DRR acceleration using inexpensive GPUs for model-image registration based joint kinematic measurements.

Model-image registration methods are commonly used in research to measure three-dimensional joint kinematics from single-plane and bi-plane x-ray images. These methods have the potential to be beneficial if used clinically, but current techniques are too slow or expensive to be clinically practical. One technical element of these methods for measuring natural bone motion is the use of digitally reconstructed radiographs (DRRs). DRRs can be very expensive to compute, or require expensive and fast computer hardware. In this technical development, a numerically efficient Siddon-Jacobs algorithm for computing DRRs was implemented on a consumer-grade graphics card using a programming language for parallel architectures. Compared to traditional voxel projection algorithms with a central-processing-unit-only implementation, the parallel computation implementation on the graphics card provided speedups of 650-1546 times faster rendering, while retaining equivalent performance for joint kinematics measurements. The use of consumer grade graphics hardware may contribute to making model-image registration measurements of joint kinematics practical for clinical use.

Biomechanical Comparison of a Horizontal Mattress, Cross Suture and Vertical Mattress for Repair of a Tendon Weave in a Porcine Model.

Background: An effective suture method enables early active motion exercises and optimal post-surgical outcomes. The aim of this study is to evaluate the tensile strength of three suture configurations - horizontal mattress (HM), vertical mattress (VM) and a cross suture for repair of a tendon weave. We hypothesised that the direction of mattress sutures relative to the tendon fibres would affect the tensile strength of tendon repair. Methods: Using porcine flexor tendons and the same number of surgical sutures, three tendon weave constructs differing in the method of suture were compared: HM suture configuration (conventional technique), cross-stitch (CS) configuration (conventional technique) and VM suture configuration (novel technique). Ten pairs of each group were mounted in a material testing machine and subjected to a simple tensile test and a cyclic loading test for their biomechanical comparison. Results: The VM group and CS group had significantly higher ultimate failure load, linear stiffness and fatigue strength as compared to the HM group. The failure mode was suture breakage or tendon rupture for the VM and the CS group, while the suture pullout of the tendon only occurred in the HM group. Conclusion: Among the three techniques used for repair of a tendon weave, the VM suture technique was demonstrated to have the greatest tensile strength and least associated with suture pull-out. The direction of the mattress suture in relation the direction of tendon fibres affects the strength of repair.

Comparing in vivo three-dimensional shoulder elevation kinematics between standing and supine postures.

BACKGROUND: It is often assumed that body posture, standing vs. supine, changes shoulder muscle activation and range of motion, but these altered shoulder mechanics have not been objectively assessed. We expected the supine posture might facilitate scapular rotation and change subacromial pressure. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the influence of body posture on shoulder kinematics during arm elevation. METHODS: Ten males and eight females with a mean age of 33 years participated in this study. Shoulder kinematics were assessed during scapular plane elevation in the standing and supine postures by using single-plane fluoroscopic images. Kinematics were measured using 3-dimensional to 2-dimensional model-image registration techniques: matching the 3-dimensional bone model derived from computed tomography onto each fluoroscopic image. Glenohumeral superior/inferior translation, acromiohumeral distance, and scapular rotations were compared between the postures. The effect of sex also was evaluated. RESULTS: With the arm at the side position, the humeral head in the supine posture was located 0.5 mm superior compared to the standing posture (P < .001). During humeral elevation, the humeral head significantly shifted more inferiorly in the supine posture than in standing; the biggest mean difference was 0.6 mm, P = .003. But acromiohumeral distance during elevation was not significantly affected by the body posture (P = .05). Scapular upward rotation and posterior tilt were significantly different between the postures (P < .001). Sex had statistically significant, but quantitatively small, effects on shoulder kinematics. CONCLUSIONS: Body postures affect shoulder kinematics during humeral elevation. This knowledge will be useful to optimize rehabilitation exercises and for diagnostic insight.

Dynamic scapulohumeral rhythm: Comparison between healthy shoulders and those with large or massive rotator cuff tear.

INTRODUCTION: Assessment of scapular kinematics and the dynamics of the scapulohumeral rhythm (SHR) would be important for understanding pathologies of the shoulder and to inform treatment. Our aim in this study was to evaluate the SHR and scapular kinematics in patients with a rotator cuff tear (RCT), compared to a control group with healthy shoulders using image-matching techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The shoulder kinematics of large or massive RCT patients were evaluated and compared to a control group with healthy shoulders. Radiographic surveillance was performed throughout the full range of external rotation and scapular plane abduction. Computed tomography imaging of the shoulder complex was performed, with three-dimensional image reconstruction and matching to the radiographs to measure three-dimensional positions and orientations. SHR and angular values of the scapula were measured. RESULTS: Scapular external rotation in the late phase of external rotation movement was greater in the RCT group than in the control group (p < 0.05), but with no difference in the SHR. During scapular plane abduction, there were significant differences in SHR, scapular posterior tilt and scapular upward rotation between the RCT and control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Regarding clinical relevance, this study clarified the differences of SHR and angular values of the scapula between the RCT and control group. These results underline the importance of assessment the SHR and scapular kinematics in individuals with a RCT. RCT is associated with specific compensation in the kinematics of the scapula and SHR during external rotation and scapular plane abduction, which could inform treatment.

Digitalized analyses of intraoperative acetabular component position using image-matching technique in total hip arthroplasty.

AIMS: Appropriate acetabular component placement has been proposed for prevention of postoperative dislocation in total hip arthroplasty (THA). Manual placements often cause outliers in spite of attempts to insert the component within the intended safe zone; therefore, some surgeons routinely evaluate intraoperative pelvic radiographs to exclude excessive acetabular component malposition. However, their evaluation is often ambiguous in case of the tilted or rotated pelvic position. The purpose of this study was to develop the computational analysis to digitalize the acetabular component orientation regardless of the pelvic tilt or rotation. METHODS: Intraoperative pelvic radiographs of 50 patients who underwent THA were collected retrospectively. The 3D pelvic bone model and the acetabular component were image-matched to the intraoperative pelvic radiograph. The radiological anteversion (RA) and radiological inclination (RI) of the acetabular component were calculated and those measurement errors from the postoperative CT data were compared relative to those of the 2D measurements. In addition, the intra- and interobserver differences of the image-matching analysis were evaluated. RESULTS: Mean measurement errors of the image-matching analyses were significantly small (2.5° (SD 1.4°) and 0.1° (SD 0.9°) in the RA and RI, respectively) relative to those of the 2D measurements. Intra- and interobserver differences were similarly small from the clinical perspective. CONCLUSION: We have developed a computational analysis of acetabular component orientation using an image-matching technique with small measurement errors compared to visual evaluations regardless of the pelvic tilt or rotation.Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2020;9(7):360-367.

Biomechanical analysis of four different medial row configurations of suture bridge rotator cuff repair.

BACKGROUND: Rotator cuff tendon rupture after suture bridge repair occasionally occurs at the medial row, with remnant tendon tissue remaining at the footprint. While concentrated medial row stress is suspected to be involved in such tears, the optimal suture bridge technique remains controversial. METHODS: This study aimed to investigate the construct strength provided by suture bridge techniques having four different medial row configurations using artificial materials (n = 10 per group): Group 1, four-hole (two stitches per hole) knotless suture bridge; Group 2, eight-hole (one stitch per hole) parallel knotless suture bridge; Group 3, eight-hole non-parallel knotless suture bridge; and Group 4, eight-hole knot-tying suture bridge. Each construct underwent cyclic loading from 5 to 30 N for 20 cycles, followed by tensile testing to failure. The ultimate failure load and linear stiffness were measured. FINDINGS: Group 2 had the highest ultimate failure load (mean 160.54 N, SD 6.40) [Group 4 (mean 150.21 N, SD 9.76, p = 0.0138), Group 3 (mean 138.80 N, SD 7.18, p < 0.0001), and Group 1 (mean 129.35 N, SD 4.25, p < 0.0001)]. The linear stiffness of Group 2 (mean 9.32 N/mm, SD 0.25) and Group 4 (mean 9.72 N/mm, SD 0.40) was significantly higher (p = 0.0032) than that of Group 1 (mean 8.44 N/mm, SD 0.29) and Group 3 (mean 8.61 N/mm, SD 0.31). INTERPRETATION: In conclusion, increasing the number of suture-passed holes, arranging the holes in parallel, and a knotless technique improved the failure load following suture bridge repair.

Clinical efficacy of preoperative 3D planning for reducing surgical errors during open-wedge high tibial osteotomy.

Increases in posterior tibial slope (PTS) with open-wedge high tibial osteotomy (OWHTO) are often related to two surgical errors: Symmetric opening of the osteotomy gap and a tendency to open the gap from the anteromedial direction. The study objective was to define trends in these two errors using computer simulation and clinical effects of their countermeasures. First, 60 knees with varus deformity were assessed with three-dimensional (3D) planning using computed tomography to allow for the mechanical axis to pass through a point at 62.5% of the width of the tibial plateau, defined as the weight-bearing line percentage (WBL%). Anterior and posterior widths of the opening gap to maintain PTS were measured. The effect on PTS when osteotomy gaps were opened from the anteromedial direction up to 30° was evaluated. Mean anterior width (y) was 6.6 mm (range, 2.2-10.9) and mean posterior width (x) was 9.1 mm (range, 3.9-15.7), which can be expressed as y = 0.75x - 0.24. Opening gaps from the anteromedial direction at 10°, 20°, and 30° led to a mean PTS increase of 1.9°, 3.9°, and 5.6°, respectively. In most cases, WBL% with anteromedial opening at 30° passed through a point at less than 60%. In 47 knees that underwent OWHTO using 3D planning, postoperative coronal and sagittal bone corrections were mostly accurate. However, postoperative WBL% was negatively correlated with correction angle because of difficulties in predicting medial joint tightness. Preoperative 3D planning for OWHTO can reduce surgical errors, but postoperative WBL% remains variable. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res.

In vivo dynamic acromiohumeral distance in shoulders with rotator cuff tears.

BACKGROUND: There are no previous studies on the acromiohumeral distance in shoulders with large-to-massive full-thickness rotator cuff tears. In this study, the acromiohumeral distance in rotator cuff tear and healthy shoulders was measured using 3D-to-2D model-to-image registration techniques. METHODS: The dynamic glenohumeral kinematics during scapular plane abduction and axial rotation were analyzed in 11 rotator cuff tear patients and 10 healthy control subjects. Periodic radiographic images of scapular plane abduction and axial rotation were taken using a flat-panel radiograph image detector. Movements of the shoulder joint were assessed using radiographic images and computed tomography-derived digitally reconstructed radiographs. The acromiohumeral distance was defined as the shortest 3D distance between the acromion and the proximal humerus. FINDINGS: For scapular plane abduction, the rotator cuff tear group had significantly smaller acromiohumeral distance than the control group at 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75°, 135°, and 150° of humeral abduction (P < 0.05 at each measured angle). For axial rotation in the adducted position, the rotator cuff tear group had significantly smaller acromiohumeral distance than the control group at each point between -20° and 40° of glenohumeral external rotation (P < 0.05 at each measured angle). INTERPRETATION: The minimum measured acromiohumeral distance was 0.9 mm in the rotator cuff tear shoulders and 2.1 mm in the healthy shoulders at 90° of scapular plane abduction. The findings are of clinical relevance because quantitative evaluation of the dynamic acromiohumeral distances in rotator cuff tear and healthy shoulders might provide important insight into subacromial impingement.

Knee kinematics in bi-cruciate stabilized total knee arthroplasty during squatting and stair-climbing activities.

This study aimed to evaluate clinical outcomes and in vivo kinematics of bi-cruciate stabilized (BCS) total knee arthroplasty (TKA), using image-matching techniques. We analyzed tibiofemoral anteroposterior translation, axial rotation, and anterior/posterior cam-post contact for 22 BCS TKAs during squatting and stair-climbing. The functional activities on the 2011 Knee Society Score were significantly improved from 36 to 71. The tibiofemoral translation and axial rotation during squatting/stair-climbing were 16.1 mm/7.1 mm and 2.5° external/1.1° internal, respectively. Anterior/posterior cam-post contacts were observed during squatting (14%/96%) and stair-climbing (27%/96%). In conclusion, BCS TKA produced physiological sagittal plane kinematics during activities with favorable clinical outcomes.

In vivo kinematics of gait in posterior-stabilized and bicruciate-stabilized total knee arthroplasties using image-matching techniques.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of two types of total knee arthroplasty (TKA) designs: posterior-stabilized (PS) and bicruciate-stabilized (BCS) on in vivo kinematics during gait. METHODS: Continuous X-ray images of the gait were taken using a flat panel detector for 23 PS and BCS TKAs. We analyzed the tibiofemoral implant flexion angle, anteroposterior (AP) translation, axial rotation, and anterior/posterior cam-post contact using image-matching techniques. RESULTS: Double knee actions were demonstrated for the PS and BCS design (35 and 61%, respectively, p = 0.08). The tibiofemoral AP positions were significantly more posterior at peak extension (- 1.7 ± 2.2 and 1.0 ± 2.5 mm, respectively, p < 0.01) and anterior at peak flexion (1.3 ± 2.3 and - 0.8 ± 2.8 mm, respectively, p = 0.01) for the PS design than for the BCS design, with a significant difference in AP translation (3.0 ± 3.9 mm anterior and 1.7 ± 2.8 mm posterior, respectively, p < 0.01). Anterior/posterior tibial post contacts were found in 83/4% and 74/30% for the PS and BCS designs, respectively, with a significant difference in posterior contact (p = 0.72/0.04, respectively). CONCLUSION: The knee flexion pattern, tibiofemoral AP translation, axial rotation, and cam-post contact during gait varied, depending on the type of implant, the PS and BCS designs.

Preoperative tibial mechanical axis orientation and articular surface design influence on the coronal joint line orientation relative to the ground during gait after total knee arthroplasties.

PURPOSE: Neutral lower limb alignment does not necessarily produce a horizontal joint line after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The orientation of the pre- and postoperative tibial mechanical axes (TMAs-G), tibial component, and joint line relative to the ground were evaluated. METHODS: The study group included 46 knees, 23 posterior-stabilized (PS) and 23 bicruciate-stabilized (BCS) TKAs. Using whole-leg standing radiographs, the static orientation of the pre- and postoperative TMAs-G and the tibial component as well as the postoperative alignment were measured. Applying image-matching techniques, the dynamic coronal orientation of the tibial component and joint line over the stance phase of gait were analysed. The correlation between static and dynamic orientation of the tibial component and differences in the joint line between the PS and BCS TKAs were evaluated. RESULTS: In standing, the postoperative TMA-G (0.8° ± 2.8°) and tibial component (1.5° ± 2.4°) were laterally tilted with a strong correlation. The preoperative lateral tilt of the TMA-G (7.9° ± 5.1°) was a significant predictor of the postoperative TMA-G. The lateral tilt of the tibial component increased to 5.1° ± 2.4° on dynamic analysis, and was moderately correlated to static orientation. The dynamic orientation of the joint line was smaller for the BCS (1.8° ± 2.4°) compared to the PS (5.5° ± 2.7°) TKA. CONCLUSION: Even with a mechanically well-aligned TKA, a lateral tilt of the tibial component was identified due to the lateral tilt of the postoperative TMA-G and the stance phase of gait. The BCS can better accommodate the residual lateral tilt of the joint line due to the 3° medial inclination of the joint surfaces of the implant. This study increases the awareness of surgeons regarding the possibility of the coronal joint line orientation to influence preoperative TMA-G and be accommodated by articular surface design, even in mechanically aligned TKA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Dynamic kinematics of the glenohumeral joint in shoulders with rotator cuff tears.

BACKGROUND: No clear trend has emerged from the literature regarding three-dimensional (3D) translations of the humerus relative to the scapula in shoulders with rotator cuff tears (RCTs). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the kinematics of RCT shoulders using 3D-to-two-dimensional (2D) model-to-image registration techniques. METHODS: Dynamic glenohumeral kinematics during scapular plane abduction and axial rotation were analyzed in 11 RCT patients and 10 healthy control subjects. We measured the 3D kinematic parameters of glenohumeral joints using X-ray images and CT-derived digitally reconstructed radiographs. RESULTS: For scapular plane abduction, the humeral head center was positioned significantly more medially in shoulders with RCTs than in controls at 135° of humeral abduction (p = 0.02; RCTs versus controls: - 0.9 ± 1.6 versus 0.3 ± 1.3 mm). There was no significant difference in the superior/inferior translation of the humeral head center (p = 0.99). For axial rotation in adducted position, the humeral head center was positioned significantly more anteriorly in shoulders with RCTs than in controls at - 30° of glenohumeral external rotation (p < 0.0001; RCTs versus controls: 3.0 ± 1.7 versus 0.3 ± 1.5 mm). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed the kinematics of shoulders with large to massive full-thickness RCTs: the humeral head center showed a medial shift at the late phase of scapular plane full abduction, and an anterior shift at the internal rotation position during full axial rotation. The kinematic data in this study, which describe the patterns of movement of shoulders with large to massive full-thickness RCTs, provide valuable information for future studies investigating glenohumeral translations in other pathological conditions of the shoulder. For clinical relevance, quantitative assessment of the dynamic kinematics of shoulders with RCTs might be a therapeutic indicator for achieving functional restoration.

A Biomechanical Comparison Between Asymmetric Pennington Technique and Conventional Core Suture Techniques: 6-Strand Flexor Tendon Repair.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the fatigue strength and gap sizes of the asymmetric Pennington technique compared with 2 conventional 6-strand core suture techniques: the triple-looped suture and the Yoshizu #1. METHODS: We recorded the fatigue strength (forces × cycles) and gap sizes of a 6-strand flexor tendon repair with different core suture techniques under cyclic loading in 30 porcine tendons. The asymmetric Pennington technique was performed with a Pennington repair of equal suture purchase in the 2 tendon stumps, with the 2 other Pennington repairs shifted by 3 mm, respectively, along the longitudinal axis of the tendon in relation to the first Pennington repair. The triple-looped suture technique was made with triple Tsuge sutures. The Yoshizu #1 technique was performed with a combined Pennington repair (using a double strand) and Tsuge suture. RESULTS: The asymmetric Pennington technique showed significantly greater fatigue strength and significantly smaller gaps in comparison to the triple-looped suture and Yoshizu #1 techniques. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated that the asymmetric Pennington technique generated increased fatigue strength and reduced gap sizes compared with 2 conventional 6-strand core suture techniques, the triple-looped suture and Yoshizu #1. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The asymmetric Pennington technique may permit an early active motion rehabilitation protocol similar to the triple-looped suture and Yoshizu #1 techniques.

Effect of the Optimal Asymmetry on the Strength of Six-Strand Tendon Repair: An Ex Vivo Biomechanical Study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the mechanical properties of a 6-strand core suture repair with asymmetric purchase in the 2 tendon ends, in comparison with a repair with symmetric suture purchases. METHODS: Under cyclic loading of the tendons, we recorded the fatigue strength (Forces × Cycles) of a 6-strand flexor tendon repair with different symmetry in the lengths of suture purchase in 60 porcine tendons. The symmetric repair was made with 3 groups of parallel Kessler repairs of equal suture purchase (10 mm from the cut end) in the 2 tendon stumps. The asymmetric core suture repairs were then made with a Kessler repair of equal suture purchase (10 mm from the cut end) in the 2 tendon stumps, and shifting 2 other Kessler repairs by 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 mm, respectively, along the longitudinal axis of the tendon in relation to the first (symmetric) Kessler repair. RESULTS: The core repairs with 2 mm or more asymmetry in suture purchases in 2 tendon ends showed significantly greater fatigue strength compared with those with symmetric suture placement. The core repairs with 3 mm or more asymmetry in suture purchases in 2 tendon ends showed significantly smaller gaps compared with those with symmetric suture placement. CONCLUSIONS: The core repairs with 3 mm or more asymmetry in suture purchases in 2 tendon ends generated increased fatigue strength and reduced gap sizes compared with those with symmetric suture placement in an ex vivo porcine model. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: An asymmetric core suture repair with 3 mm or more difference in purchase length may allow for earlier rehabilitation and reduce the risk of postoperative complications.

Kinematic analysis of stair climbing in rotating platform cruciate-retaining and posterior-stabilized mobile-bearing total knee arthroplasties.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of our study was to compare and contrast the effects of two types of mobile-bearing total knee arthroplasties (TKA), namely, the cruciate-retaining (CR) and posterior-stabilized (PS) TKAs, on clinical outcomes and in vivo kinematics during stair climbing. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Press-Fit Condylar Sigma rotating platform was used for both CR and PS TKAs. Patient-reported outcomes were assessed using the 2011 Knee Society Score. Quadriceps muscle strength was evaluated by isokinetic dynamometry. In vivo kinematics were evaluated using periodic sagittal plane radiographic images obtained during stair climbing to quantify anteroposterior (AP) tibiofemoral translation, implant flexion and axial rotation angles using image-matching techniques. Outcomes were evaluated in 20 TKAs, which had been undergone with clinical success, including ten knees with CR types and ten knees with PS types. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the CR and PS TKA groups (p > 0.05) in isometric extensor torque (1.0 ± 0.2 and 1.1 ± 0.6 N m/kg, respectively) or patient-reported score for stair climbing function (4.0 ± 0.5 and 3.8 ± 0.9, respectively). Both types of TKAs showed stable AP translation in the mid range of knee flexion and paradoxical translation in the low range of flexion, with limited rotation, during stair climbing. There were no significant differences between the CR and PS TKA groups (P > 0.05) in anterior translation from 80° to 40° of knee flexion (4.2 ± 1.2 and 3.5 ± 1.6 mm, respectively), posterior translation from 40° to 10° of knee flexion (2.3 ± 1.9 and 2.0 ± 1.5 mm, respectively), and total external rotation (2.8° ± 4.9° and 0.5° ± 5.0°, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Both CR and PS types of rotating platform mobile-bearing TKAs provided reproducible knee joint kinematics during stair climbing and equivalent clinical outcomes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

In vivo kinematic analysis of the glenohumeral joint during dynamic full axial rotation and scapular plane full abduction in healthy shoulders.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the kinematics of healthy shoulders during dynamic full axial rotation and scapular plane full abduction using three-dimensional (3D)-to-two-dimensional (2D) model-to-image registration techniques. METHODS: Dynamic glenohumeral kinematics during axial rotation and scapular plane abduction were analysed in 10 healthy participants. Continuous radiographic images of axial rotation and scapular plane abduction were taken using a flat panel radiographic detector. The participants received a computed tomography scan to generate virtual digitally reconstructed radiographs. The density-based digitally reconstructed radiographs were then compared with the serial radiographic images acquired using image correlations. These 3D-to-2D model-to-image registration techniques determined the 3D positions and orientations of the humerus and scapula during dynamic full axial rotation and scapular plane full abduction. RESULTS: The humeral head centre translated an average of 2.5 ± 3.1 mm posteriorly, and 1.4 ± 1.0 mm superiorly in the early phase, then an average of 2.0 ± 0.8 mm inferiorly in the late phase during external rotation motion. The glenohumeral external rotation angle had a significant effect on the anterior/posterior (A/P) and superior/inferior (S/I) translation of the humeral head centre (both p < 0.05). 33.6 ± 15.6° of glenohumeral external rotation occurred during scapular plane abduction. The humeral head centre translated an average of 0.6 ± 0.9 mm superiorly in the early phase, then 1.7 ± 2.6 mm inferiorly in the late phase, and translated an average of 0.4 ± 0.5 mm medially in the early phase, then 1.6 ± 1.0 mm laterally in the late phase during scapular plane abduction. The humeral abduction angle had a significant effect on the S/I and lateral/medial (L/M) translation of the humeral head centre (both p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study investigated 3D translations of the humerus relative to the scapula: during scapular plane full abduction, the humerus rotated 33.6° externally relative to the scapula, and during external rotation motion in the adducted position, the humeral head centre translated an average of 2.5 mm posteriorly. Kinematic data will provide important insights into evaluating the kinematics of pathological shoulders. For clinical relevance, quantitative assessment of dynamic healthy shoulder kinematics might be a physiological indicator for the assessment of pathological shoulders.

In Vivo Kinematics of Healthy and Osteoarthritic Knees During Stepping Using Density-Based Image-Matching Techniques.

The purpose of this study was to investigate in vivo kinematics in healthy and osteoarthritic (OA) knees during stepping using image-matching techniques. Six healthy volunteers and 14 patients with a medial OA knee before undergoing total knee arthroplasty performed stepping under periodic anteroposterior radiograph images. We analyzed the three-dimensional kinematic parameters of knee joints using radiograph images and CT-derived digitally reconstructed radiographs. The average extension/flexion angle ranged 6°/53° and 16°/44° in healthy and OA knees, with significant difference in extension (P = .02). The average varus angle was -2° and 6° in healthy and OA knees, with a significant difference (P = .03). OA knees showed 1.7° of significantly larger varus thrust (P = .04) and 4.2 mm of significantly smaller posterior femoral rollback (P = .04) compared with healthy knees. Coronal limb alignment in OA knees significantly correlated with varus thrust (R2 = .36, P = .02) and medial shift of the femur (R2 = .34, P = .03). Both normal and OA knees showed no transverse plane instability, including anteroposterior, mediolateral directions, or axial rotation. In conclusion, OA knees demonstrated different kinematics during stepping from normal knees: less knee extension, larger varus thrust, less posterior translation, and larger medial shift.

Dynamic Hip Kinematics During the Golf Swing After Total Hip Arthroplasty.

BACKGROUND: Although most surgeons allow their patients to play golf after total hip arthroplasty (THA), the effect on the implant during the golf swing is still unclear. PURPOSE: To evaluate hip kinematics during the golf swing after THA. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive laboratory study. METHODS: Eleven hips in 9 patients who underwent primary THA were analyzed. All patients were right-handed recreational golfers, and these 11 hips included 6 right hips and 5 left hips. Periodic radiographic images of the golf swing were taken using a flat-panel x-ray detector. Movements of the hip joint and components were assessed using 3-dimensional-to-2-dimensional model-to-image registration techniques. Liner-to-neck contact and translation of the femoral head with respect to the acetabular cup (cup-head translation) were examined. Hip kinematics, orientation of components, and maximum cup-head translation were compared between patients with and without liner-to-neck contact. RESULTS: On average, the golf swing produced approximately 50° of axial rotation in both lead and trail hips. Liner-to-neck contact was observed in 4 hips with elevated rim liners (2 lead hips and 2 trail hips) at maximum external rotation. Neither bone-to-bone nor bone-to-implant contact was observed at any phases of the golf swing in any of the hips. Four hips with liner-to-neck contact had significantly larger maximum external rotation (37.9° ± 7.0° vs 20.6° ± 9.9°, respectively; P = .01) and more cup anteversion (26.5° ± 6.1° vs 10.8° ± 8.9°, respectively; P = .01) than hips without liner-to-neck contact. No significant differences between hips with and without contact were found for cup inclination (42.0° ± 2.5° vs 38.1° ± 5.5°, respectively; P = .22), combined anteversion (45.3° ± 8.9° vs 51.4° ± 7.9°, respectively; P = .26), or maximum cup-head translation (1.3 ± 0.3 mm vs 1.5 ± 0.4 mm, respectively; P = .61). CONCLUSION: In this analysis, the golf swing did not produce excessive hip rotation or cup-head translation in any hips. However, liner-to-neck contact during the golf swing was observed in 36% of the hips, with unknown effects on the long-term results. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Golf is an admissible sport after THA because dynamic hip stability was observed. However, the implant position, especially cup anteversion and the use of elevated rim liners, promoted liner-to-neck contact.

In vivo kinematics of healthy male knees during squat and golf swing using image-matching techniques.

PURPOSE: Participation in specific activities requires complex ranges of knee movements and activity-dependent kinematics. The purpose of this study was to investigate dynamic knee kinematics during squat and golf swing using image-matching techniques. METHODS: Five healthy males performed squats and golf swings under periodic X-ray images at 10 frames per second. We analyzed the in vivo three-dimensional kinematic parameters of subjects' knees, namely the tibiofemoral flexion angle, anteroposterior (AP) translation, and internal-external rotation, using serial X-ray images and computed tomography-derived, digitally reconstructed radiographs. RESULTS: During squat from 0° to 140° of flexion, the femur moved about 25 mm posteriorly and rotated 19° externally relative to the tibia. Screw-home movement near extension, bicondylar rollback between 20° and 120° of flexion, and medial pivot motion at further flexion were observed. During golf swing, the leading and trailing knees (the left and right knees respectively in the right-handed golfer) showed approximately five millimeters and four millimeters of AP translation with 18° and 26° of axial rotation, respectively. A central pivot motion from set-up to top of the backswing, lateral pivot motion from top to ball impact, and medial pivot motion from impact to the end of follow-through were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The medial pivot motion was not always recognized during both activities, but a large range of axial rotation with bilateral condylar AP translations occurs during golf swing. This finding has important implications regarding the amount of acceptable AP translation and axial rotation at low flexion in replaced knees. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: IV.

Dynamic hip kinematics in patients with hip osteoarthritis during weight-bearing activities.

BACKGROUND: There is an interest in quantifying the hip kinematics of patients with end-stage hip disorders before total hip arthroplasty. The purpose of the present study was to obtain dynamic hip kinematics under four different conditions, including deep flexion and rotation, in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip. METHODS: Continuous X-ray images were obtained in 14 patients during gait, chair-rising, squatting, and twisting, using a flat panel X-ray detector. These patients received computed tomography scan to generate virtual digitally reconstructed radiographs. The density-based digitally reconstructed radiographs were then compared with the serial X-ray images acquired using image correlations. These 3D-to-2D model-to-image registration techniques determined the 3D positions and orientations of the pelvis and femur during the movement cycle of each activity. FINDINGS: For gait, chair-rising, and squatting, the maximum hip flexion angles averaged 22°, 64°, and 68°, respectively. The pelvis was tilted anteriorly by an average of around 7° during the full gait cycle. For chair-rising and squatting, the maximum absolute values of anterior/posterior pelvic tilt averaged 8°/17° and 6°/18°, respectively. Hip flexion showed maximum flexion angle on the way of movement due to further anterior pelvic tilt during both chair-rising and squatting. For twisting, the maximum absolute values of internal/external hip rotation averaged 3°/13°. INTERPRETATION: Patients with hip osteoarthritis prior to total hip arthroplasty demonstrated the limited ranges of coordinated motion of the pelvis, femur, and hip joint during each activity, especially in deeply flexed and rotated postures.