Suicide rates among people with serious mental illness: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: People with serious mental illness are at great risk of suicide, but little is known about the suicide rates among this population. We aimed to quantify the suicide rates among people with serious mental illness (bipolar disorder, major depression, or schizophrenia). METHODS: PubMed and Web of Science were searched to identify studies published from 1 January 1975 to 10 December 2020. We assessed English-language studies for the suicide rates among people with serious mental illness. Random-effects meta-analysis was used. Changes in follow-up time and the suicide rates were presented by a locally weighted scatter-plot smoothing (LOESS) curve. Suicide rate ratio was estimated for assessments of difference in suicide rate by sex. RESULTS: Of 5014 identified studies, 41 were included in this analysis. The pooled suicide rate was 312.8 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI 230.3-406.8). Europe was reported to have the highest pooled suicide rate of 335.2 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI 261.5-417.6). Major depression had the highest suicide rate of 534.3 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI 30.4-1448.7). There is a downward trend in suicide rate estimates over follow-up time. Excess risk of suicide in males was found [1.90 (95% CI 1.60-2.25)]. The most common suicide method was poisoning [21.9 per 100 000 person-years (95% CI 3.7-50.4)]. CONCLUSIONS: The suicide rates among people with serious mental illness were high, highlighting the requirements for increasing psychological assessment and monitoring. Further study should focus on region and age differences in suicide among this population.

COVID-19 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review.

The objectives of the study were to review the articles to identify (a) the epidemiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); (b) the clinical characteristics of SLE patients with COVID-19; (c) the treatment of COVID-19 in SLE patients; and (d) the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on SLE patients. PubMed was systematically reviewed for literature published from December 2019 to June 2021. Our search was limited to human studies, with language restriction of English. Studies were included if they reported COVID-19 in SLE patients. Our systematic review included 52 studies. The prevalence of COVID-19 infection ranged from 0.0% to 18.1% in SLE patients, and the hospitalisation rates ranged from 0.24% to 10.6%. COVID-19 infection is likely to mimic SLE flare. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) was ineffective in prevention of COVID-19, and SLE patients with COVID-19 faced difficulty in healthcare access, had financial constraints and suffered from psychological distress during the pandemic. The pandemic had a significant effect on mental and physical health. Adequate healthcare access, along with containment policies, social distancing measures and psychological nursing was required.

The complete mitochondrial genome of Syritta pipiens (Linnaeus, 1758) (Diptera: Syrphidae) and phylogenetic analysis.

The complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Syritta pipiens (Linnaeus, 1758) was sequenced with 15,745 bp in length including 37 genes and a non-coding region. The overall nucleotide composition showed a strong AT bias. Most protein-coding genes (PCGs) used ATN as the start codon while ATP6 and ND1 used TTG, and stopped by TAA or TAG but ND5 ended with an incomplete T. Phylogenetic trees were reconstructed based on the 24 complete mitochondrial sequences from Syrphidae using the methods of maximum-likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI), resulted in S. pipiens clustered into the clade of Eristalinae, which conformed to the traditional classification, but the trees did not support the monophyly of Eristalinae. More molecular data is needed for further study.

Incidence of suicide mortality among childhood cancer survivors: A population-based retrospective study.

The aim of our study was to investigate the suicide rates among childhood cancer survivors and assess factors associated with higher suicide risk. A review of data from Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program from 1975 to 2016 was performed for this study. This program is based on the US population and is supported by the US National Cancer Institute (NCI). Survivors diagnosed with childhood cancer were recorded. There were 40 suicides among 567,233 person-years, giving a suicide rate of 7.1 per 100,000 person-years. Compared with cancer diagnosed between 10 and 14 years old, survivors with cancer diagnosed between 0 and 4 years old had lower suicide risk. Females had a lower risk of suicide than males. Compared with survivors of thyroid cancer, the aHRs were 0.16 for acute lymphocytic leukemia, 0.15 for nodal Hodgkin's lymphoma, 0.14 for brain cancers and 0.09 for kidney cancers. Most suicides occurred after 15 years old. Suicide was a problem for survivors, especially those with thyroid cancer. Beside treating patients holistically, early psychological interventions such as communicating effectively, providing social support and follow-up care related to psychological health are needed.

[The impurity profiling of paclitaxel and its injection by UPLC-MS/MS].

An ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS-MS) method was developed to elucidate the impurity profiles of paclitaxel and paclitaxel injections from different Chinese pharmaceutical companies. The fragmentation patterns for paclitaxel and the related impurities were analyzed and summarized. To remove the interference from auxiliary materials, such as hydrogenated castor oil, paclitaxel was dissolved in ethanol for acid, base, peroxide, and light induced forced degradation analysis, which could produce all the impurities exist in the paclitaxel injection. A total of 10 impurities were characterized, such as cephalomannine (1), 7-epi-10-deacetylpaclitaxel (2), 7-epipaclitaxel (3), baccatin Ⅲ (4), ethyl ester side chain (5), 7-epi-baccatin Ⅲ (6), 10-deacetylpaclitaxel (7), paclitaxel isomer(C3-C11 bridge) (8), paclitaxel isomer (9), and N-benzoyl-(2R,3S)-3-phenylisoserine (10), respectively. Among them, compounds 1-3 could be introduced during manufacture processing. In the forced degradation studies, while acid induced degradation products included 3-7, base induced degradation could produce 2-7 and 10; while 7 is the main compound produced by hydrogen peroxide treatment, 4 compounds (3-5 and 7) were produced by high temperature environment and 5 compounds (2-5 and 9 which is the first reported) from intensity light exposure. Furthermore, 8 was the main impurity came from intensity light exposed paclitaxel powder. The results from this study provide an important reference in processing, optimization, quality control and evaluation of paclitaxel.

[The impurity profiling of simvastatin and its tablets by UPLC-MS/MS].

Investigation of simvastatin and its related substances was carried out using a reversed phase ultra performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method. The identification of impurities in simvastatin was performed with a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer, with an electrospray ionization (ESI) source in the negative/positive ion mode. A total of 12 compounds were characterized in commercial samples, among which 2 impurities had never been reported. All the impurities were deduced based on the MS fragment pathways of simvastatin and the biosynthetic pathway of lovastatin. This work provides very useful information for quality control of simvastatin.

[Polymorphs of clopidogrel bisulfate].

This paper is to report the polymorphism of raw materials of clopidogrel bisulfate at home and abroad. By the analysis of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and powder X-ray diffraction (p-XRD), samples are roughly classified into two groups, except one patent material. And the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) examination showed more detailed information for these materials. The results of the study could provide comprehensive basis for the quality evaluation of clopidogrel bisulfate.

[Study on pharmaceutical screening of representative components of Salvia miltiorrhiza diterpene quinones].

OBJECTIVE: To screen out the main components with no significant difference with Salvia miltiorrhiza diterpene quinones pharmacological action, in order to determine the compatible form of representative components that can describe the overall property of S. miltiorrhiza diterpene quinones. METHOD: According to the results of the in vitro pharmacological experiment, the myocardial ischemia model of rats was induced through intraperitoneal injection of isoproterenol. The pharmacologic effects of S. miltiorrhiza diterpene quinones, combination with principal component A and combination with principal component B were compared in electrocardiogram (changes in J point), enzymology indicators (SOD, MDA, CK, LDH) and pathology (myocardial histological changes), so as to screen out the compatible form of representative components that can describe the overall property of S. miltiorrhiza diterpene quinones. RESULT: The S. miltiorrhiza diterpenoid quinone high-dose group and the B high-dose group were similar in all pharmacological effects, with equal efficacy but no significant difference. CONCLUSION: The S. miltiorrhiza diterpenoid quinone high-dose group and the B high-dose group showed a certain therapeutic effect on ISO-induced myocardial ischemia. Therefore, the four components in the B high-dose group can be used as representative components of S. miltiorrhiza diterpene quinones.

[Analysis and evaluation of the impurity of felodipine and its tablets].

The paper reports the systematic study on felodipine and its impurities in tablets, to improve its quality standards for the control of the related substances. HPLC-DAD, UPLC-MS, IR and NMR methods were used for the isolation of felodipine and its impurities in tablets, their identification and the zebrafish animal model was used for the analysis of the toxic impurities. In felodipine material and its tablets, three impurities are isolated and identified. They are impurity 1 [dimethyl 4-(2, 3-dichlorophenyl)-2, 6-dimethyl-1, 4-dihydropyridine-3, 5-dicarboxylate], impurity 2 [ethyl methyl 4-(2, 3-dichlorophenyl)-2, 6-dimethylpyridine-3, 5-dicarboxylate] and impurity 3 [diethyl 4-(2, 3-dichlorophenyl)-2, 6-dimethyl-1, 4-dihydropyridine-3, 5-dicarboxylate], separately. The result of zebrafish animal model analysis showed that the teratogenic effects of four compounds were: impurity 3 > or = felodipine > impurity 1 > impurity 2, lethal effects were as follows: impurity 2 = impurity 3 > felodipine > or = impurity 1. This study confirmed the toxicity of three impurities in felodipine. According to the results, the paper suggested the amendments to the standard of the medicine and provided the support to the control of impurities in the manufacturing process.

Establishment of an HPLC identification system for detection of counterfeit steroidal drugs.

A set of simple HPLC methods employing UV detection were developed for detection of counterfeit drugs by the qualitative and quantitative analysis of nine steroidal drugs, ethinylestradiol, diethylstilbestrol, norethisterone, norgestrel, methyltestosterone, medroxyprogesterone acetate, progesterone, testosterone propionate and nilestriol. The methods were based on studies of the relationships between the retention factors (k) of the nine compounds and the percentages of water to methanol in the mobile phases on a reverse phase Alltima C(18) column giving reliable separation of the compounds under three sets of chromatographic conditions. The methods were validated using statistical tests and were used on nine commercial samples for detection of possible counterfeit drugs.

A new 2-arylbenzofuran from the root bark of Chinese Morus cathayana.

A new 2-arylbenzofuran, sanggenofuran B (3',5'-dihydroxy-6-methoxy-4'-prenyl-2-arylbenzofuran), from the root bark of Chinese Morus cathayana is reported.

Development of a RP-HPLC method for screening potentially counterfeit anti-diabetic drugs.

Pharmaceutical counterfeiting is becoming a serious problem in the world, especially in developing countries including China. Herein an isocratic reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) method was developed for screening counterfeit medicines and adulterated dietary supplement products. The developed method could be employed to separate and determine simultaneously six anti-diabetic drugs (glipizide, gliclazide, glibenclamide, glimepiride, gliquidone, repaglinide) on an isocratic solvent system using an Alltima C18 column (5 microm, 150 mmx4.6 mm) with an isocratic mobile phase of methanol-phosphate buffer (pH 3.0; 0.01 mol/L) (70:30, v/v), at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and at a wavelength of 230 nm. The proposed method was successfully applied to the analysis of medicinal and dietary supplement samples purchased from the local market in China.