Jungian Analysis of the Chinese Mythological Image of Sun Wukong.

This paper examines the symbolism of the cultural image Sun Wukong (the Monkey King), a Chinese legendary hero, and how it influenced an eight-year-old boy's psychic development. Through an analysis of Sun Wukong's life from his birth to attaining Buddhahood, a three-phase healing process is identified in Sun Wukong's tale and the psychotherapeutic process: "naming and initiating," "nurturing and taming," and "transforming and transcending," proposed by Dr. Heyong Shen. Sandplay visually highlighted these key clinical changes in conscious awareness and developmental behaviour influencing the boy's individuation process. Images found either in cultural traditions or spontaneously emerging from the unconscious in individuals are of significance in human life, offering pathways to psychic healing and development. Further, myths and cultural resources used in clinical work demonstrate that having cultural competency is invaluable in Jungian analysis. Pathogenic and health-maintenance factors of culture can be explored in future clinical practice and research.

Cet article étudie le symbolisme de l'image culturelle d'un héros légendaire chinois; Sun Wukong (le roi singe). L'article explore comment cette image a influencé le développement psychique d'un garçon de huit ans. À travers une analyse de la vie de Sun Wukong depuis sa naissance jusqu'à ce qu'il atteigne la bouddhéité, un processus de guérison en trois phases est identifié dans le conte de Sun Wukong et dans le processus psychothérapeutique, et proposé par le Dr Heyong Shen : « nommer et initier ¼, « apprivoiser et nourrir ¼ et « transformer et transcender ¼. La thérapie par le jeu de sable a ensuite mis en évidence visuellement ces changements cliniques clés dans la prise de conscience et le comportement développemental, qui ont influencé le processus d'individuation du garçon. Les images trouvées dans les traditions culturelles ou qui émergent spontanément de l'inconscient chez les individus sont importantes dans la vie des êtres humains : elles fournissent des voies de guérison et de développement psychiques. De plus, les mythes et les ressources culturelles utilisés dans le travail clinique montrent que la compétence culturelle est inestimable dans l'analyse jungienne. Les facteurs pathogènes et les facteurs de maintien de la santé - présents dans la culture - peuvent être explorés dans la pratique clinique et la recherche futures.

Este artículo explora el simbolismo de la imagen cultural de Sun Wukong (el Rey Mono), un héroe legendario chino, y cómo influyó en el desarrollo psíquico de un niño de ocho años. A través de un análisis de la vida de Sun Wukong desde su nacimiento hasta alcanzar la Budeidad, se identifica un proceso de curación en tres fases en el cuento de Sun Wukong y en el proceso psicoterapéutico: "nombrar e iniciar", "domar y nutrir" y "transformar y trascender", propuestos por el Dr. Heyong Shen. A continuación, el juego de arena puso de relieve visualmente estos cambios clínicos en la conciencia y en el desarrollo del comportamiento, influyendo en el proceso de individuación del niño. Las imágenes que se encuentran tanto en las tradiciones culturales, como las que que emergen espontáneamente del inconsciente de los individuos son importantes en la vida humana, ya que ofrecen vías para la curación psíquica y el desarrollo. Además, los mitos y los recursos culturales utilizados en el trabajo clínico demuestran que tener competencia cultural es inestimable en el análisis junguiano. Los factores patógenos y de mantenimiento de la salud de la cultura pueden explorarse en la práctica clínica y la investigación futuras.

Cooperating with Different Types of Strangers: The Influence of Guanxi Perception, Trust, and Responsibility.

This study explored people's estimation of cooperative intention when paired with people with different types of relationships, and the mediating roles of trust and responsibility between guanxi perception and the estimation of cooperative intention. We recruited 398 university students from the Greater Bay Area of China to complete two public goods dilemma experiments. Study 1 manipulated the type of partner to be either family member, classmate, and stranger, representing different types of guanxi. Study 2 manipulated the type of partner to be either stranger with intermediary, stranger within ingroup, and complete stranger. In both studies, the mediating roles of trust and responsibility in the relationship between guanxi perception and the estimation of cooperative intention were tested. The results of study 1 showed that the participants' estimation of cooperative intention with a family member was higher than with acquaintances or with strangers. In study 2, the estimation of cooperative intention with stranger with intermediary was higher than with a stranger within one's ingroup or with a complete stranger. Multivariate analysis verified the mediating effects. The results are discussed with reference to why Chinese people treat different types of guanxi distinctly, especially to different types of strangers, and how guanxi perception, trust, and responsibility work together to the influence of the estimation of cooperative intention.

Hotspots, trends, and advice: a 10-year visualization-based analysis of painting therapy from a scientometric perspective.

Purpose: Research on painting therapy is available worldwide and painting therapy is widely applied as a psychological therapy in different fields with diverse clients. As an evidence-based psychotherapy, previous studies have revealed that painting therapy has favorable therapeutic effects. However, limited studies on painting therapy used universal data to assemble in-depth evidence to propose a better recommendation on it for the future use. Large-scale retrospective studies that used bibliometric methodology are lacking. Therefore, this study presented a broad view of painting therapy and provided an intensively analytical insight into the structure of knowledge regarding painting therapy employing bibliometric analysis of articles. CiteSpace software was used to evaluate scientific research on painting therapy globally published from January 2011 to July 2022. Methods: Publications related to painting therapy from 2011 to 2022 were searched using the Web of Science database. This study employed bibliometric techniques to perform co-citation analysis of authors, visualize collaborations between countries/regions as network maps, and analyze keywords and subjects relevant to painting therapy by using CiteSpace software. Results: In total, 871 articles met the inclusion criteria. We found that the number of painting therapy publications generally trended incrementally. The United States and United Kingdom made the most contributions to painting therapy research and had the greatest impact on the practical application in other countries. Arts in Psychotherapy and Frontiers in Psychology occupied key publishing positions in this research field. The application groups were mainly children, adolescents, and females, and Western countries paid high attention to painting therapy. The main areas of application of painting therapy were Alzheimer's disease and other psychosomatic disease fields. Identified research priorities for painting therapy were emotion regulation and mood disorder treatment, personality disorder treatment, personal self-esteem enhancement, and medical humanistic care. Three keywords, "depression," "women," and "recovery," had the strongest citation bursts, which emphasized the research trends. Conclusion: The general trend for painting therapy research is positive. Our findings provide useful information for researchers on painting therapy to determine new directions in relate to popular issues, collaborators, and research frontiers. Painting therapy holds a promising future, and further studies could explore the clinical implications of this therapy in terms of mechanisms and criteria for assessing efficacy.

Sleep Quality Partially Mediate the Relationship Between Depressive Symptoms and Cognitive Function in Older Chinese: A Longitudinal Study Across 10 Years.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the relationship between cognitive function and depressive symptoms and to explore the mediating role of sleep quality in the cognition-depression relationship in Chinese older adults (OAs). Methods: Data came from a nationally representative sample of 16,209 Chinese OAs (aged 65+) from 2008, 2011, 2014, and 2018 waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). A random intercept cross-lagged panel model (RI-CLPM) combined with mediation analysis was adopted to determine the relationship between cognitive function and depressive symptoms and the mediating effect of sleep quality on the ascertained cognition-depression relationship. Results: Poorer cognitive function at prior assessment points were significantly associated with severe depressive symptoms at subsequent assessments, and vice versa. Sleep quality partially mediated the prospective relationship of cognition on depressive symptoms, which accounted for 3.92% of the total effect of cognition on depression. Discussion: Cognitive decline may predict subsequent depressive symptoms, and vice versa. The impact of cognition on depression is partially explained by its influence on sleep quality. Multidisciplinary interventions aimed at reducing depression and cognitive decline per se as well as improving sleep quality would be beneficial for emotional well-being and cognitive health in OAs.

Civilization within the heart: the image and meaning of 'civilization' and 'culture' in Chinese characters.

'Civilization in Transition' was the theme of the JAP conference in 2021, and also the reality we are facing today, especially amidst the pandemic of COVID-19. From an oriental perspective, within the context of Psychology of the Heart, the author presents his thoughts in this paper, 'Civilization within the heart: the image and meaning of "civilization" and "culture" in Chinese characters'. The meaning of the heart is at the core of Chinese culture, as well as Chinese philosophy and psychology. Most of the basic psychological terms in Chinese characters are formed originally with the images of the heart; even the Chinese character for 'culture' and 'civilization'. C.G. Jung learned Chinese characters, and named them with I Ching symbols as readable archetypes. Today in world affairs we are confronted with highly turbulent and uncertain conditions that threaten any sense of coherent meaning, both personally and collectively. Jung's insights gained from the I Ching and his reflections on analytical psychology are still inspiring us. The images and meaning of the hexagrams which C.G. Jung used: 'Ting' (The Cauldron), 'Bi' (Grace), and 'Chin' (Progress), are the main threads of this paper and presentation, 'Civilization within the Heart', responding to the theme 'Civilization in Transition'.

« La civilisation en transition ¼ est le thème de la conférence du JAP en 2021, et également la réalité à laquelle nous faisons face aujourd'hui, particulièrement avec la pandémie de COVID-19. A partir d'une perspective orientale, dans le contexte de la Psychologie du Cœur, l'auteur présente ses pensées dans cet article « La civilisation à l'intérieur du cœur: l'image et le sens de 'civilisation' et de 'culture' dans les caractères chinois ¼. La signification du cœur est centrale à la culture chinoise, et à la philosophie et la psychologie chinoises. La plupart des termes psychologiques fondamentaux en caractères chinois sont à l'origine formés avec les images du cœur; même ceux pour «culture¼ et pour «civilisation¼. C.G. Jung a appris les caractères chinois, et les a nommés avec les symboles du Yi Jing en tant qu'archétypes lisibles. Aujourd'hui dans les affaires du monde nous sommes confrontés à des conditions hautement turbulentes et incertaines qui menacent toute cohérence de sens, aussi bien au niveau personnel que collectif. Les éclairages de Jung provenant du Yi Jing et ses réflexions sur la psychologie analytique nous inspirent encore. Les images et la signification des hexagrammes que Jung a utilisés: 'Ting' (Le Chaudron), 'Pi' (La grâce), et 'Tsien' (Le Progrès), sont les fils conducteurs principaux de cet article et présentation: « La civilisation à l'intérieur du cœur ¼, pour répondre au thème de « Civilisation en Transition ¼.

'Civilización en Transición' es el tema de la Conferencia del JAP en 2021, y también la realidad que estamos enfrentando hoy, especialmente en medio de la pandemia de COVID-19. Desde una perspectiva oriental, en el contexto de la Psicología del Corazón, el autor ofrece su reflexión en el presente trabajo, 'Civilización en el corazón: la imagen y el sentido de la 'civilización' y la 'cultura' en los caracteres chinos'. El sentido del corazón está al centro de la cultura China, así como también de la psicología y filosofía China. La mayoría de los términos psicológicos básicos en los caracteres chinos están formados originalmente con las imágenes del corazón; aún el signo chino para 'cultura' y 'civilización'. C. G. Jung aprendió los caracteres chinos, y los denominó junto a los símbolos del I Ching como arquetipos legibles. Actualmente, estamos siendo confrontados a nivel mundial con condiciones excesivamente turbulentas e inciertas que amenazan cualquier sentido de coherencia, tanto personal como colectivamente. Las comprensiones que Jung tomó del I Ching y sus reflexiones en la psicología analítica aún hoy nos inspiran. Las imágenes y el sentido de los hexagramas que Jung usó: 'Ting' (El Caldero), 'Bi' (Gracia), y 'Chin' (El Progreso), son las hebras principales de este trabajo y presentación, 'Civilización en el Corazón', respondiendo al tema 'Civilización en Transición'.

'Civilização em Transição' é o tema da conferência do JAP em 2021, e também a realidade que enfrentamos hoje, especialmente em meio à pandemia de COVID-19. De uma perspectiva oriental, dentro do contexto da Psicologia do Coração, o autor apresenta seus pensamentos neste artigo, 'Civilização dentro do coração: a imagem e o significado de "civilização" e "cultura" em caracteres chineses'. O significado do coração está no centro da cultura chinesa, assim como da filosofia e psicologia chinesas. A maioria dos termos psicológicos básicos em caracteres chineses é formado originalmente com as imagens do coração; até mesmo o caractere chinês para "cultura" e "civilização". C.G. Jung aprendeu caracteres chineses e os nomeou com símbolos I Ching como arquétipos legíveis. Hoje, nos assuntos mundiais, somos confrontados com condições altamente turbulentas e incertas que ameaçam qualquer senso de significado coerente, tanto pessoal quanto coletivamente. Os insights de Jung obtidos com o I Ching e suas reflexões sobre psicologia analítica ainda estão nos inspirando. As imagens e o significado dos hexagramas que C.G. Jung usou: 'Ting' (O Caldeirão), 'Bi' (Graça) e 'Chin' (Progresso), são os principais tópicos deste artigo e apresentação, 'Civilização dentro do Coração', para responder ao tema 'Civilização em Transição'.

A comparative study of death anxiety and death attitudes in Han and Tibetan ethnic groups.

This study compared the responses of 380 Han and 315 Tibetan respondents regarding their attitudes about death and factors influencing those attitudes using the Death Anxiety Scale and Death Attitude Profile-Revised. The results show that Tibetan respondents expressed more death anxiety, fear of death, death avoidance, and escape acceptance than the Han participants, while Han participants showed more neutral acceptance than the Tibetan participants. There was a significant interaction between age and gender around Approaching Death. In addition, the death attitudes of Han and Tibetan participants were influenced by religious beliefs, funeral experiences, and the way their families talked about death.

A comparative study of death metaphors in Han and Tibetan ethnic groups.

We compared 385 Han participants and 302 Tibetan participants' death metaphors and investigated the associations between death metaphors and death attitudes. The results show that the death metaphor "Separation from loved ones" was the most common among both groups. Both groups scored highest in the Empty death metaphor subscale. Ethnicity had a significant effect on the Empty subscale and age had a significant effect on the Sorrowful death metaphor subscale. Death metaphor is significantly positively correlated with approaching acceptance and escape acceptance attitudes to death. Our comprehensive exploration of death metaphors enables a better understanding the Chinese concept of death.

Presleep focusing on positive spontaneous thoughts enhanced the possibility of dreaming of them.

Introduction: Dreaming is the subjective experience during sleep. A spontaneous thought is a thought that comes to one's mind involuntarily. This study investigated whether presleep focusing on a positive spontaneous thought enhanced the possibility of dreaming of the thought. Methods: Ninety-seven participants were quasi-randomly assigned to an expression condition (focus on an spontaneous thought for 5-Min before sleeping; N = 45) and a control condition (think about anything for 5-Min before sleeping; N = 45). Participants completed a dream diary upon waking. Then, both participants themselves (the selfrating method) and external judges (the external-rating method) rated the correlation between the positive spontaneous thought and the dream. Results: The result of the external-rating method indicated that presleep focusing on positive spontaneous thoughts enhanced the possibility of dreaming of the thoughts. In addition, the external-rating method found that presleep focusing on positive spontaneous thoughts enhanced the possibility of dreaming of thoughts that were related to the positive spontaneous thoughts but not the positive spontaneous thoughts themselves. Discussion: These results supported the current concern theory which suggests that one's current concerns increase responses to cues related to the concerns implicitly. In addition, these results supported the continuity hypothesis which states that dreaming is in continuous with waking life, and thus the intensity of a daily concern may be related to the possibility of dreaming of the daily concern.

The philosophy of the Yijing and Jungian analytical psychology: a comparative study.

The Yijing (Book of Changes) occupied a very significant position in C.G. Jung's mind, which was closely related to Richard Wilhelm's active recommendation and introduction of the Yijing wisdom. Inspired by the Yijing, Jung set forth the 'principle of synchronicity', by which scholars tend to discuss the relationship between Yijing and Jungian psychology. In fact, Jungian analytical psychology conceives in-depth onto-cosmological connotations corresponding to the philosophy of the Yijing. The terms invented or employed by Jung such as 'archetype', 'Self', 'individuation', 'mandala,' 'anima and animus', 'persona and shadow' are interrelated with the connotations of Taiji (Supreme Ultimate) (○) and liang yi (two-mode) () in the Yijing philosophy. A comparative study of the two disciplines can help us gain a more comprehensive and deeper understanding of both, and further improve the exchanges of Eastern and Western cultures.

Le Yi Jing (Livre des Mutations) occupe une place très importante dans le cœur-esprit de C.G. Jung, place très liée à l'introduction par Richard Wilhelm de la sagesse du Yi Jing et au soutien actif qu'il y a apporté. Dans cet article il y a trois domaines de discussion et d'exploration: 1. L'onto-cosmogonie conçue dans le Yi Jing; ici les auteurs explorent la signification des deux ordres de présentation des huit trigrammes, celui de Fuxi et celui du roi Wen, et l'inspiration de l'Image Naturelle « Ciel-Terre ¼; sans connaissance de son onto-cosmologie on ne peut pas appréhender le Yi Jing dans sa globalité. 2. L'onto-cosmogonie telle qu'elle est conçue dans la psychologie Jungienne, en commençant par une discussion sur la synchronicité, que Jung a élaborée en s'inspirant du Yi Jing; les auteurs explorent la corrélation entre les quatre étapes des mouvements dynamiques du Soi, conçues par Jung, et les quatre étapes du mouvement cosmologique tel qu'il est révélé par l'hexagramme Qian et par les nombres dans le He tu (diagramme de la rivière jaune) et le Luo shu (diagramme des neufs palais). 3. Les corrélations entre le Taiji et les Deux Modes (yin et yang) et certains termes de la psychologie Jungienne. Du point de vue des auteurs, corréler certains termes importants dans la psychologie Jungienne avec les concepts philosophiques du Yi Jing permettrait de mener plus loin le processus d'individuation. Jung a fait l'expérience de l'état d'Ultime Suprême, décrit dans ses commentaires sur Le Secret de la Fleur d'Or de Richard Wilhelm. Une étude comparative des deux disciplines peut nous apporter une compréhension plus approfondie et plus complète de chacune, et améliorer encore les échanges entre les cultures orientales et occidentales.

El Yijing (libro de los Cambios) ocupa un lugar significativo en la mente y corazón de C. G. Jung, el cual estuvo muy relacionado a la recomendación activa e introducción a la sabiduría del Yijing de Richard Wilhelm. En el presente trabajo se ofrecen tres áreas de discusión y exploración: 1. La onto-cosmogonía concebida en el Yijing, aquí los autores exploran el sentido de la secuencia de los Ocho Trigramas de Fuxi, y el Posicionamiento de los Ocho Trigramas de King Wen, y la inspiración de la Imagen Natural del Cielo y la Tierra; sin conocer esta onto-cosmogonía, no es posible aprehender la totalidad del Yijing. 2. La onto-cosmogonía en la psicología Junguiana, comenzando con una discusión sobre la sincronicidad, la cual Jung desarrolló inspirándose en el I Ching; los autores exploran la correlación entre los cuatro pasos en los movimientos dinámicos del Self según Jung y las cuatro etapas de los movimientos cosmológicos, tal como son revelados por el hexagrama Qian y los números en el He tu (mapa del Río) y Luo shu (Carta de Luo). 3. Las correlaciones entre el Taiji, la dualidad y otros términos de la psicología Junguiana. Desde la perspectiva de los autores, el correlacionar algunos términos significativos de la Psicología Junguiana con conceptos filosóficos del Yijing puede contribuir al desarrollo del proceso de individuación. Jung experimentó el estado de lo Absoluto, descripto en sus Comentarios al Secreto de la Flor Dorada de Richard Wilhelm. Un estudio comparativo de las dos disciplinas puede ayudarnos a alcanzar una comprensión más completa y profunda de ambas, y contribuir al intercambio entre las culturas de Oriente y Occidente.

Possible posttraumatic stress disorder in Chinese frontline healthcare workers who survived COVID-19 6 months after the COVID-19 outbreak: prevalence, correlates, and symptoms.

Suffering from COVID-19 and witnessing the suffering and deaths of patients with COVID-19 may place frontline healthcare workers (HCWs) at particularly high risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, few data are available on the clinical characteristics of PTSD among frontline HCWs who survived COVID-19 ("surviving HCWs" hereafter). The present study examined the prevalence, correlates, and clinical symptoms of possible PTSD in surviving HCWs 6 months after the COVID-19 outbreak in China. A total of 291 surviving HCWs and 42 age- and gender-matched COVID-19-free frontline HCWs (control group) were recruited and administered the Chinese Essen Trauma Inventory, which was used to assess the presence of possible PTSD according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. Survivors' clinical data and characteristics of exposure to COVID-19 were collected via self-report questionnaires. Surviving HCWs had significantly higher rates of possible PTSD than controls (19.9% vs. 4.8%, P = 0.017). Correlates of PTSD in survivors were ICU admission (OR = 8.73, P = 0.003), >10 respiratory symptoms during the most symptomatic period of COVID-19 (OR = 3.08, P = 0.006), the residual symptom of dizziness (OR = 2.43, P = 0.013), the residual symptom of difficult breathing (OR = 2.23, P = 0.027), life in danger due to COVID-19 (OR = 16.59, P = 0.006), and exposure to other traumatic events (OR = 2.94, P = 0.035). Less commonly seen PTSD symptoms in survivors were having nightmares about the event (34.5%), suddenly feeling like they were living through the event suddenly (25.9%), being unable to remember an important part of the event (32.8%), and overalertness (31.0%). Nearly one-fifth of the surviving HCWs had possible PTSD 6 months after the COVID-19 outbreak. Mental health services for this vulnerable population should include periodic screening for PTSD, expanded social support, and, when necessary, psychotherapy and psychopharmacological treatment.

Corrigendum: A Paradigm for Matching Waking Events Into Dream Reports.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01430.].

Review and Prospect of the Research on Occupational Health Psychology of Casino Employees.

The occupational specialty of casino employees brings about the problem of long-standing severe emotional exhaustion and stress management challenges. Therefore, it is of great significance to pay attention to their occupational health psychology (Du & Li, in Psych Res 7(1):46-50, 2014). Based on the relevant researches on occupational health psychology of casino employees at home and abroad in recent years, this paper reviews and outlines the previous research results in a systematic way from environmental and occupational, organizational as well as individual dimensions, and figures out the factors that may affect the occupational health psychology of casino employees, and further expounds the psychological and behavioral effects of these factors on employees (including job burnout, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, employees' problematic gambling behavior, etc.), with the purpose of getting a deeper understanding of why occupational health psychology of casino employees can affect customer satisfaction, loyalty and casino profits ultimately. On this basis, three suggestions are put forward for the optimization of human resource management in casinos through the lens of occupational health psychology. In the end, the paper points out some shortcomings of existing studies and the trend for future study that can expand and deepen relevant variables and research subjects that affect the occupational health psychology of casino employees on the basis of comprehensive review.

Integration of waking experience through dreams considered in light of individual differences in implicit learning ability.

The present study explored whether individual differences in implicit learning were related to the incorporation of waking events into dreams. Participants (N = 60) took part in a sequence learning task, a measure of implicit learning ability. They were then asked to keep a record of their waking experiences (personally significant events [PSEs]/major concerns), as well as their nightly dreams for a week. Of these, the responses of 51 participants were suitable for further analysis in which participants themselves and three independent judges rated the correlation between waking events and dreams of the same day. Implicit learning ability was found to significantly correlate with the incorporation of PSEs into dreams. The present results may lend support to the Horton and Malinowski autobiographical memory (AM) model, which accounts for the activation of memories in dreams as a reflection of sleep-dependent memory consolidation processes that focusses in particular on the hyperassociative nature of AM during sleep.

Does COVID-19 impact the frequency of threatening events in dreams? An exploration of pandemic dreaming in light of contemporary dream theories.

Ninety-one dreams collected during the Covid-19 pandemic (the epidemic-situation sample) were compared with ninety-one dreams collected before the start of the epidemic (the non-epidemic-situation sample). The dreams were classified according to their content, using methods based on previous studies. The frequency of themes was compared to predictions that would be anticipated by three contemporary theories of dreaming: 1) threat simulation theory (TST); 2) incorporation continuity hypothesis (ICH); and 3) social simulation theory (SST). The epidemic-situation sample dreamed more of threatening events than the non-epidemic-situation sample (supporting the TST) and more of non-aggression threatening events, possibly due to the hyperassociation during sleep. However, the epidemic-situation sample did not show a greater prevalence of illness events in dreams (not supporting the ICH). Additionally, there was no significant difference in social neutral and positive events in dreams between the two samples as would have been predicted by the SST.

Relationship Between Personality Types in MBTI and Dream Structure Variables.

This study aimed to explore relationships between personality type variables and dream structure variables. In the questionnaire experiment (N = 410), we investigated associations between different personality variables in the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator questionnaire (MBTI) and various aspects of dreams in the Mannheim Dream questionnaire (MADRE). The MBTI has four dimensions. In the Extroversion/Introversion (E/I) dimension, I types dreamt more of emotional intensity and passive emotions than E types. In addition, I types may become more distressed in nightmares than E types. E types more frequently shared their dreams with others. In the Sensation/Intuition (S/N) dimension, N types had a more positive attitude toward dreams and can get more novel ideas and help from their dreams than S types. In the dream diary experiment (N = 47), we investigated whether the S/N dimension may influence waking events' incorporation into dreams. External judges decoded paired waking events and dream reports. N types had more metaphorical incorporation than S types. More specifically, N types had more metaphorical expressions in their dreams than S types. This result may be due to the different characteristics between S types and N types. It may provide support for the dream continuity hypothesis.

A Paradigm for Matching Waking Events Into Dream Reports.

In this study, participants recorded their waking events (Personal significant events, PSEs/Major concerns, MCs) and dream reports for 7 days. These events and dreams were paired by the same day (216 PSEs-dreams pairs and 215 MCs-dreams pairs). Then participants were instructed to both find similar features (characters, objects, locations, actions, emotions, and themes) of their events-dreams pairs and give a match score of their events-dreams pairs. Besides, we proposed a method for independent judges to match waking events into dreams (the external ratings). The rating standard of the external-ratings was to look for similar behaviors between events and dreams. Based on this rating standard, three independent judges were instructed to rate participants' events-dreams pairs. Firstly, we compared the two kinds of methods of self-ratings. Spearman correlations showed that the two methods were significantly correlated with each other. These results suggested that the sum of different kinds of similar features could be used to represent self-ratings reported of the degree of the correlation between a waking event and a dream. Regression correlations showed that for PSEs-dreams pairs, characters, actions, emotions, and themes were similar features that affected the degree of the correlation between an event and a dream of the same day, and for MCs-dreams pairs, characters, locations, emotions, and themes were similar features that affected the degree of the correlation between an event and a dream of the same day. These results suggested that different kinds of similar features had different influence on the self-ratings' evaluation for the degree of matching between waking event and dream. Secondly, we compared the rating results of the self-ratings and the rating results of the external-ratings. Spearman correlations showed that the results of the self-ratings were significantly correlated with the results of the external-ratings. So this study's method for the external ratings may be suitable for future studies. Besides, as the external ratings of this study can rate dream metaphors, we also made a short discussion on dream metaphors. Future studies can use the method to explore dream metaphors.

Social distance modulates the process of uncertain decision-making: evidence from event-related potentials.

PURPOSE: Social distance affects risk perception in uncertain decision-making, but how this effect works and the mechanism of how social distance influences the early processing stages of uncertain decision-making are still unclear. This investigation aimed to explore how social distance influences risk-taking during uncertain decision-making using the Iowa Gambling Task with recording of event-related potentials. METHODS: A total of 57 healthy subjects (36 female) participated in the modified single-choice Iowa Gambling Task when they gambled based on three quantified social distances (self, friend, and stranger). The social distance between participant and beneficiary was quantified on a scale of 0-100 points, with 0 representing self, 5 representing a close friend, and 100 representing a stranger. RESULTS: Three stages of uncertain decision-making were analyzed. Behavioral results showed that social distance worked interactively with choice frame, and high social distance made people choose a more advantageous deck and a less disadvantageous deck than low social distance. The P300 in the choice-evaluation stage, which reflects stimulus discrimination, directly proved this result by showing that gambling for a stranger caused higher P300 when evaluating an advantageous deck and lower P300 when evaluating a disadvantageous deck than for others. Decision preceding negativity in the response-selection stage represents the anticipation of risky choices: this was larger with high social distance when choosing a disadvantageous deck. Feedback-related negativity and feedback-related P300 had motivational significance, showing smaller amplitudes when gambling for a stranger than for oneself. CONCLUSION: These results provide evidence that social distance works interactively with choice frames of uncertain decision-making. People at high social distance are more risk-taking in an advantageous frame and more risk-avoid ant in a disadvantageous frame.

The image and the meaning of the Chinese character for 'enlightenment'.

This article explores the significance of the image of the Chinese character for 'enlightenment'. The oracle bone script form for 'enlightenment' is comprised of the symbol for the 'true self' and the symbol for the 'heart'. In Chinese Taoist philosophy, the true self is close to Tao, a concept akin to that of the self in Analytical Psychology. The combination of the 'self' meeting with the 'heart' conveys both the aspect of inspiration and of profound meaning. The paper is composed of three parts in order to facilitate the analysis and interpretation of this Chinese character: 1) an exploration of the image and meaning of the character; 2) an exploration of the link between the self and enlightenment; and 3) reflections on the relationship between insight and enlightenment. The image of this Chinese character contains not only what enlightenment is, but also the way to enlightenment and the meaning of the way.

Bizarreness of Lucid and Non-lucid Dream: Effects of Metacognition.

Dreams are usually characterized by primary consciousness, bizarreness and cognitive deficits, lacking metacognition. However, lucid dreaming (LD) is a type of consciousness state during which the dreamer is aware of the fact that he or she is dreaming, without leaving the sleeping state. Brain research has found that LD shares some common neural mechanisms with metacognition such as self-reflection. With a different metacognition level, the bizarreness of LD would also change. However, the difference in bizarreness between LD and non-LD was seldom explored, and individual differences were often neglected. In the present study, considering LD prevalence in Asia was rarely studied and related results in China and Japan were very different from each other, we first investigated the LD frequency of China in a standardized way. On that basis, we collected dreams of subjects who had relatively higher LD frequency and compared bizarreness density (BD) of LD and non-LD. Moreover, to explore the relationships of metacognition traits and BD, we also measured self-reflection and insight trait by Self-Reflection and Insight Scale. We found that 81.3% of subjects have experienced LD once or more, which is similar to findings in some western countries. Besides, BD was significantly lower in LD than in non-LD. Self-reflection and insight were inversely associated with dream bizarreness. These findings indicate that self-consciousness traits extend from waking to LD and non-LD state. As a particular consciousness state, LD may shed light on the research of consciousness and dream continuity. Future research on dream bizarreness is suggested to take dream types and metacognition differences into consideration.