Quantitative Assessment of Myocardial Edema by MR T2 Mapping in Children With Kawasaki Disease.

BACKGROUND: Few studies assessed myocardial inflammation using Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Kawasaki disease (KD) patients. PURPOSE: To quantify myocardial edema in KD patients using T2 mapping and explore the independent predictors of T2 values. STUDY TYPE: Prospective. SUBJECTS: Ninety KD patients including 40 in acute phase (26 males, 65.0%) and 50 in chronic phase (34 males, 68.0%). Thirty-one healthy volunteers (21 males, 70.0%). FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE: 3.0 T T2-weighted Turbo Spin Echo-Short Time of Inversion Recovery sequence, True fast imaging with steady precession flash sequence and fast low-angle shot 3D spoiled gradient echo sequence. ASSESSMENT: T2 values were compared among KD groups and controls. STATISTICAL TEST: Student's t test and Fisher's exact test; One-way analysis of variance; Pearson correlation analysis; Receiver operating curve analysis; Multivariable linear regression. RESULTS: Global T2 value of KD patients in acute phase was the highest, followed by those of chronic-phase patients and controls (38.83 ± 2.41 msec vs. 37.55 ± 2.28 msec vs. 36.05 ± 1.64 msec). Regional T2 values showed a same trend. There were no significant differences in global and regional T2 values between KD patients with and without coronary artery (CA) dilation, no matter in acute or chronic phase (all KD patients: P = 0.51, 0.51, 0.53, 0.72; acute KD: P = 0.61, 0.37, 0.33, 0.83; chronic KD: P = 0.65, 0.79, 0.62, 0.79). No significant difference was observed in global T2 values between KD patients with Z score > 5.0 and 2.0 < Z score ≤ 5.0 (P = 0.65). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that stage of disease (ß = -0.123) and heart rate (ß = 0.280) were independently associated with global T2 values. DATA CONCLUSION: The degree of myocardial edema was more severe in acute-phase than in chronic-phase KD patients. Myocardial edema persists in patients regardless of the existence or degree of CA dilation. EVIDENCE LEVEL: 2 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 2.

Silicon Combined with Melatonin Reduces Cd Absorption and Translocation in Maize.

Cadmium (Cd) is one of the most toxic and widely distributed heavy metal pollutants, posing a huge threat to crop production, food security, and human health. Corn is an important food source and feed crop. Corn growth is subject to Cd stress; thus, reducing cadmium stress, absorption, and transportation is of great significance for achieving high yields, a high efficiency, and sustainable and safe corn production. The use of silicon or melatonin alone can reduce cadmium accumulation and toxicity in plants, but it is unclear whether the combination of silicon and melatonin can further reduce the damage caused by cadmium. Therefore, pot experiments were conducted to study the effects of melatonin and silicon on maize growth and cadmium accumulation. The results showed that cadmium stress significantly inhibited the growth of maize, disrupted its physiological processes, and led to cadmium accumulation in plants. Compared to the single treatment of silicon or melatonin, the combined application of melatonin and silicon significantly alleviated the inhibition of the growth of maize seedlings caused by cadmium stress. This was demonstrated by the increased plant heights, stem diameters, and characteristic root parameters and the bioaccumulation in maize seedlings. Under cadmium stress, the combined application of silicon and melatonin increased the plant height and stem diameter by 17.03% and 59.33%, respectively, and increased the total leaf area by 43.98%. The promotion of corn growth is related to the reduced oxidative damage under cadmium stress, manifested in decreases in the malondialdehyde content and relative conductivity and increases in antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase and guaiacol peroxidase activities, as well as in soluble protein and chlorophyll contents. In addition, cadmium accumulation in different parts of maize seedlings and the health risk index of cadmium were significantly reduced, reaching 48.44% (leaves), 19.15% (roots), and 20.86% (health risk index), respectively. Therefore, melatonin and silicon have a significant synergistic effect in inhibiting cadmium absorption and reducing the adverse effects of cadmium toxicity.

Anti-phospholipase A2 receptor-associated membranous nephropathy with human immunodeficiency virus infection treated with telitacicept: A case report.

BACKGROUND: The co-occurrence of Anti-phospholipase A2 receptor-associated membranous nephropathy (anti-PLA2R-MN) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a rare clinical scenario, presenting significant challenges in terms of management and treatment. CASE SUMMARY: A 32-year-old Chinese male diagnosed with HIV infection presented with a clinical history of proteinuria persisting for over two years. A kidney biopsy demonstrated subepithelial immune complex deposition and a thickened glomerular basement membrane, indicative of stage I-II membranous nephropathy. Immunofluorescence staining revealed granular deposition of PLA2R (3+) along the glomerular capillary loops, corroborated by a strongly positive anti-PLA2R antibody test (1:320). Initial treatment involving losartan potassium, rivaroxaban, tacrolimus, and rituximab was discontinued due to either poor effectiveness or the occurrence of adverse events. Following a regimen of weekly subcutaneous injections of telitacicept (160 mg), a marked decline in the 24 h urine protein was observed within a three-month period, accompanied by a rise in serum albumin level. No significant reductions in peripheral blood CD3+CD4+T and CD3+CD8+T cell counts were detected. The patient's physical and psychological conditions showed significant improvements, with no adverse events reported during the treatment course. CONCLUSION: Telitacicept might offer a potential therapeutic avenue for patients diagnosed with anti-PLA2R-MN concomitant with HIV infection.

Computed tomography enterography-based multiregional radiomics model for differential diagnosis of Crohn's disease from intestinal tuberculosis.

PURPOSE: To build computed tomography enterography (CTE)-based multiregional radiomics model for distinguishing Crohn's disease (CD) from intestinal tuberculosis (ITB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 105 patients with CD and ITB who underwent CTE were retrospectively enrolled. Volume of interest segmentation were performed on CTE and radiomic features were obtained separately from the intestinal wall of lesion, the largest lymph node (LN), and region surrounding the lesion in the ileocecal region. The most valuable radiomic features was selected by the selection operator and least absolute shrinkage. We established nomogram combining clinical factors, endoscopy results, CTE features, and radiomic score through multivariate logistic regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and decision curve analysis (DCA) were used to evaluate the prediction performance. DeLong test was applied to compare the performance of the models. RESULTS: The clinical-radiomic combined model comprised of four variables including one radiomic signature from intestinal wall, one radiomic signature from LN, involved bowel segments on CTE, and longitudinal ulcer on endoscopy. The combined model showed good diagnostic performance with an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.975 (95% CI 0.953-0.998) in the training cohort and 0.958 (95% CI 0.925-0.991) in the validation cohort. The combined model showed higher AUC than that of the clinical model in cross-validation set (0.958 vs. 0.878, P = 0.004). The DCA showed the highest benefit for the combined model. CONCLUSION: Clinical-radiomic combined model constructed by combining CTE-based radiomics from the intestinal wall of lesion and LN, endoscopy results, and CTE features can accurately distinguish CD from ITB.

The end-use quality of wheat can be enhanced by optimal water management without incurring yield loss.

In China, water-saving irrigation is playing important roles in ensuring food security, and improving wheat quality. A barrel experiment was conducted with three winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes and two irrigation pattens to examine the effects of regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) on wheat grain yield, water-use efficiency (WUE), and grain quality. In order to accurately control the soil water content, wheat was planted in the iron barrels set under a rainproof shelter, and the soil water content in the iron barrel was controlled by gravity method. The mechanisms whereby water management influences the end-use functional properties of wheat grain were also investigated. The results revealed that RDI improved the end-use functional properties of wheat and WUE, without significant yield loss (less than 3%). Moderate water deficit (60% to 65% field capacity) before jointing and during the late grain-filling stage combined with a slight water deficit (65% to 70% field capacity) from jointing to booting increased grain quality and WUE. The observed non-significant reduction in wheat yield associated with RDI may be attributed to higher rate of photosynthesis during the early stage of grain development and higher rate of transfer of carbohydrates from vegetative organs to grains during the later stage. By triggering an earlier rapid transfer of nitrogen deposited in vegetative organs, RDI enhances grain nitrogen content, which in turn could enhance dough elasticity, given the positive correlation between grain nitrogen content and dough midline peak value. Our results also indicate that the effects of RDI on grain quality are genotype dependent. Therefore, the grain end-use quality of some specific wheat genotypes may be enhanced without incurring yield loss by an optimal water management.

Influence of furrow irrigation regime on the yield and water consumption indicators of winter wheat based on a multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation.

Irrigation regimes should be chosen to maximize crop yield and water use efficiency. To realize high yield and efficient water use with the appropriate furrow irrigation regime, the effects of two regimes (alternate furrow irrigation and conventional furrow irrigation) and three lower soil moisture limits (60, 70, and 80%) were studied on winter wheat yield and water consumption using a multi-level fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The results show that under the two regimes, alternate furrow irrigation and conventional furrow irrigation, when the lower limit of the soil moisture is 70%, the harvest index (0.45 and 0.39, respectively) and crop water productivity of winter wheat (1.86 and 1.90 kg m-3, respectively) are highest. The comprehensive fuzzy evaluation model considers multiple measures, including yield, harvest indices, irrigation volume, total water consumption, and crop water productivity - the index values are highest at the 70% condition, which are 0.3468 and 0.3432, respectively. Therefore, it can be concluded that a moderate water deficit is conducive to saving water resources and improving water use efficiency. In conclusion, a multi-level and multi-factor indices system of furrow irrigation regime was constructed based on ensuring winter wheat production. Conventional furrow irrigation is recommended in areas with sufficient irrigation water, while alternating furrow irrigation, which can reduce the total amount of irrigation required, is suitable for areas with water shortages.

Morphology and Phylogeny of Gnomoniopsis (Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales) from Fagaceae Leaves in China.

Gnomoniopsis (Gnomoniaceae, Diaporthales) is a well-classified genus inhabiting leaves, branches and fruits of the hosts in three plant families, namely Fagaceae, Onagraceae and Rosaceae. In the present study, eighteen Gnomoniopsis isolates were obtained from diseased leaves of Fagaceae hosts collected from Fujian, Guangdong, Hainan, Henan, Jiangxi and Shaanxi provinces in China. Morphology from the cultures and phylogeny based on the 5.8S nuclear ribosomal DNA gene with the two flanking internally transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) and the beta-tubulin (tub2) genes were employed to identify these isolates. As a result, seven species were revealed, viz. Gnomoniopsis castanopsidis, G. fagacearum, G. guangdongensis, G. hainanensis, G. rossmaniae and G. silvicola spp. nov, as well as a known species G. daii. In addition, G. daii was firstly reported on the host Quercus aliena.

Minimally Invasive Embedding of Saturated MSU Induces Persistent Gouty Arthritis in Modified Rat Model.

INTRODUCTION: Animal models are valid for in vivo research on the pathophysiological process and drug screening of gout arthritis. Intra-articular injection of monosodium urate (MSU) is the most common method, while stable MSU deposition enveloped by inflammatory cells was rarely reported. OBJECTIVE: To develop a modified gouty arthritis rat model characterized by intra-articular MSU deposition and continuous joint pain with a minimally invasive method. METHOD: A total of twenty-four rats were randomly allocated into six groups. Three intervention groups of rats received intra-articular MSU embedment. Sham groups received pseudosurgeries with equal normal saline (NS). Gross parameters and pathological features of synovium harvested from anterior capsule were estimated. Mechanical pain threshold tests were conducted over a 96-hour period postoperatively. Moreover, quantitative immunofluorescence was conducted to assess tissue inflammation. RESULT: After MSU embedding, rats got more persistent arthritic symptoms as well as tissue MSU deposition. More significant synovial swelling was detected in the MSU group compared to sham groups (P < 0.025). Behavioral tests showed that the embedding of MSU resulted in prolonged mechanical hyperalgesia during 2 hours to 96 hours postoperatively (P < 0.05). MSU depositions enveloped by inflammatory cells that express IL-1ß and TNF-α were detected in embedding groups. Quantitative immunofluorescence suggested that the frequencies of MSU interventions upregulated expression of proinflammatory factors including IL-1ß and TNF-α (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: A minimally invasive method was developed to establish modified rat model of intra-articular MSU deposition. This model was proved to be a simple reproducible method to mimic the pathological characteristics of persistent gouty arthritis.

Bacterial Community Selection of Russula griseocarnosa Mycosphere Soil.

Russula griseocarnosa is a wild, ectomycorrhizal, edible, and medicinal fungus with high economic value in southern China. R. griseocarnosa fruiting bodies cannot be artificially cultivated. To better understand the effects of abiotic and biotic factors on R. griseocarnosa growth, the physicochemical properties of R. griseocarnosa and its associated bacterial communities were investigated in two soil types (mycosphere and bulk soil) from Fujian, Guangdong, and Guangxi Provinces. The results revealed that the diversity, community structure, and functional characteristics of the dominant mycosphere bacteria in all geographical locations were similar. Soil pH and available nitrogen (AN) are the major factors influencing the mycosphere-soil bacterial communities' structure. The diversity of soil bacteria is decreased in R. griseocarnosa mycosphere when compared with the bulk soil. Burkholderia-Paraburkholderia, Mycobacterium, Roseiarcus, Sorangium, Acidobacterium, and Singulisphaera may also be mycorrhiza helper bacteria (MHB) of R. griseocarnosa. The functional traits related to the two-component system, bacterial secretion system, tyrosine metabolism, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, and metabolism of cofactors and vitamins were more abundant in R. griseocarnosa mycosphere soil. The mycosphere soil bacteria of R. griseocarnosa play a key role in R. griseocarnosa growth. Application of management strategies, such as N fertilizer and microbial fertilizer containing MHB, may promote the conservation, propagation promotion, and sustainable utilization of R. griseocarnosa.

Determinants of the Fiscal Support of Governments in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Fiscal support measures have different implications for public finances in the near term and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, this paper examines the determinants of governments' fiscal support in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The empirical analysis is based on the cross-sectional data estimations from 129 developed and developing countries. The estimation results indicate that a higher level of uncertainty related to COVID-19 (measured by the World Pandemic Uncertainty Indices) is positively related to fiscal support. Besides, countries with a higher total population and population over 65 years and older provide higher fiscal support. These results are valid when considering the developed countries separately. Policy implications for public finances during the COVID-19 pandemic are also discussed.

No Difference between Percutaneous and Arthroscopic Techniques in Identifying the Calcaneal Insertion during Ankle Lateral Ligament Reconstruction: A Cadaveric Study.

Background. Both percutaneous and arthroscopic techniques have been introduced in anatomic ankle lateral ligaments reconstruction. The purpose of this study was to compare these two techniques in identifying the calcaneal insertion of the calcaneofibular ligament (CFL). Methods. Fifteen fresh-frozen human ankle cadaver specimens were used in this study. Each specimen was tested in three stages. For stage 1, each specimen was evaluated under arthroscopy. After debridement was performed, the insertion of the CFL on the calcaneus was identified, and a 1.5mm Kirschner wire was drilled at the center of the insertion. For stage 2, a percutaneous technique was used to identify the center of the insertion of the CFL. A second 1.5 mm Kirschner wire was drilled through the skin marker. For stage 3, the ankle was dissected, the footprint of the CFL was identified under direct vision, and the distances between the center of the CFL insertion on the calcaneus and the two Kirschner wires were measured, respectively. Results. In the arthroscopic technique group, the mean distance from the Kirschner wire to the center of the CFL insertion in the calcaneus was 3.4 ± 1.3 mm. In the percutaneous technique group, the mean distance from the Kirschner wire to the center of the CFL insertion was 3.2 ± 1.4 mm. No significant difference was found between the two groups. Conclusion. No difference in identifying the calcaneal insertion of the CFL was found between the percutaneous and the arthroscopic ankle lateral ligaments reconstruction technique. Both techniques can be used during anatomic ligaments reconstruction in treatment of chronic ankle instability.

Fungal Systematics and Evolution: FUSE 5.

Thirteen new species are formally described: Cortinarius brunneocarpus from Pakistan, C. lilacinoarmillatus from India, Curvularia khuzestanica on Atriplex lentiformis from Iran, Gloeocantharellus neoechinosporus from China, Laboulbenia bernaliana on species of Apenes, Apristus, and Philophuga (Coleoptera, Carabidae) from Nicaragua and Panama, L. oioveliicola on Oiovelia machadoi (Hemiptera, Veliidae) from Brazil, L. termiticola on Macrotermes subhyalinus (Blattodea, Termitidae) from the DR Congo, Pluteus cutefractus from Slovenia, Rhizoglomus variabile from Peru, Russula phloginea from China, Stagonosporopsis flacciduvarum on Vitis vinifera from Italy, Strobilomyces huangshanensis from China, Uromyces klotzschianus on Rumex dentatus subsp. klotzschianus from Pakistan. The following new records are reported: Alternaria calendulae on Calendula officinalis from India; A. tenuissima on apple and quince fruits from Iran; Candelariella oleaginescens from Turkey; Didymella americana and D. calidophila on Vitis vinifera from Italy; Lasiodiplodia theobromae causing tip blight of Dianella tasmanica 'variegata' from India; Marasmiellus subpruinosus from Madeira, Portugal, new for Macaronesia and Africa; Mycena albidolilacea, M. tenuispinosa, and M. xantholeuca from Russia; Neonectria neomacrospora on Madhuca longifolia from India; Nothophoma quercina on Vitis vinifera from Italy; Plagiosphaera immersa on Urtica dioica from Austria; Rinodina sicula from Turkey; Sphaerosporium lignatile from Wisconsin, USA; and Verrucaria murina from Turkey. Multi-locus analysis of ITS, LSU, rpb1, tef1 sequences revealed that P. immersa, commonly classified within Gnomoniaceae (Diaporthales) or as Sordariomycetes incertae sedis, belongs to Magnaporthaceae (Magnaporthales). Analysis of a six-locus Ascomycota-wide dataset including SSU and LSU sequences of S. lignatile revealed that this species, currently in Ascomycota incertae sedis, belongs to Pyronemataceae (Pezizomycetes, Pezizales).

Role of neurotransmitters 5-hydroxytryptamine and substance P in anorexia induction following oral exposure to the trichothecene T-2 toxin.

Trichothecene mycotoxins, a family of common contaminants on cereal grains, are known to negatively impact human and animal health with adverse effect on food consumption being of particular concern. T-2 toxin has been previously demonstrated to induce anorectic response in several animal species including mouse, rat, rabbit. Although the T-2 toxin-induced anorectic response has been associated with the release of gut satiety hormone, much less is known about the role of neurotransmitter in this response. To address this gap, we employed a nocturnal mouse food refusal model to test the hypothesis that neurotransmitters 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and substance P (SP) mediate anorexia induction by T-2 toxin. Elevations of plasma 5-HT and SP markedly corresponded to anorexia induction following oral exposure to T-2 toxin. Direct administration of exogenous 5-HT and SP induced anorectic responses similar to T-2 toxin. The 5-HT3 receptor (5-HT3R) antagonist granisetron evoked a dose-dependent attenuation of both 5-HT- and T-2 toxin-induced anorectic responses. Pretreatment with neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) antagonist Emend® dose-dependently attenuated both SP- and T-2 toxin-induced anorectic responses. To summarize, the results suggest that both 5-HT and SP play important roles in anorexia induction by T-2 toxin. 5-HT is more potent and long-acting than SP in this response.

Anorectic responses to T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol and neosolaniol correspond to plasma elevations of neurotransmitters 5-hydroxytryptamine and substance P.

Trichothecene mycotoxins commonly contaminate cereal grains and are often linked to human and animal food poisoning. The rapid onset of anorexia is a common hallmark of trichothecenes-induced toxicity. Although the neurotransmitters 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and substance P (SP) are known to regulate appetite, it remains unknown whether these two neurotransmitters are involved in type A trichothecenes-induced anorectic response. The goal of this study is to relate plasma 5-HT and SP to anorectic responses induced by type A trichothecenes T-2 toxin (T-2), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS) and neosolaniol (NEO). These four toxins evoked robust anorectic response and secretion of plasma 5-HT and SP at 1 mg/kg bw. Following oral exposure, plasma 5-HT and SP were elevated and all peaked at 2 h for T-2, HT-2, DAS and NEO. Following intraperitoneal (IP) administration, plasma 5-HT and SP were peaked at 6 h, 6 h, 2 h, 2 h and 2 h, 6 h, 2 h, 2 h for T-2, HT-2, DAS and NEO, respectively. Elevations of plasma 5-HT and SP markedly corresponded to anorexia induction by T-2, HT-2, DAS and NEO. Altogether, the results presented herein indicated that 5-HT and SP play contributory roles in anorectic responses induced by T-2, HT-2, DAS and NEO.

Anorectic response to the trichothecene T-2 toxin correspond to plasma elevations of the satiety hormone glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide and peptide YY3-36.

T-2 toxin, a potent type A trichothecene mycotoxin, is produced by various Fusarium species and can negatively impact animal and human health. Although anorexia induction is a common hallmark of T-2 toxin-induced toxicity, the underlying mechanisms for this adverse effect are not fully understood. The goal of this study was to determine the roles of two gut satiety hormones, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and Peptide YY3-36 (PYY3-36) in anorexia induction by T-2 toxin. Elevations of plasma GIP and PYY3-36 markedly corresponded to anorexia induction following oral exposure to T-2 toxin using a nocturnal mouse anorexia model. Direct administration of exogenous GIP and PYY3-36 similarly induced anorectic responses. Furthermore, the GIP receptor antagonist Pro3GIP dose-dependently attenuated both GIP- and T-2 toxin-induced anorectic responses. Pretreatment with NPY2 receptor antagonist JNJ-31020028 induced a dose-dependent attenuation of both PYY3-36- and T-2 toxin-induced anorectic responses. To summarize, these findings suggest that both GIP and PYY3-36 might be critical mediators of anorexia induction by T-2 toxin.

A positive urine pregnancy test (UPT) with adnexal mass; ectopic pregnancy is not the ultimate diagnosis.

A positive urine pregnancy test (UPT) with adnexal mass in ectopic pregnancy is not the ultimate diagnosis. The incidence of ectopic pregnancy is about 27 per 1000 pregnancies [1]. On average, about 6-16% will present to an emergency department with first-trimester bleeding and abdominal pain [2]. On presenting with these symptoms with the simultaneous presence of an adnexal mass and an empty uterus, a UPT is of paramount importance to determine whether the symptoms are pregnancy related or not. When the UPT is positive, an ectopic pregnancy is not the only diagnosis as the rare entity of non-gestational ovarian choriocarcinoma (NGOC) should be considered. Here we present two case reports of NGOC, which were initially diagnosed as ectopic pregnancy. The first case is a 16-year-old girl, with vaginal bleeding and an adnexal mass due to an ovarian choriocarcinoma, She underwent unilateral oophorectomy and received multiple courses of chemotherapy. She is disease free without evidence of recurrence or metastasis after 12 months of follow-up. The second patient is also 16 years old and presented with an acute abdomen. She was diagnosed as a ruptured luteal cyst and underwent partial oophorectomy. When the pathologist diagnosed a choriocarcinoma she received multiple courses of chemotherapy, but thereafter an advanced disease was diagnosed with evidence of distant metastasis.

Potential roles for glucagon-like peptide-17-36 amide and cholecystokinin in anorectic response to the trichothecene mycotoxin T-2 toxin.

Anorexia is a hallmark of animal and human exposed to T-2 toxin, a most poisonous trichothecene mycotoxins contaminating various cereal grains including wheat, corn and barley. Although this adverse effect has been well characterized in several animal species, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. The goal for this study was to elucidate the roles of two gut satiety hormones, glucagon-like peptide-17-36 amide (GLP-1) and cholecystokinin (CCK) in T-2 toxin-evoked anorectic response using a mouse anorexia bioassay. Elevations of plasma GLP-1 and CCK significantly corresponded to anorexia induction by T-2 toxin. Direct administration of exogenous GLP-1 and CCK markedly evoked anorectic responses similar to T-2 toxin. The GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) antagonist Exendin9-39 dose-dependently cause attenuation of both GLP-1- and T-2 toxin-induced anorectic responses. Pretreatment with the CCK1 receptor (CCK1R) antagonist SR 27897 and CCK2 receptor (CCK2R) antagonist L-365,260 attenuated anorexia induction by both CCK- and T-2 toxin in a dose dependent manner. Taken together, our findings suggest that both GLP-1 and CCK play contributory roles in T-2 toxin-induced anorexia.

Arthroscopic treatment combined with the ankle stabilization procedure is effective for sinus tarsi syndrome in patients with chronic ankle instability.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to investigate the results of arthroscopic treatment combined with ankle stabilization procedure for sinus tarsi syndrome (STS) in patients with chronic ankle instability (CAI). METHODS: A total of 57 patients (31 males and 26 females, average age 29.9 ± 8.4 years ranging from 15 to 52 years) with STS and CAI who accepted operation from 2013 to 2015 were included in this retrospective study. Surgical procedures included thorough tarsal sinus debridement and repair or reconstruction of lateral ankle ligaments according to the quality of ligaments. American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) score, Karlsson score, and Tegner score were evaluated preoperatively and at final follow-up. RESULTS: All the patients accepted thorough debridement of tarsal sinus. Of these, 53 patients (93.0%) had an arch structure between the posterior subtalar joint and the middle subtalar joint. Further, 54 patients accepted lateral ankle ligament repair, and 3 patients accepted ligament reconstruction. A total of 40 patients were followed up with an average time of 30.7 months. The modified AOFAS score increased from 62.5 (27-90) to 93 (67-100), the Karlsson score increased from 57 (30-82) to 90 (55-100), and the Tegner score increased from 1 (1-3) to 5 (1-8). CONCLUSIONS: Arthroscopic treatment combined with the ankle stabilization procedure could get satisfactory results for STS in patients with CAI. The arch structure composed by medial calcaneal component of the medial root of the inferior extensor retinaculum (MCC) might contribute to the pathological mechanism of STS. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.