TOR kinase, a GPS in the complex nutrient and hormonal signaling networks to guide plant growth and development.

To survive and sustain growth, sessile plants have developed sophisticated internal signalling networks that respond to various external and internal cues. Despite the central roles of nutrient and hormone signaling in plant growth and development, how hormone-driven processes coordinate with metabolic status remains largely enigmatic. Target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase is an evolutionarily conserved master regulator that integrates energy, nutrients, growth factors, hormones, and stress signals to promote growth in all eukaryotes. Inspired by recent comprehensive systems, chemical, genetic, and genomic studies on TOR in plants, this review discusses a potential role of TOR as a 'global positioning system' that directs plant growth and developmental programs both temporally and spatially by integrating dynamic information in the complex nutrient and hormonal signaling networks. We further evaluate and depict the possible functional and mechanistic models for how a single protein kinase, TOR, is able to recognize, integrate, and even distinguish a plethora of positive and negative input signals to execute appropriate and distinct downstream biological processes via multiple partners and effectors.

Modeling analysis and lightweight design for an axle hub considering stress and fatigue life.

The lightweight of axle hub has been recognized as a typical representative of reducing the quality of vehicles for energy saving and emission reduction. Therefore, a modeling analysis and lightweight design based on ANSYS for axle hub is proposed. Firstly, design dimensions and structural parameters of axle hub are modeled. The hub model is imported into workbench software to simulate the static analysis. The stress and deformation of the axle hub are obtained by mesh element division, boundary condition constraints and loading conditions, and the modal and fatigue strength of the hub are simulated to obtain the modal natural frequency and life data. Then, from the point of view of reducing the quality and safety of the hub, the structure of the hub is changed, the model is compared again, and the lightweight design scheme can be obtained. The results show that the weight of a hub decreases by 5.537% after lightening. This method can improve the structure, save materials, reduce production costs, and shorten the design cycle. This lightweight design method has important reference and practical significance for the lightweight design of axle wheels and similar products.