ligand, and the products were obtained in high isolated yields (up to >99 %). Furthermore, the palladium/hydrosilane system was able to promote the reductive decarbonylation of benzoyl chloride when a (Z)-olefin with an aromatic amide moiety was used as a ligand.
RESUMEN
The study showed that a combination of an achiral silicon-based Lewis acid and chiral Lewis base, such as iodotrimethylsilane (TMSI) and cinchonine, generated a highly enantioselective catalyst system under solvent-free conditions which gave aromatic ß-amino ketones with up to >99% ee. Mechanistic studies demonstrate the enhanced asymmetric induction may be due to the combined and competitive activation of a carbonyl moiety of chalcone with cinchonine and the silicon-based Lewis acid in the aza-Michael reaction.
