Production of Coal Fines in Deep Coal Seam via Morphologic, Flow-Channel, Mineral Analyses: Evidence from Coalbed Methane Wells in the Qinshui Basin.

During the development of deep coalbed methane (CBM), the production of coal fines is common and suppresses the yield of CBM. This work takes the deep CBM wells in the Qinshui Basin as a case study, and the output, composition, morphology, and sources of coal fines were investigated through scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, proximate analysis, and particle size measurement including image analysis, laser diffraction, and dynamic light scattering. The results indicate that, in comparison with shallow CBM wells, deep wells produce a greater quantity of coal fines which are darker in color and have smaller particle sizes, with the majority being less than 10 µm. The coal fines exist predominantly as aggregates that contained the iron-bearing and clay minerals. Based on the Liddinger particle settling model, the water production volume required for the coal fines to return to the surface in the Wuxiang block was calculated to be 8.55 m3/d. This work can provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of coal fines in deep CBM wells.

Three-dimensional glass scaffolds improve the In Vitro maturation of porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes and subsequent embryonic development after parthenogenetic activation.

In vitro maturation (IVM) methods for porcine oocytes are still deficient in achieving full developmental capacity, as the currently available oocyte in vitro culture systems still have limitations. In vitro embryo production must also improve the porcine oocyte IVM system to acquire oocytes with good developmental potential. Herein, we tested a three-dimensional (3D) glass scaffold culture system for porcine oocyte maturation. After 42 h, we matured porcine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) on either two-dimensional glass dishes (2D-B), two-dimensional microdrops (2D-W), or 3D glass scaffolds. The 3D glass scaffolds were tested for porcine oocyte maturation and embryonic development. Among these culture methods, the extended morphology of the 3D group maintained a 3D structure better than the 2D-B and 2D-W groups, which had flat COCs that grew close to the bottom of the culture vessel. The COCs of the 3D group had a higher cumulus expansion index and higher first polar body extrusion rate, cleavage rate, and blastocyst rate of parthenogenetic embryos than the 2D-B group. In the 3D group, the cumulus-expansion-related gene HAS2 and anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2 were significantly upregulated (p < 0.05), while the pro-apoptotic gene Caspase3 was significantly downregulated (p < 0.05). The blastocysts of the 3D group had a higher relative expression of Bcl-2, Oct4, and Nanog than the other two groups (p < 0.05). The 3D group also had a more uniform distribution of mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondria (p < 0.05), and its cytoplasmic active oxygen species content was much lower than that in the 2D-B group (p < 0.05). These results show that 3D glass scaffolds dramatically increased porcine oocyte maturation and embryonic development after parthenogenetic activation, providing a suitable culture model for porcine oocytes.

Follistatin (FST) is expressed in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) ovarian follicles and promotes oocyte maturation and early embryonic development.

Follistatin (FST), a member of the transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) superfamily, has been identified as an inhibitor of follicle-stimulating hormone. Previous studies showed that it plays an important role in animal reproduction. Therefore, this study aims to investigate its effect on the maturation of buffalo oocytes in vitro, and the underlying mechanism of FST affecting oocyte maturation was also explored in buffalo cumulus cells. Results showed that FST was enriched in the ovary and expressed at different stages of buffalo ovarian follicles as well as during oocyte maturation and early embryo development. The FST expression level was up-regulated in MII buffalo oocytes compared with the GV stage (p < .05). To study the effects of FST on buffalo oocytes' maturation and early embryonic development, we added the pcD3.1 skeleton vector and PCD3.1-EGFP-FST vector into the maturation fluid of buffalo oocytes, respectively. It was demonstrated that FST promoted the in vitro maturation rate of buffalo oocytes and the blastocyst rate of embryos cultured in vitro (p < .05). By interfering with FST expression, we discovered that FST in cumulus cells plays a crucial role in oocyte maturation. Interference with the FST expression during the buffalo oocyte maturation did not affect the first polar body rate of buffalo oocyte (p > .05). In contrast, the location of mitochondria in oocytes was abnormal, and the cumulus expansion area was reduced (p < .05). After parthenogenetic activation, the cleavage and blastocyst rates of the FST-interfered group were reduced (p < .05). Furthermore, RT-qPCR was performed to investigate further the underlying mechanism by which FST enhances oocyte maturation. We found that overexpression of FST could up-regulate the expression level of apoptosis suppressor gene Bcl-2 and TGF-ß/SMAD pathway-related genes TGF-ß, SMAD2, and SMAD3 (p < .05). In contrast, the expression levels of SMAD4 and pro-apoptotic gene BAX were significantly decreased (p < .05). The FST gene could affect buffalo oocyte maturation by regulating the oocyte mitochondria integrity, the cumulus expansion, cumulus cell apoptosis, and the expression levels of TGF-ß/SMAD pathway-related genes.

Multi-Responsive Sensor Based on Porous Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks for Selective Sensing of Ions and Dopamine Molecules.

Hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs), as an emerging porous material, have attracted increasing research interest in fluorescence sensing due to their inherent fluorescence emission units with unique physicochemical properties. Herein, based on the organic building block 3,3',5,5'-tetrakis-(4-carboxyphenyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (H4TCBP), the porous material HOF-TCBP was successfully synthesized using hydrogen bond self-assembly in a DMF solution. The fluorescence properties of the HOF-TCBP solution showed that when the concentration was high, excimers were easily formed, the PL emission was red-shifted, and the fluorescence intensity became weaker. HOF-TCBP showed good sensitivity and selectivity to metal ions Fe3+, Cr3+, and anion Cr2O72-. In addition, HOF-TCBP can serve as a label-free fluorescent sensor material for the sensitive and selective detection of dopamine (DA). HOF-based DA sensing is actually easy, low-cost, simple to operate, and highly selective for many potential interfering substances, and it has been successfully applied to the detection of DA in biological samples with satisfactory recoveries (101.1-104.9%). To our knowledge, this is the first report of HOF materials for efficient detection of the neurotransmitter dopamine in biological fluids. In short, this work widely broadens the application of HOF materials as fluorescent sensors for the sensing of ions and biological disease markers.

Histone Demethylase KDM4D Could Improve the Developmental Competence of Buffalo (Bubalus Bubalis) Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT) Embryos.

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) holds vast potential in agriculture. However, its applications are still limited by its low efficiency. Histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) was identified as an epigenetic barrier for this. Histone demethylase KDM4D could regulate the level of H3K9me3. However, its effects on buffalo SCNT embryos are still unclear. Thus, we performed this study to explore the effects and underlying mechanism of KDM4D on buffalo SCNT embryos. The results revealed that compared with the IVF embryos, the expression level of KDM4D in SCNT embryos was significantly lower at 8- and 16-cell stage, while the level of H3K9me3 in SCNT embryos was significantly higher at 2-cell, 8-cell, and blastocyst stage. Microinjection of KDM4D mRNA could promote the developmental ability of buffalo SCNT embryos. Furthermore, the expression level of ZGA-related genes such as ZSCAN5B, SNAI1, eIF-3a, and TRC at the 8-cell stage was significantly increased. Meanwhile, the pluripotency-related genes like POU5F1, SOX2, and NANOG were also significantly promoted at the blastocyst stage. The results were reversed after KDM4D was inhibited. Altogether, these results revealed that KDM4D could correct the H3K9me3 level, increase the expression level of ZGA and pluripotency-related genes, and finally, promote the developmental competence of buffalo SCNT embryos.

Cell synchronization by Rapamycin improves the developmental competence of buffalos (Bubalus bubalis) somatic cell nuclear transfer embryos.

This study mainly explored the effects of Rapamycin on the growth of the Buffalo ear fibroblast (BEF) and embryonic developmental competence of somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). The results show that the appropriate concentration (1 µM) of Rapamycin could significantly improve the proportion of the G0/G1 phase in BEF cells treated at a certain time (72 hr). Simultaneously, the percentage of the G0/G1 phase also was significantly higher than the serum starvation and control group. This may be related to Rapamycin inhibiting the phosphorylation of mTOR and affecting the expression of cell cycle-related genes (CDK2, CDK4, P27, CycleD1, and CycleD3). Besides, compared with the control group and serum-starved group, Rapamycin significantly decreased BEF cell apoptosis by reducing ROS generation. Moreover, these results also indicated that the proportion of BEF cells with normal chromosome multiples treated by Rapamycin is significantly higher than that of the serum-starved group (p < .05). Finally, this study explored the effects of Rapamycin and serum starvation on the embryonic developmental competence of SCNT. The results show that Rapamycin significantly increased the rate of 8-cell and blastocyst, compared with the control group and serum starvation group (p < .05). To summarize, these results indicate that Rapamycin improved the embryonic development competence of SCNT, which may be related to Rapamycin increasing the percentage of G0/G1 phase and maintaining BEF cell quality.

A new three-dimensional glass scaffold increases the in vitro maturation efficiency of buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) oocyte via remodelling the extracellular matrix and cell connection of cumulus cells.

At present, many three-dimensional (3D) culture systems have been reported, improving the oocyte quality of in vitro maturation (IVM), yet the mechanism still needs to be further explored. Here we examined the effects of a new self-made 3D glass scaffold on buffalo oocyte maturation; meanwhile, the underlying mechanism on buffalo oocyte maturation was also detected. Compared to the two-dimensional (2D) glass dish culture, results revealed that the 3D culture can improve the first polar body rate of oocytes, subsequent cleavage and blastocysts rate of parthenogenetic activation embryos (p < .05). The extracellular matrix-related proteins COL1A1, COL2A1, COL3A1, FN and cell connection-related proteins N-cadherin, E-cadherin, GJA1 were found higher in cumulus cells of 3D culture. Moreover, in cumulus cells, proteins of the PI3K/AKT pathway reported being regulated by FN and E-cadherin including PI3K P85 and p-AKT were also higher in 3D culture. Furthermore, proapoptosis proteins P53, BAX, caspase-3 were lower in both cumulus cells and oocytes in 3D culture, while proteins PCNA and BCL2 showed the opposite result. Results also showed that the apoptosis was inhibited, and the proliferation was enhanced in cumulus cells of 3D culture. Finally, the cumulus expansion-related genes HAS2, CD44, HMMR, PTX3, PTGS2 were found higher in cumulus cells of 3D culture. Taken together, the 3D culture could promote oocyte maturation by regulating proteins correlated with the ECM, cell connection and PI3K/AKT pathway, inhibiting the apoptosis of cumulus cells and oocytes, enhancing the proliferation of cumulus cells and the cumulus expansion.

CK1 inhibitor affects in vitro maturation and developmental competence of bovine oocytes.

The objectives of present study were to evaluate the effect of casein kinase 1 (CK1) inhibition D4476 on in vitro maturation (IVM) and developmental competence of bovine oocytes. The cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) were cultured in maturation medium with D4476 (0, 2, 5, 10, 20 µM) for 24 hr. After IVM and in vitro fertilization, through expansion average scores of cumulus cells (CCs), oocyte maturation efficiency, cleavage rate and blastocyst rate of zygote, we found 5 µM D4476 could increase the development potential of oocytes. After the COCs were treated with 5 µM D4476, the results of quantitative real-time PCR analysis, Lichen red staining and PI staining showed that under without affecting germinal vesicle breakdown and nuclear morphology, D4476 could significantly decrease CK1 and upregulate TCF-4 in oocytes. Furthermore, without influencing the level of Bad and CTSB, D4476 could significantly increase the expression of ß-catenin, TCF-4, Cx43, MAPK, PTGS-2, PTX-3, TGS-6, Bax and Bcl-2 in CCs. Western blot analysis revealed that the addition of 5 µM D4476 during the maturation of COCs resulted in a lower level of Cx43 protein at 12 hr and a higher expression of Cx43 protein at 24 hr compared to the group without D4476. These results indicate that adding optimum D4476 (5 µM) to maturation medium is beneficial to maturity efficiency and development competence of bovine oocytes.

The Role of 5-aza-2'-Deoxycytidine on Methylation Status of Xist Gene in Different Genders of Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells.

Previous studies have demonstrated that proper concentration of 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine (5-aza-CdR) treatment was advantageous to decrease DNA methylation level, but the relationships between 5-aza-CdR treatment and methylation status of imprinted genes are seldom detected. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of low concentration 5-aza-CdR treatment on the methylation status of imprinted gene Xist in different genders of buffalo bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs). BMSCs were isolated and the cell gender was identified through polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Then different concentrations of 5-aza-CdR (0, 0.02, 0.1 µM) were applied for the treatment. The results showed cellular morphology, growth, Xist gene expression pattern, and adherent ability were not significantly affected with the treatment of 5-aza-CdR for 24 hours. Meanwhile, immunofluorescence analysis indicated that the expression of 5-methylcytosine (5-mC) was also not influenced after the treatment. However, bisulfite sequence PCR (BS-PCR) analysis revealed that the methylation level of Xist differentially methylated region (DMR) decreased significantly when the concentration of 5-aza-CdR increased to 0.1 µM in the ♀BMSCs group (p < 0.05), while there was no significant difference among the ♂BMSCs-treated groups. Our results implied that low concentrations of 5-aza-CdR treatment had little impacts on cellular morphology, growth Xist gene expression pattern, adherent ability, and global DNA methylation level of BMSCs in both genders, but the treatment could significantly decrease the methylation level of Xist DMR in ♀BMSCs. Thus, we conclude 5-aza-CdR treatment can affect the methylation status of Xist DMR, furthermore, the influence is also related to sex differences.