Comparison of a Continuous and Discontinuous GXT on VO2 in Resistance-Trained and Endurance-Trained Males.

Traditional graded exercise testing to assess maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) may not well represent resistance-trained athletes due to their unfamiliarity with continuous exercise. For this reason, it is possible discontinuous exercise protocols may better represent the maximum capacity for aerobic metabolism in resistance-trained athletes, in order to provide a more valid assessment of VO2max and risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Purpose: The purpose of this experiment was to compare VO2peak during a continuous and discontinuous modified Bruce protocol in both highly resistance-trained and endurance-trained males. Methods: 19 college-aged males (age: 20.6 ± 1.9 yr, height: 176.5 ± 7.6 cm, weight: 85.0 ± 25.6 kg) of intermediate resistance- or endurance-trained status were recruited for this study. Participants completed a continuous and discontinuous modified Bruce protocol on two visits separated by seven days. Results: A 2×2 one-way ANOVA revealed a significant group main effect for VO2peak (p = 0.004) in which endurance athletes achieved significantly higher VO2peak values compared to resistance-trained athletes. A significant group main effect for RPE was found (p = 0.045) in which endurance-trained reported significantly higher RPE values than the resistance-trained. A significant main effect for protocol for heart rate (p = 0.033) was found in which individuals achieved higher heart rates during the continuous protocol compared to the discontinuous. Conclusion: Although a discontinuous protocol with rest periods between stages is comparable to the exercise mode familiar to resistance-trained athletes, it did not provide any additional benefit to VO2peak values.

No Effect of a Ketone Monoester on Markers of Stress and Performance in a Live-Burn Search and Rescue in Firefighters.

ABSTRACT: Waldman, HS, Bryant, AR, Shepherd, BD, Egan, B, and McAllister, MJ. No effect of a ketone monoester on markers of stress and performance in a live-burn search and rescue in firefighters. J Strength Cond Res 36(3): 763-771, 2022-Firefighters experience a range of stressors that impair performance and elevate the risk for developing cardiometabolic diseases. ß-Hydroxybutyrate (ßHB) has been shown to mitigate markers of oxidative stress and inflammation and serve as an alternative fuel with implications to physical performance. On 2 occasions in a double-blind, counterbalanced, and crossover design, 14 professional firefighters performed a live-burn, search and rescue (S&R) 30 minutes after ingestion of a ketone monoester (KME; 0.5 g·kg-1) or a placebo (PLA). Dependent variables collected before and after the S&R included salivary markers of stress and inflammation (cortisol, α-amylase, interleukin-1 beta, uric acid), perceptual markers (profile of mood state [POMS]), gastrointestinal distress (GI), rating of perceived exertion [RPE]), time to completion, and capillary blood measurement of ßHB and glucose. KME resulted in capillary ßHB concentrations of approximately 2.1-3.2 mM throughout the protocol. Capillary glucose concentrations were lower for the KME compared with PLA (∼7%) (interaction effect, p < 0.001). Salivary markers of stress, GI, and time to complete the S&R (∼10 minutes) did not differ between trials, although KME ingestion resulted in significantly higher RPE after the live-burn S&R (KME,6 ± 1; PLA, 4 ± 1). However, POMS data showed the KME also lowered subjective states of nervousness (KME, 0.0 ± 0.0; PLA, 0.6 ± 0.8) and anxiety (KME, 0.0 ± 0.0; PLA, 0.6 ± 0.7) before the S&R (all p < 0.05; large effect sizes). Compared with PLA, ingestion of a KME by firefighters did not mitigate the rise in various markers of salivary stress or impact physical performance during a live-burn S&R. However, differences in RPE and POMS variables were observed, suggesting a possible cognitive role for ßHB.

Impact of Fat Grip Attachments on Muscular Strength and Neuromuscular Activation During Resistance Exercise.

ABSTRACT: Krings, BM, Shepherd, BD, Swain, JC, Turner, AJ, Chander, H, Waldman, HS, McAllister, MJ, Knight, AC, and Smith, JW. Impact of fat grip attachments on muscular strength and neuromuscular activation during resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 35(2S): S152-S157, 2021-The purpose of this study was to examine the acute effects of Fat Gripz (FG) on muscular activation and strength. Resistance trained men (n = 15; age = 22.4 ± 2.3 years; mass = 83.2 ± 11.1 kg) performed 2 experimental trials in a randomized order. Subjects completed 1 repetition maximum (1RM) testing with an Olympic barbell (OB) and with FG attached to an OB during the exercises of deadlift, bent-over row, upright row, concentration curl, and completed maximum repetitions of pull-ups until failure. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to measure muscle activity from 8 upper extremity muscles (trapezius, medial deltoid, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis, and extensor carpi ulnaris), while performing maximal voluntary isometric contractions during 1RM trials and while performing maximum number of pull-ups. When using the FG, 1RM strength was significantly decreased for each exercise, and the maximal number of pull-ups completed was significantly lower. Electromyography muscle activity was significantly increased in the forearm and shoulder muscles, but significantly decreased in the upper arm muscles with the use of FG during deadlift, bent-over row, and pull-ups. However, there were no differences for EMG activity for upright row and concentration curl. Differences in maximal strength, pull-up performance, and EMG activity with FG use may be due to the different muscle length positions. Although FG training may increase neuromuscular activation, decrements in muscular strength may result in prescribing low training loads that may not be ideal for building muscular strength.

The metabolic and performance effects of carbohydrate timing in resistance trained males undergoing a carbohydrate restricted diet.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the importance of carbohydrate (CHO) timing while consuming a carbohydrate restricted diet (CRD) and completing a high-intensity exercise program. Eighteen males completed 6 weeks of training with the first 2 weeks serving as familiarization. During the final 4 weeks, subjects were randomized into 2 groups and completed 3 days of resistance training and 2 days of high-intensity interval training, while consuming a CRD (∼25%, ∼25%, and ∼50%, CHO, protein, and fat, respectively). The supplemented group (n = 9) ingested 30 g of CHO during exercise and 40 g of CHO immediately after each training session. The non-supplemented group (n = 9) consumed a non-caloric placebo during exercise. Pre- and post-testing measures included back squat and bench press 1-repetition maximums (1-RM), peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak), anaerobic power, body composition, fasted glucose, insulin, and total testosterone. Both groups significantly improved back squat and bench press 1-RM, V̇O2peak, and power output (p < 0.05), but there were no differences in blood markers or body composition. Our data suggests that CHO timing does not negatively impact training adaptations during a high-intensity exercise regimen when dietary CHO intake is restricted, but that favorable adaptations can be made while consuming a CRD. Novelty: Carbohydrate restricted dieting has no negative impact on resistance training adaptations. Short-term high-intensity interval training is effective in increasing peak oxygen consumption.

Exogenous Ketone Salts Do Not Improve Cognitive Performance During a Dual-Stress Challenge.

In the present study, our team aimed to investigate the effects of acute ingestion of a ketone salt (KS) supplement on the cognitive performance in healthy college-aged males during a dual-stress challenge (DSC). Following a peak oxygen uptake test and DSC familiarization, 16 males completed a DSC while cycling at 60% of their respective peak oxygen uptake after ingesting either a commercially available racemic (D- and L-)ß-hydroxybutyrate (ß-OHB) KS (0.38 g/kg body mass) or a placebo, using a triple-blinded, crossover, and counterbalanced design. The participants consumed the KS or placebo at -60 and -15 min prior to the start of the DSC. Heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, and blood ß-OHB and glucose were sampled throughout. The DSC consisted of a mental arithmetic challenge and a modified Stroop Color Word, which alternated every 2 min for 20 min. Upon completion of the DSC, responses for correct, incorrect, and no responses were recorded for the mental arithmetic challenge and Stroop Color Word. Blood ß-OHB was elevated with KS by -15 min and remained so throughout (p < .001), peaking at 0.76 ± 0.32 mM. Blood glucose was lower with KS compared with the placebo at -15 and 10 min by 9% and 5%, respectively (both ps < .05). There were no differences between the treatments for heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, mental arithmetic challenge, or Stroop Color Word. Overall, this study suggests that KSs are not effective aids for enhancing cognitive performance during a DSC, which might partially be explained by the inability of currently available commercial KS supplements to elevate ß-OHB blood concentrations above ∼1.0 mM.

Effects of Carbohydrate Mouth Rinsing on Upper Body Resistance Exercise Performance.

Carbohydrate mouth rinsing has been shown to enhance aerobic exercise performance, but there is limited research with resistance exercise (RE). Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of carbohydrate mouth rinsing during a high-volume upper body RE protocol on performance, heart rate responses, ratings of perceived exertion, and felt arousal. Recreationally experienced resistance-trained males (N = 17, age: 21 ± 1 years, height: 177.3 ± 5.2 cm, mass: 83.5 ± 9.3 kg) completed three experimental sessions, with the first serving as familiarization to the RE protocol. During the final two trials, the participants rinsed a 25-ml solution containing either a 6% carbohydrate solution or an artificially flavored placebo in a randomized, counterbalanced, and double-blinded fashion. The participants rinsed a total of nine times immediately before beginning the protocol and 20 s before repetitions to failure with the exercises bench press, bent-over row, incline bench press, close-grip row, hammer curls, skull crushers (all completed at 70% one-repetition maximum), push-ups, and pull-ups. Heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, and felt arousal were measured at the baseline and immediately after each set of repetitions to failure. There were no differences for the total repetitions completed (carbohydrate = 203 ± 25 repetitions vs. placebo = 201 ± 23 repetitions, p = .46, Cohen's d = 0.10). No treatment differences were observed for heart rate, ratings of perceived exertion, or felt arousal (p > .05). Although carbohydrate mouth rinsing has been shown to be effective in increasing aerobic performance, the results from this investigation show no benefit in RE performance in resistance-trained males.

Effects of carbohydrate and branched-chain amino acid beverage ingestion during acute upper body resistance exercise on performance and postexercise hormone response.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the individual and combined effects of ingesting carbohydrates (CHO) and branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) during high-volume upper body resistance exercise (RE) on markers of catabolism and performance. Thirteen resistance-trained males completed 4 experimental trials with supplementation, ingesting beverages containing CHO, BCAA, CHO+BCAA, or placebo (PLA) in a randomized, double-blind design. The beverages were ingested in 118-mL servings 6 times during an ∼60-min RE session consisting of bench press, bent-over row, incline press, and close-grip row. Each RE was performed with 5 sets of repetitions at 65% 1-repetition maximum until volitional fatigue. Blood samples were collected at baseline, immediately postexercise, and 60 min postexercise to assess glucose and insulin. Cortisol was assessed immediately and at 60 min postexercise. No significant performance benefits were observed for any RE. CHO+BCAA (152.4 ± 71.4 ng/mL) resulted in the lowest cortisol levels, which was lower than BCAA and PLA (193.7 ± 88.5, 182.8 ± 67.5 ng/mL, p < 0.05), but not different from CHO (165 ± 76.5 ng/mL, p = 0.342). Postexercise insulin concentrations were significantly higher with CHO (4.79 ± 3.4 mU/L) compared with BCAA and PLA (3.7 ± 2.0, 3.5 ± 1.8 mU/L, p < 0.05), but not different from CHO+BCAA (4.3 ± 2.5 mU/L, p = 0.339). There was no treatment effect for glucose, but glucose significantly increased from baseline to immediately postexercise and significantly decreased at 60 min postexercise. Ingesting beverages containing CHO with or without BCAA during upper body resistance exercise may promote a more favorable postexercise less catabolic environment.

Effects of Carbohydrate Ingestion and Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on Repeat Sprint Performance.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine to the influence of carbohydrate ingestion (CHOI) and carbohydrate mouth rinse (CHOR) on acute repeat maximal sprint performance. Fourteen healthy males (age: 21.7 ± 1.8 years, mass: 82.3 ± 12.3 kg) completed a total of five 15-s maximal repeat sprints on a cycle ergometer against 0.075 kg ・ kg-1 body mass each separated by 4 min of active recovery. Subjects completed four experimental trials and were randomly assigned one of four treatments: (1) CHOI, (2) CHOR, (3) placebo mouth rinse (PLAR), (4) placebo ingestion (PLAI). Subjects rinsed or ingested six 50 mL 10% CHO solutions throughout each trial. Performance variables measured included rating of perceived exertion, peak heart rate, peak and mean power output, fatigue index, and total work. Significant treatment main effects were observed for mean power output (p = 0.026), total work (p = 0.020), fatigue index (p = 0.004), and heart rate (p = 0.013). Overall mean power output and total work were significantly greater with CHOI (659.3 ± 103.0 watts, 9849.8 ± 1598.8 joules) compared with CHOR (645.8 ± 99.7 watts, 9447.5 ± 1684.9 joules, p < .05). CHOI (15.3 ± 8.6 watts/s) significantly attenuated fatigue index compared with CHOR (17.7 ± 10.4 watts/s, p < .05). Based on our findings, CHOI was more likely to provide a beneficial performance effect compared with CHOR, PLAI, and PLAR. Athletes required to complete repeat bouts of high intensity exercise may benefit from CHOI.