The Global Burden of Leukemia and Its Attributable Factors in 204 Countries and Territories: Findings from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study and Projections to 2030.

Background: Leukemia is a common malignancy that has four main subtypes and is a threat to human health. Understanding the epidemiological status of leukemia and its four main subtypes globally is important for allocating appropriate resources, guiding clinical practice, and furthering scientific research. Methods: Average annual percentage changes (AAPCs) were calculated to estimate the change trends of age-standardized rates (ASRs) from 1990 to 2019 in 204 countries and territories. The risk factors for leukemia death and disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) were also analyzed. In addition, the future trends in ASRs were projected through 2030. Results: The total number of incident cases, deaths, and DALYs from leukemia in 2019 was 0.64, 0.33, and 11.66 million, respectively. Decreasing trends in age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), the age-standardized death rate (ASDR), and age-standardized DALY rate were detected on a global level while increasing trends in ASIR were detected in the high-sociodemographic index (SDI) regions. The leukemia burden was heavier in males than in females. By cause, acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were more likely to impose a burden on the elderly, while acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) showed a greater impact in the younger population. A significant positive correlation was observed between SDI and AAPC in ASIR, while SDI was negatively correlated with AAPCs in both ASDR and age-standardized DALY rate. Smoking remained the most significant risk factor associated with leukemia-related death and DALY, especially in males. Similar deaths and DALYs were caused by smoking and high body mass index (BMI) in females. Future projections through 2030 estimated that ASIR and ASDR will continue to increase, while the DALY rate is predicted to decline. Conclusions: Patterns and trends of leukemia burden are correlated with SDI. The estimated contributions to leukemia deaths indicate that timely measures are needed to reduce smoking and obesity.

Acute rhabdomyolysis in hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia patient undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation: case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Hepatitis-associated aplastic anemia (HAAA) is a specific type of aplastic anemia, and hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) is recommended as the first-line. Acute rhabdomyolysis (AR) during hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) is a rare, serious complication, with only 10 cases reported in the world so far. CASE PRESENTATION: Herein, we present a case of AR developing during HLA-haploidentical HSCT in a 55-year-old man who suffered from HAAA. On day 7 after stem cell transfusion, the patient reported a muscle pull in thigh and complained of muscle swelling, pain and change in urine color. Despite the timely diagnosis (based on the levels of myoglobin and creatine kinase, and muscle MRI findings, etc.) and rapid hydration and alkalization, the situation progressed dramatically, and the patient died of multi-organ failure during the preparation for continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT). Five days after his death, the whole-exome sequencing result confirmed that the patient had a germline missense mutation in SCN4A I 1545 V and ACTN3 R577X. CONCLUSION: AR is a rare but threatening complication during HSCT, especially in cases with kidney dysfunction. The creatine kinase level may not truly and completely reflect the severity and prognosis for cases with localized lesion. We suggest that genetic analysis should be performed for better understanding the pathological changes of AR during HSCT, especially for patients with bone marrow failure.

Effect of avatrombopag in the management of severe and refractory chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia (CIT) in patients with solid tumors.

Chemotherapy-induced thrombocytopenia (CIT) is a common complication in cancer patients, especially after multiple cycles of chemotherapy, which leads to the delayed treatment or reduced dosage. The treatment of CIT is limited for refractory and severe cases. Herein we reported a single-center study of avatrombopag, a type of thrombopoietin receptor agonist (TPO-RA), for the treatment of severe and refractory (S/R) CIT who failed from multi-line treatments. A total of 13 cancer patients with S/R CIT were enrolled at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University from September 2020 to February 2021. All the patients were administered oral avatrombopag at an initial dose of 60 mg/day, which could be decreased as needed, over a period of 8 weeks. Eight (8/13, 61.5%) patients responded to avatrombopag (with a platelet count ≥50 × 109/L and transfusion independent), with a median response time of 27.5 (11-50) days, and the median cumulative day of platelet response was 79 (20-167). Ten of 13 patients (76.9%) no longer required platelet transfusion at the study endpoint. The predictor of response was the level of hemoglobin (HB) at study entry, patients with an HB over 90 g/L achieved a response rate of 88.9%. In addition, platelet count showed 87.5% sensitivity and 100% specificity to predict the treatment response at a cutoff value of 25.5× 109/L at the end of the third week management. No drug-related side effects were noticed during administration. Our study showed that avatrombopag could be a novel and effective drug for the treatment of severe and refractory CIT, especially for those with hemoglobin above 90 g/L. This study was registered at chictr.org.cn as # ChiCTR2100050646.

Soybean Processing Wastes: Novel Insights on Their Production, Extraction of Isoflavones, and Their Therapeutic Properties.

Soybean processing waste (SPW) has potential as a sustainable source of phytochemicals and functional foods. A variety of phytochemicals, nutrients, and minerals have been characterized from SPW using various analytical methods. SPW utilization strategies may provide a new way to increase production of bioactive compounds, nutritional supplements, and cosmetic ingredients. SPW has the potential for value-added processing, to improve commercial use, and to lower environmental pollution through proper use. Okara, a byproduct generated during soybean processing of tofu and soy milk, is rich in dietary fiber, isoflavones, and saponins. Isoflavones, an important class of biologically active compounds owing to their multifunctional and therapeutic effects, are extracted from SPW. Further, studies have shown that okara has potential prebiotic and therapeutic value in lowering the risk of noncommunicable diseases. Therefore, in this review, we focus on several extraction methods and pharmacotherapeutic effects of different SPWs. Their effective uses in functional foods, nutraceuticals, and health applications, as biocatalysts, and as value-added resources have been discussed.

First Report of Severe Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia During Eltrombopag Therapy in Waldenström Macroglobulinemia-Associated Thrombocytopenia.

Autoimmune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) can be observed in Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM). The autoimmune disorders are primarily mediated by autoimmune monoclonal gammopathy, but drug-induced hemolysis should also be considered. Herein, we presented the case of a 63-year-old female WM patient complicated with ITP, who was admitted to our department with a complaint of abdominal pain. After first half of bortezomib/dexamethasone/rituximab (BRD) chemotherapy, her platelet level recovered, but subsequently decreased to extremely low level (around 1-2×109/L), and the patient suffered from platelet transfusion refractoriness. During the management of refractory thrombocytopenia, the patient developed severe hemolytic anemia, and further tests confirmed warm AIHA. FcγRIIα polymorphism test showed that the patient had FcγRIIα-131RH, which implied that the AIHA may not be WM-related. Given the effects of ibrutinib in controlling WM, secondary AITP and AIHA, ibrutinib single treatment was started, which quickly corrected the thrombocytopenia within five days, but not hemolysis. With a relatively safe platelet level, eltrombopag was stopped, and the hemolysis relieved three days after eltrombopag withdrawal. This is the first report on eltrombopag-induced AIHA in the management of WM-associated ITP.

Genetically determined selenium concentrations and risk for autoimmune diseases.

OBJECTIVE: Observational epidemiologic studies have reported a relationship between selenium status and risk for autoimmune diseases. However, the associations are susceptible to confounding or reverse causality. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential causal associations of selenium concentrations with the risk for common autoimmune diseases using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) design. METHODS: A meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of selenium among 9639 individuals of European ancestry was used to identify genetic instruments. Summary statistics of systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease were obtained from publicly available GWASs, respectively. We conducted MR study using the inverse-variance weighted method, supplemented with weighted median and likelihood-based methods as sensitivity analysis. Cochran Q test and MR-Egger regression were used to detect heterogeneity and potential directional pleiotropy. MR-Pleiotropy RESidual Sum and Outlier test was used to identify outlier single-nucleotide polymorphisms. RESULTS: Genetically predicted high selenium level was associated with a decreased risk for SLE (odds ratio, 0.85; 95% confidence interval, 0.77-0.93; P = 0.001) per natural log-transformed selenium concentrations, with similar results in sensitivity analyses. No evidence of heterogeneity, pleiotropy, or outlier single-nucleotide polymorphisms were detected (all P > 0.05). However, genetically determined selenium concentrations may be not associated with risk for rheumatoid arthritis or inflammatory bowel disease in the primary analysis and subsequent sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggested a protective role of selenium on the risk for systemic lupus erythematosus. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms.

Assessing the Associations of Growth Differentiation Factor 15 with Rheumatic Diseases Using Genetic Data.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential causal associations of circulating levels of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) with the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using a Mendelian randomization (MR) design. METHODS: A genome-wide association study (GWAS) of GDF-15 among 5,440 individuals of European ancestry was used to identify genetic instruments. Summary statistics of SLE, RA and IBD were obtained from publicly available GWASs. We conducted an MR study using the inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method, supplemented with simple-median and weighted-median methods. Cochran Q test and MR-Egger regression were used to detect potential heterogeneity and directional pleiotropy. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated. RESULTS: We found that genetically predicted high circulating GDF-15 levels were associated with a decreased risk of SLE (OR 0.80, 95% CI 0.68-0.92 by IVW), with similar results in sensitivity analyses. In replication analysis using summary data from another SLE GWAS, the results were consistent (OR 0.82, 95% CI 0.71-0.93 by IVW). Moreover, no evidence of heterogeneity or pleiotropy was detected. However, genetically determined circulating levels of GDF-15 were not associated with risk of RA or IBD in the primary analysis and subsequent sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggested an inverse association between circulating GDF-15 levels and risk of SLE, and further studies are warranted to elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms. There was limited evidence supporting a causal association of circulating GDF-15 levels with risk of RA and IBD.

Guilu Erxian Glue () Inhibits Chemotherapy-Induced Bone Marrow Hematopoietic Stem Cell Senescence in Mice May via p16INK4a-Rb Signaling Pathway.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effect of Guilu Erxian Glue (, GEG) on cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) senescence in mice and explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS: The H22 liver cancer ascites lump model was established in male Kunming mice by injecting intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 5 × 106/mL H22 cells per mouse. Fifty tumor-bearing mice were divided into the control, model, pifithrin-α, GEG, and GEG+pifithrin-α groups using a random number table, 10 mice in each group. CTX (100 mg/kg i.p.) was administrated to mice from day 1 to day 3 (d1-d3) continuously except for the control group. The mice in the pifithrin-α, GEG and GEG+pifithrin-α groups were treated with pifithrin-α (2.2 mg/(kg·d) i.p.) for 6 consecutive days (d4-d9), GEG (9.5 g/(kg·d) i.p.) for 9 consecutive days (d1-d9), and GEG plus pifithrin-α, respectively. HSCs were collected after 9-d drug treatment. The anti-aging effect of GEG was studied by cell viability, cell cycle, and ß -galactosidase (ß -gal) assays. The mRNA and protein expressions of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), CDK4, inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 4a encoding the tumor suppressor protein p16 (p16INK4a), p21Cip1/Waf1, p53, and phosphorylated retinoblastoma (pRb) were evaluated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and semi-quantitative Western blot, respectively. RESULTS: Compared with the model group, GEG increased cell viability as well as proliferation (P<0.05 or P<0.01) and reduced ß -gal expression. Furthermore, GEG significantly decreased the expressions of p16INK4a, p53 and p21Cip1/Waf1 proteins, and increased the expressions of CDK2, CDK4 and pRb proteins compared with the model group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). CONCLUSION: GEG can alleviate CTX-induced HSCs senescence in mice, and the p16INK4a-Rb signaling pathway might be the underlying mechanism.

Multiple risks analysis for aplastic anemia in Zhejiang, China: A case-control study.

To understand the risks associated with aplastic anemia (AA) in 4 cities of Zhejiang Province, China, with special focus on the joint contributions of multiple risks.Based on an Electronic Data Capture (EDC), a case control study was carried out. Data regarding socio-demographic, diseases history, living habits, and exposures to toxic substances, etc., were collected through survey questionnaires. t Test, chi-square test, or non-parametric rank sum test, and univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis were conducted to analyze data.The univariate logistic regression analysis results indicated that among all study participants (n = 1802), AA was associated with over 30 risks, in terms of their individual behaviors, daily and environmental exposures, diseases history, and family history. Multivariate logistic regression analysis further confirmed that the independent risks related to AA included presence of chemical factory within 3 km of living residence (odds ratio [OR] = 8.73, 95% CI: 1.42-53.74, P = .019), living in a newly decorated house/apartment (OR = 25.37, 95% CI: 4.44-144.81, P < .001), vegetarian diet (OR = 131.60, 95% CI: 3.45-5020.16, P = .009), preference of sugar (OR = 89.38, 95% CI: 7.22-1106.44, P < .001), preference of oily food (OR = 55.68, 95% CI: 5.12-605.26, P = .001), drinking lake water or pond water (OR = 58.05, 95% CI: 3.21-1049.81, P < .001), habit of staying up late (OR = 11.87, 95% CI: 3.43-41.02, P < .001), infection history (OR = 10.08, 95% CI: 2.75-36.93, P < .001). Result of receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis on the joint contribution of multiple risks indicated that AA was 13.835 times likely to occur when exposed to ≥1 risks than those exposed to 0 risks (95% CI: 9.995-19.149).Our study results demonstrated a comprehensive epidemiological pattern, in which the joint contributions of individual inherited health status, environment exposure, and individual behaviors lead to the occurrence of AA.

Autophagy and Ubiquitin-Mediated Proteolytic Degradation of PML/Rarα Fusion Protein in Matrine-Induced Differentiation Sensitivity Recovery of ATRA-Resistant APL (NB4-LR1) Cells: in Vitro and in Vivo Studies.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Although the cure rate of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) has exceeded 90%, the relapse/refractory APL that resistant to all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or ATO was still serious concern. Matrine (MAT) could improve the differentiation ability of ATRA-resistant APL cells. This study aimed to explore how the APL-specific fusion protein was degraded in ATRA-resistant APL with the application of MAT and ATRA. METHODS: ATRA-sensitive (NB4) and ATRA-resistant (NB4-LR1) cell lines were used. Nitroblue tetrazolium reduction assay and flow cytometry were used to detect the differentiation ability. The activity of ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-mediated pathways in both cells treated with ATRA with or without MAT were compared in protein and mRNA level (Western blot analysis, qRT-PCR), the Fluorescent substrate Suc-LLVY-AMC detection was used to detect the activity of proteasome, and electron microscope for observing autophagosome. MG 132(proteasome inhibitor), rapamycin (autophagy activator), hydroxychloroquine (lysosomal inhibitor) and STI571 [retinoic acid receptor alpha (RARα) ubiquitin stabilizer] were used as positive controls. The effect of MAT was observed in vivo using xenografts. RESULTS: MAT improved the sensitivity of NB4-LR1cells to ATRA treatment, which was consistent with the expression of PML-RARα fusion protein. MAT promoted the ubiquitylation level in NB4-LR1. MG 132 induced the decrease in RARα in both cell lines, and hampered the differentiation of NB4 cells. MAT also promoted the autophagy in NB4-LR1 cells, with an increase in microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain3 (LC3)-II and LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and exhaustion of P62. The expression of LC3II increased significantly in the MAT and ATRA + MAT groups in combination with lysosomal inhibitors. A similar phenomenon was observed in mouse xenografts. MAT induced apoptosis and differentiation. CONCLUSIONS: Autophagy and ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic degradation of PML/RARα fusion protein are crucial in MAT-induced differentiation sensitivity recovery of NB4-LR1 cells.

[Anti-lung cancer mechanisms of diterpenoid tanshinone via endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated apoptosis signal pathway].

At present, lung cancer ranks second and first respectively in the incidence and the mortality among malignant tumors. It is urgent to find new effective anti-lung cancer drugs with less side effects and relatively defined mechanisms. Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS)-mediated apoptosis pathway is an effective way to promote tumor cell apoptosis; diterpenoid tanshinone (DT), an effective part separated from Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, was found to have an anti-lung cancer effect in previous studies via ERS-induced PERK-EIF2α pathway. In this paper, human lung adenocarcinoma PC9 cell line and nude mouse transplantation tumor model were applied to verify the anti-lung cancer effect of DT in vivo and in vitro, and illuminate the potential mechanism via ERS induced IRE1α/caspase 12 apoptosis pathway. The results showed that in vivo, DT could promote PC9 cell apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner, up-regulate Bip, IRE1 and TRAF2 protein expressions in tumor tissue, reduce tumor weight and alleviate bodyweight loss. In vitro, DT inhibited the proliferation of PC9 cell line in a concentration-dependent manner, and destroyed the structure of mitochondria in PC9 cell, promoted Bax, IRE1α, Bip, TRAF2 and caspase 12 protein expressions, lower Bcl-2 protein expression in a time-dependent manner. DT shows a good effect on anti-lung cancer both in vivo and in vitro. The mechanism is related to the activation of ERS-induced IRE1α/caspase 12 apoptosis pathway and the promotion of cell apoptosis. ERS-mediated apoptosis pathway may be an important target of DT on anti-lung cancer.

MiR-15a-5p negatively regulates cell survival and metastasis by targeting CXCL10 in chronic myeloid leukemia.

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a common malignant disease from hematopoietic system. Aberrant expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) has been found in CML, however, the roles of many miRNAs including miR-15a-5p in CML are still unknown. In this study, the expression and roles of miR-15a-5p in CML were investigated. We found that restoration miR-15a-5p expression in CML cells decreased cell growth, metastasis and enhanced cell apoptosis. Chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) was predicted as a target gene of miR-15a-5p, which was verified by luciferase assay. CXCL10 mRNA and protein was down-regulated in the CML cells with miR-15a-5p overexpression by real time RT-PCR and western blotting. We also found that there were low levels of miR-15a-5p companied with high levels of CXCL10 in blood samples from CML patients. In a conclusion, miR-15a-5p suppresses cell survival and metastasis of CML by targeting CXCL10, which is a therapeutic option for CML patients.

Efficacy and advantages of modified Traditional Chinese Medicine treatments based on "kidney reinforcing" for chronic aplastic anemia: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of modified treatments based on "kidney reinforcing" in the management of chronic aplastic anemia (CAA), and explore their advantages and specialties. METHODS: One hundred and eleven patients with CAA were randomly divided into three groups: kidney reinforcing alone (KA), "kidney reinforcing and Qi tonifying" (KQ), and "kidney reinforcing and blood circulation invigorating" (KC). Normal and positive control groups were also formed. All patients were treated for 6 months (two courses). Hemograms, Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) syndrome scores, and therapeutic effects were assessed, and changes in T-lymphocyte subsets, regulatory T cells and cytokines were detected. RESULTS: The KQ and KC groups had lower TCM syndrome scores than the positive control group after 6 months (P < 0.05). The KQ group had a higher overall efficacy than the positive control group after 3 months (P < 0.05), while platelet counts increased in the KC group after 6 months (P < 0.05). CD3+ T-lymphocyte ratios decreased only in the KQ group, while CD3 + CD4 + CD8 − Tlymphocytes increased only in the KC group after 6 months (P < 0.05). Levels of interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor tor-α, interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-6 decreased and levels of IL-4 and IL-10 increased in all treated groups after 6 months. Levels of IL-6 in the KQ and KC groups were lower than those in the positive control group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Treatments based on kidney reinforcing have a rebalancing effect on cytotoxic and T helper cells, and regulate expression of interferon- γ, IL-2, IL-6 and IL-4. KQ may be more effective in treating CAA, and KC may have an advantage in platelet recovery.

[Significance of PLSCR1 in Matrine Induced Differentiation of ATRA Resistant APL Cells].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the expression of phospholipid scramblase 1 (PLSCR1) in matrine (MAT) induced differentiation of all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) resistant acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) cells, and to explore its correlation to cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A (PKA) signal pathway. METHODS: NB4 (an APL cell line sensitive to ATRA) and NB4-R1 (a resistant strain of ATRA) were observed as subjects in this study. Effects of combined treatment of 0.1 mmol/L MAT and 1 [mol/L ATRA on the differentiation of two cell lines were detected using nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) reduction test and flow cytometry (CD11b). Expressions of PML/RARot and PLSCR1 protein/gene were detected using Western blot and Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR assay. Meanwhile, H89, PKA antagonist, was used to observe cell differentiation antigen and changes of aforesaid proteins and genes. RESULTS: MAT combined ATRA could significantly elevate positive rates of NBT and CD11 b in NB4-R1 cells, and significantly down-regulate the expression of PML/RARapha-fusion protein/gene (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). ATRA used alone could obviously enhance the expression of PLSCRI in NB4 cells at protein and mRNA levels (P < 0.01). But the expression of PLSCR1 was up-regulated in NB4-R1 cells, but with statistical.difference only at the protein level (P <0. 01). In combination of MAT, PLSCR1 protein expression was further elevated in the two cell lines (P < 0.01). Besides, there was statistical difference in mRNA expressions in NB4-R1 cells (P < 0.05). All these actions could be reversed by treatment of 10 micromol/L H89 (P < 0.05, P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: MAT combined ATRA could significantly induce the differentiation of NB4-R1 cells, and inhibit the expression of PML/RARalpha fusion gene/protein, which might be associated with up-regulating PLSCR1 expression.

Combined use of Chinese medicine with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe aplastic anemia patients.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of combined treatment with Chinese medicine (CM) and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) on patients with severe aplastic anemia (SAA). METHODS: Eleven patients were treated with CM plus allo-HSCT. Nine patients received a conditioning regimen consisting of fludarabine (Flu), anti-thymocyte globulin (pig ALG), or anti-lymphocyte globulin (Rabbit ATG) and cyclophosphamide (CY), and two patients received pig ALG and CY. All patients were treated with Kidney (Shen)-reinforcing, blood-activating, and stasis-removing (KBS) herbal preparation beginning at 1 week before transplantation and ending at 8 weeks after transplantation. Chimerism status was assessed by analyzing short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphisms. RESULTS: All patients recovered hematopoietic function and none had graft failure. The median number of days required for the absolute neutrophil count (ANC) increased to >0.5×10(9)/L was 15 days (12-22 days) and for spontaneous platelet recovery to >20×10(9)/L without post-transplantation transfusion was 17 days (15-27 days). Nine patients were long-term survivors and achieved full donor chimerism. The overall cumulative incidence of acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) grades I-II and III-IV was 18.2% (2/11) and 9.1% (1/11), respectively. The overall accumulated incidence of chronic GVHD was 27.3% and all patients had limited chronic GVHD. At a median follow-up time of 32 months (range: 12-97 months), 9 patients were still alive. The estimated 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was 81.8%. The incidence of treatment-related mortality, 2-year post-transplantation, was 18.2%. Two patients died from GVHD after transplantation. CONCLUSION: Treatment with the KBS formulation may reduce the rate of graft failure and treatment-related mortality and improve the rate of OS in SAA patients with allo-HSCT.

Matrine cooperates with all-trans retinoic acid on differentiation induction of all-trans retinoic acid-resistant acute promyelocytic leukemia cells (NB4-LR1): possible mechanisms.

Retinoic acid resistance results in refractory disease, and recovery in acute promyelocytic leukemia remains a challenge in clinical practice, with no ideal chemotherapeutic drug currently available. Here we report on the effect of an active compound of Sophora flavescens called matrine (0.1 mmol/L) combined with all-trans retinoic acid (1 µmol/L) in alleviating retinoic acid resistance in acute promyelocytic leukemia-derived NB4-LR1 cells by differentiation induction, as can be seen by an induced morphology change, increased CD11b expression, and nitro blue tetrazolium reduction activity, and a decreased expression of the promyelocytic leukemia-retinoic acid receptor α fusion gene and protein product. We further explored the probable mechanism of how matrine promotes the recovery of differentiation ability in NB4-LR1 cells when exposed to all-trans retinoic acid. We observed that the combination of all-trans retinoic acid and matrine can increase the level of cyclic adenosine monophosphate and protein kinase A activity, reduce telomerase activity, and downregulate the protein expression of topoisomerase II beta in NB4-LR1 cells. The results of this study suggest the possible clinical utility of matrine in the treatment of retinoic acid-resistant acute promyelocytic leukemia.

[Research advance on the role of ubiquitin proteasome pathway in acute promyelocytic leukemia].

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is characterized by PML-RARa expression. Ubiquitin proteasome-pathway (UPP) plays a key role in all-trans retinoid acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO)-induced degradation. In addition, the regulations of cell cycle and transcription are also related to this pathway. Deeply studying the role of ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in APL contributes to elucidate the mechanisms of some drugs and explode the clinical therapeutical insight for APL. In this article, the constitution of UPP, the role of UPP-mediated protein modification in APL, the application of ubiquitination-associated drugs in APL are reviewed.

Effect of kidney-reinforcing, blood-activating and stasis-removing recipes on adhesion molecule expression of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells from chronic aplastic anemia patients.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of kidney-reinforcing, blood-activating and stasis-removing recipes on adhesion molecule expression of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from patients with chronic aplastic anemia (CAA). METHODS: We used three Traditional Chinese Medicine recipes, namely a kidney-reinforcing recipe (KRR), blood-activating and stasis-removing recipe (BASRR), and kidney-reinforcing, blood-activating and stasis-removing recipe (KRBASRR), and a normal saline control to prepare herbal medicine serum in Sprague Dawley rats. Thirty CAA patients were enrolled in the experimental group, including 17 kidney-Yang deficient patients and 13 kidney-Yin deficient patients. Ten healthy individuals were included in the control group. MSCs were isolated from bone marrow samples, and the cell density was observed to measure their proliferation ability by microscopy on days 2, 7, and 14 after isolation. In addition, the expression of adhesion molecules of bone marrow MSCs (CD106, CD49d, CD31 and CD44) were detected by flow cytometry after 48 h of treatment with the four different herbal medicine serums. RESULTS: The proliferation of MSCs from kidney-Yang deficient and kidney-Yin deficient patients was weaker than that of MSCs from the control group. The expression of all adhesion molecules of bone marrow MSCs from CAA patients was obviously lower than that in the control group (P < 0.01). The expression of CD49d and CD31 in MSCs from patients with a kidney-Yin deficiency was lower than in those with a kidney-yang deficiency (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). For kidney-Yang deficient patients, CD31 expression in the KRBASRR group was significantly higher than that in the BASRR group (P < 0.01), while CD44 in the KRBASRR group was significantly higher than that in both KRR and BASRR groups (P < 0.01). For kidney-Yin deficient patients, CD106 and CD49d expression in the KRBASRR group was obviously higher than that in the KRR group (P < 0.05), while CD31 and CD44 expression in the KRBASRR group was significantly higher than that in both KRR and BASRR groups (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION: The bone marrow microenvironment in CAA patients is abnormal. The effect of KRBASRR may be better than that of KRR and BASRR for kidney-Yang deficient and kidney-Yin deficient patients by improving the expression levels of MSC adhesion molecules.

Multi-central clinical research into treating 80 cases of chronic thrombocytopenia with qi-supplementing and yin-nourishing therapy and western medicine.

OBJECTIVE: To probe the effects of qi-supplementing and yin-nourishing therapy (blood-increasing decoction and blood generating powder) on chronic thrombocytopenia. METHODS: Two hundred patients with chronic thrombocytopenia were randomly divided into control (n = 100) and test groups (n = 100) with Amino-polypeptide as a basic treatment for both. Test group patients consumed a blood-increasing decoction and blood-generating powder for 1-3 months. Improvements in platelet counts and TCM syndrome were observed. RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-four (80 in the test group and 84 in the control group) of 189 total participants were treated for 3 months. The total effective rate in improving TCM syndrome was 95.00% in the test group and 79.76% in the control group (P < 0.05). There was significant difference (P < 0.05) in the accumulated score of TCM syndrome between the two groups treated at different time points. The total effective rate of platelet counts was 86.25% in the test group and 59.52% in the control group (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference in platelet counts before and after treatment in the two groups (P < 0.05). There was no significant differences in platelet count between the two groups treated for 1-2 months; however, a significant difference was found between the two groups after treatment for 3 months (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: After a 3-month treatment of chronic thrombocytopenia patients with qi-supplementing and yin-nourishing therapy, TCM syndrome was improved and platelet counts increased with no obvious side effects, and the quality of life of the participants was enhanced with noticeable long-term curative effects.