Commercial and novel anticoagulant ECMO coatings: a review.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is an invasive and last-resort treatment for circulatory and respiratory failure. Prolonged ECMO support can disrupt the coagulation and anticoagulation systems in a patient, leading to adverse consequences, such as bleeding and thrombosis. To address this problem, anticoagulation coatings have been developed for use in ECMO circuits. This article reviews commonly used commercial and novel anticoagulant coatings developed in recent years and proposes a new classification of coatings based on the current state. While commercial coatings have been used clinically for decades, this review focuses on comparing the effectiveness and stability of coatings to support clinical selections. Furthermore, novel anticoagulation coatings often involve complex mechanisms and elaborate design strategies, and this review summarises representative studies on mainstream anticoagulation coatings to provide a point of reference for future studies.

Redox signaling in diabetic retinopathy and opportunity for therapeutic intervention through natural products.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common serious complication of diabetes that accounts for the leading cause of blindness among the working-age population in developed countries. Despite substantial progress in therapeutic approaches, DR remains highly prevalent, indicating deeper pathomechanism studies are urgently needed. Nowadays, natural products with outstanding safety and efficacy play an increasingly vital role in drug discovery research, and some of them have the potential to facilitate the treatment of DR. In this review, we primarily revisit the contribution of redox signaling and its mediators that might be amenable to targeting DR, including Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) as well as microRNAs. Ultimately, we summarize and evaluate the use of natural products to regulate these signaling pathways, which may increase our understanding and ability to target these important molecules and may help to achieve further clinical benefits.