Novel Strategies for Angiogenesis in Tissue Injury: Therapeutic Effects of iPSCs-Derived Exosomes.

Regeneration after tissue injury is a dynamic and complex process, and angiogenesis is necessary for normal physiological activities and tissue repair. Induced pluripotent stem cells are a new approach in regenerative medicine, which provides good model for the study of difficult-to-obtain human tissues, patient-specific therapy, and tissue repair. As an innovative cell-free therapeutic strategy, the main advantages of the treatment of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)-derived exosomes are low in tumorigenicity and immunogenicity, which become an important pathway for tissue injury. This review focuses on the mechanism of the angiogenic effect of iPSCs-derived exosomes on wound repair in tissue injury and their potential therapeutic targets, with a view to providing a theoretical basis for the use of iPSCs-derived exosomes in clinical therapy.

Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals the transcriptomic characteristics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in hepatitis B vaccine non-responders.

The emergence of a vaccine against hepatitis B has proven to be an important milestone in the prevention of this disease; however, 5%-10% of vaccinated individuals do not generate an immune response to the vaccine, and its molecular mechanism has not been clarified. In this study, single-cell RNA sequencing was performed on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from three volunteers with a high immune response (HR) and three with no immune response (NR) to the hepatitis B vaccine. We found that the antigen-presenting activity scores of various antigen-presenting cells, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway activity scores of naive B cells, and the cell activity scores of three types of effector T cells were significantly decreased, whereas the cytotoxicity scores of CD3highCD16lowKLRG1high natural killer T (NKT) cells were significantly increased in the NR group compared with those in the HR group. Additionally, the expression levels of some classical molecules associated with distinct signaling pathways-including HLA-B, HLA-DRB5, BLNK, BLK, IL4R, SCIMP, JUN, CEBPB, NDFIP1, and TXNIP-were significantly reduced in corresponding subsets of PBMCs from the NR group relative to those of the HR group. Furthermore, the expression of several cytotoxicity-related effector molecules, such as GNLY, NKG7, GZMB, GZMM, KLRC1, KLRD1, PRF1, CST7, and CTSW, was significantly higher in CD3highCD16lowKLRG1high NKT cells derived from non-responders. Our study provides a molecular basis for the lack of response to the hepatitis B vaccine, including defective antigen presentation, decreased T cell activity, and reduced IL-4 secretion, as well as novel insight into the role of NKT cells in the immune response to the hepatitis B vaccine.

Aberrant Cyclin D1 splicing in cancer: from molecular mechanism to therapeutic modulation.

Cyclin D1 (CCND1), a crucial mediator of cell cycle progression, possesses many mutation types with different mutation frequencies in human cancers. The G870A mutation is the most common mutation in CCND1, which produces two isoforms: full-length CCND1a and divergent C-terminal CCND1b. The dysregulation of the CCND1 isoforms is associated with multiple human cancers. Exploring the molecular mechanism of CCND1 isoforms has offer new insight for cancer treatment. On this basis, the alterations of CCND1 gene are described, including amplification, overexpression, and mutation, especially the G870A mutation. Subsequently, we review the characteristics of CCND1 isoforms caused by G870A mutation. Additionally, we summarize cis-regulatory elements, trans-acting factors, and the splice mutation involved in splicing regulation of CCND1. Furthermore, we highlight the function of CCND1 isoforms in cell cycle, invasion, and metastasis in cancers. Importantly, the clinical role of CCND1 isoforms is also discussed, particularly concerning prognosis, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Last, emphasis is given to the corrective strategies that modulate the cancerous CCND1 isoforms. Thus, it is highlighting significance of aberrant isoforms of CCND1 as targets for cancer therapy.