The Effect of the Lacticaseibacillus paracasei BEPC22 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BELP53 Combination (BN-202M) on Body Fat Percentage Loss in Overweight Individuals: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study.

BN-202M is derived from humans and consists of two strains, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei BEPC22 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BELP53. Body fat reduction effect and safety of BN-202M were assessed in overweight participants. A total of 150 participants were randomly assigned to the BN-202M and placebo groups at a 1:1 ratio. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to objectively measure body fat. After 12 weeks of oral administration, the body fat percentage (-0.10 ± 1.32% vs. 0.48 ± 1.10%; p = 0.009) and body fat mass (-0.24 ± 1.19 kg vs. 0.23 ± 1.05 kg; p = 0.023) of the BN-202M group decreased significantly compared to those of the placebo group. The body weight (-0.58 kg, p = 0.004) and body mass index (BMI; -0.23, p = 0.003) was found to decrease significantly at 12 weeks in the BN-202M group, but not in the placebo group. Metabolome analysis revealed that ß-alanine, 3-aminoisobutyric acid, glutamic acid, and octopamine decreased in the weight-decreased BN-202M post-intake group. In the gut microbiota analysis, Akkermansia showed a statistically significant increase in the BN-202M group post-intake compared to the placebo group. No serious adverse events were observed in either group. These results suggest that BN-202M is safe and effective for reducing body fat and weight.

Combination of Lacticaseibacillus paracasei BEPC22 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BELP53 attenuates fat accumulation and alters the metabolome and gut microbiota in mice with high-fat diet-induced obesity.

This study evaluated the effects of formulations with Lacticaseibacillus paracasei BEPC22 and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum BELP53 on adiposity, the alteration of microbiota, and the metabolome in high-fat diet-fed mice. The strains were selected based on their fat and glucose absorption inhibitory activities and potential metabolic interactions. The optimal ratio of the two strains in the probiotic formulation was determined based on their adipocyte differentiation inhibitory activities. Treatment of formulations with BEPC22 and BELP53 for 10 weeks decreased body weight gain at 6 weeks; it also decreased the food efficiency ratio, white adipose tissue volume, and adipocyte size. Moreover, it decreased the expression of the lipogenic gene Ppar-γ in the liver, while significantly increasing the expression of the fat oxidation gene Ppar-α in the white adipose tissue. Notably, treatment with a combination of the two strains significantly reduced the plasma levels of the obesity hormone leptin and altered the microbiota and metabolome. The omics data also indicated the alteration of anti-obesity microbes and metabolites such as Akkermansia and indolelactic acid, respectively. These findings suggest that treatment with a combination of BEPC22 and BELP53 exerts synergistic beneficial effects against obesity.

Lactobacillus fermentum attenuates the alveolar bone loss in ligature-induced periodontitis in mice.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effects of Lactobacillus fermentum BELF11 on periodontitis in mice (LIP). METHODS: Sixty mice were randomly assigned to a control group (CTL), LIP/PBS group (LIP and PBS applied), or LIP/BELF11 group (LIP and L. fermentum BELF11 applied). For 14 days, PBS or L. fermentum BELF11 was applied twice daily to the mice in the LIP/PBS or LIP/BELF11 group, respectively. After 14 days, radiographic, histological, and pro-inflammatory cytokine assessments were conducted. RESULTS: The LIP/PBS and LIP/BELF11 groups demonstrated greater alveolar bone loss than the CTL group (p < 0.05). The LIP/BELF11 group showed significantly reduced alveolar bone loss on the mesial side compared to the LIP/PBS group. Histologically, the LIP/BELF11 group showed consistent patterns of connective tissue fiber arrangement, lower levels of inflammatory infiltration, less alveolar bone loss, and higher alveolar bone density than the LIP/PBS group, despite showing more signs of destruction than the CTL group. The LIP/BELF11 group also exhibited significantly lower levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines than the LIP/PBS group. CONCLUSIONS: L. fermentum BELF11 inhibits alveolar bone loss and periodontitis progression by regulating pro-inflammatory cytokine production. These findings suggest that L. fermentum BELF11 may be a potential adjunctive therapy in periodontal treatment.

Humanized anti-hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) antibody suppresses innate irinotecan (CPT-11) resistance induced by fibroblast-derived HGF.

The growth factors derived from the microenvironment create an environment conducive to tumor growth and survival. HGF deprivation using neutralizing antibody enhanced chemosensitivity in colorectal cancer cells (CRC). We determined secreted HGF in fibroblast conditioned medium (CM). Combination treatment of anti-HGF antibody and irinotecan (CPT-11) directly enhanced CPT-11 sensitivity in CRC. We generated xenograft in NOD/SCID mice inoculating HCT-116 human colorectal cancer cells subcutaneously with or without fibroblast. We found that the combination of CPT-11 and anti-HGF antibody induced marked suppression of tumor development. These results suggest that HGF produced by fibroblast induce CPT-11 resistance, and that anti-HGF antibody abrogate such resistance in vivo. fibroblast-derived HGF is important determinant of chemoresistance. Anti-HGF monoclonal antibody treatment confirmed the importance of this growth factor for chemoresistance in CRC. These results present new options toward the early diagnosis of chemoresistance and suggest novel combinations of chemotherapy and anti-HGF agents to prevent or significantly delay the onset of therapy resistance.

Splicing variants of the orphan G-protein-coupled receptor GPR56 regulate the activity of transcription factors associated with tumorigenesis.

PURPOSE: GPR56 is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor of the adhesion family involved in brain development. In some cancer cells and tissues, GPR56 is highly expressed and may contribute to tumorigenesis phenotypes such as cell adhesion and metastasis. Although the ligand for GPR56 is unknown, the overexpression of the receptor induces the activity of several transcription factors. We identified Wve splicing forms of GPR56 by searching the genome database. In this study, we tried to assess the properties of the splicing variants on the activation of the transcription factors. METHODS: Genome structure of human GPR56 genes was analyzed using the Ensembl genome browser. All splicing variants were constructed using PCR with the GPR56 wildtype gene as template and the appropriate primers and their expression was verified by western blotting. We examined the effect of GPR56 splicing forms on the cellular responses through reporter gene assay with various promoters. We also confirmed the GPR56-mediated transcriptional activity by silencing GPR56 expression through shRNA-mediated RNA interference. RESULTS: We found that the coding sequence of GPR56 consist of 13 exons and alternative splicing occurs in the second and tenth exons. In reporter gene assays, GPR56 overexpression increased the activity of the serum-response element, NFAT, and E2F response elements, whereas this overexpression downregulated c-myc and p53 response element activity. Furthermore, increased promoter activity of the COX2, iNOS, and VEGF genes was observed. Variants 1 and 2 potently enhanced SRE-mediated transcription compared with wild-type GPR56. Variants 3 and 4 hardly aVect the activity of the promoters. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that the splicing of GPR56 may induce differential tumorigenic responses owing to their varied ability to activate transcription factors.

Porcine aortic endothelial cell genes responsive to selected inflammatory stimulators.

Use of porcine tissues has been suggested as a promising solution for severe shortage of transplantable human organs. The immediate hurdle for xenotransplantation is acute immune/inflammatory vascular rejection of the transplant. Because endothelial cells play a key role in the initiation and the amplification of inflammation, alteration of gene expression in human endothelial cells, by various inflammatory stimulators has been studied extensively. However, transcriptional changes induced by human and other inflammatory stimulators in porcine endothelial cells have thus far not been studied. In this study, we treated porcine endothelial cells with human tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, porcine interferon (IFN)-gamma, H(2)O(2) and lypopolysaccharide (LPS) and profiled transcriptional change at 1 hr, 6 hr and 24 hr, using pig oligonucleotide 13K microarray. We found that mRNA species such as chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 6 (CXCL6) and Cathepsin S were significantly induced in porcine endothelial cells, as was previously reported with human endothelial cell. We also found that mRNA species including secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (SFRP2), radical S-adenosyl methionine domain containing 2 (RSAD2), structure specific recognition protein 1 (SSRP1) also were highly overexpressed in porcine endothelial cells. This result shows clues to understand underlying mechanisms of xenotransplantation rejection and the highly responsive porcine genes may serve as novel targets to be regulated for improving the function of grafted porcine donor organs.

Lysophosphatidic acid signaling through LPA receptor subtype 1 induces colony scattering of gastrointestinal cancer cells.

PURPOSE: Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a multifunctional lipid mediator involved in triggering tumor cell invasion and metastasis, as well as malignant cell growth. LPA is also known to modulate the colony scattering of epithelial cancers, which is a prerequisite for cell invasion. However, the underlying details of how this is accomplished are not clear. Here we have investigated the roles of specific LPA receptor subtypes in cell scattering. METHODS: Gastrointestinal carcinoma cell lines were examined for cell scattering activity in response to LPA, and the expression of LPA receptor subtypes was determined by RT-PCR. The effect of down regulation of each LPA receptor in DLD1 cells was determined using a shRNA-lentivirus system. In addition, the effect of overexpression of LPA receptors on cell scattering was investigated using lentivirus expression constructs. RESULTS: The colonies of AGS and DLD1, but not MKN74, cells were dispersed in response to LPA. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the mRNAs of LPA1, LPA2, and LPA3 were present in AGS and DLD1 cells, but only LPA2 mRNA was detected in MKN74 cells. In DLD1 cells, the scattering activity induced by LPA was partially blocked by pretreatment with PP2 and PD98059, inhibitors of src kinase and MEK, respectively. LPA1 knockdown with shRNA decreased the degree of cell scattering induced by LPA. Knockdown of LPA2 or LPA3 had no effect on LPA-induced scattering. In addition, overexpression of LPA1 in DLD1 cells slightly decreased the response time of LPA-induced cell scattering. On the contrary, MKN74 cells expressing exogenous LPA1 did not respond to LPA by scattering. CONCLUSION: These results demonstrate that LPA1 mediates LPA-stimulated cell scattering of gastrointestinal carcinomas, but that activation of other intracellular pathways, besides those contributing to ERK phosphorylation, is also necessary for cell scattering in response to LPA.

Gene expression profiling of light-induced retinal degeneration in phototransduction gene knockout mice.

Exposure to light can induce photoreceptor cell death and exacerbate retinal degeneration. In this study, mice with genetic knockout of several genes, including rhodopsin kinase (Rhok-/-), arrestin (Sag-/-), transducin (Gnat1-/-), c-Fos (c-Fos-/-) and arrestin/transducin (Sag-/-/Gnat1-/-), were examined. We measured the expression levels of thousands of genes in order to investigate their roles in phototransduction signaling in light-induced retinal degeneration using DNA microarray technology and then further explored the gene network using pathway analysis tools. Several cascades of gene components were induced or inhibited as a result of corresponding gene knockout under specific light conditions. Transducin deletion blocked the apoptotic signaling induced by exposure to low light conditions, and it did not require c-Fos/AP-1. Deletion of c-Fos blocked the apoptotic signaling induced by exposure to high intensity light. In the present study, we identified many gene transcripts that are essential for the initiation of light-induced rod degeneration and proposed several important networks that are involved in pro- and anti-apoptotic signaling. We also demonstrated the different cascades of gene components that participate in apoptotic signaling under specific light conditions.

A sensitive enzyme immunoassay for amygdalin in food extracts using a recombinant antibody.

Amygdalin (laterile) is a cyanogenic glycoside commonly found in the pits of many fruits and raw nuts. When amygdalin-containing seeds are crushed and moistened, free cyanide is formed. Pits and nuts containing unusually high levels of amygdalin can therefore cause cyanide poisoning, and detection of amygdalin in food extracts can be a life-saving measure. In this study, we generated recombinant antibodies against amygdalin from a phage display of a combinatorial rabbit/human chimeric antibody library and used it in a sensitive competition enzyme immunoassay system to detect amygdalin in extracts of pits and nuts. The detection limit was determined to be 1 x 10(-9) M.

GbetaL regulates TNFalpha-induced NF-kappaB signaling by directly inhibiting the activation of IkappaB kinase.

The transcriptional activation of NF-kappaB, a critical player in both physiological and pathological cellular responses to diverse cytokines, is dependent on IKK activation. Although molecular mechanisms underlying IKK activation have been well elucidated, the processes that negatively regulate IKK activity are still largely unknown. Using yeast two-hybrid screening, we have identified GbetaL as an interacting partner of IKKbeta. In this study, we demonstrate that GbetaL interacts with IKKalpha and IKKbeta in vitro and in vivo. The C-terminal WD domains of GbetaL are required for the interaction with both the kinase domain and leucine zipper domain of IKKbeta. Overexpression of GbetaL inhibits TNFalpha-induced activation of NF-kappaB signaling, while down-regulation of GbetaL expression by small interfering RNA enhances NF-kappaB activity. GbetaL constitutively interacts with IKKbeta, and this interaction is enhanced by TNFalpha treatment. GbetaL also inhibits TNFalpha-induced phosphorylation of IKKs. Taken together, these data suggest that GbetaL is involved in the negative regulation of TNFalpha-stimulated NF-kappaB signaling through a direct interaction with IKK.

Cancer cell-derived IL-1alpha induces IL-8 release in endothelial cells.

PURPOSE: Cancer cells release a multitude of cytokines and growth factors that influence neighboring cells and help establish a favorable environment for tumor development. As part of our studies designed to elucidate the complex cellular interactions within the tumor microenvironment that facilitate tumor development, we investigated cancer cell-induced changes in gene expression in endothelial cells. METHODS: After treatment of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) with conditioned medium (CM) of SNUC5 colon cancer cells, gene expression profile in HUVEC was analyzed using cDNA microarray. Neutralizing antibodies against pro-inflammatory cytokines were used to identify the major effecter in SNUC5 CM. RESULTS: IL-8 was one of the four genes up-regulated over fourfold, and IL-1alpha in SNUC5 CM was revealed as a major effecter of IL-8 over-expression and release, which was nearly completely neutralized by anti-IL-1alpha antibody. Constitutive secretion of IL-1alpha was confirmed in many other human cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS: IL-1alpha is constitutively expressed in many human cancer cells and directly induces IL-8 secretion in neighboring endothelial cells.

A single lentiviral vector platform for microRNA-based conditional RNA interference and coordinated transgene expression.

RNAi is proving to be a powerful experimental tool for the functional annotation of mammalian genomes. The full potential of this technology will be realized through development of approaches permitting regulated manipulation of endogenous gene expression with coordinated reexpression of exogenous transgenes. We describe the development of a lentiviral vector platform, pSLIK (single lentivector for inducible knockdown), which permits tetracycline-regulated expression of microRNA-like short hairpin RNAs from a single viral infection of any naïve cell system. In mouse embryonic fibroblasts, the pSLIK platform was used to conditionally deplete the expression of the heterotrimeric G proteins Galpha12 and Galpha13 both singly and in combination, demonstrating the Galpha13 dependence of serum response element-mediated transcription. In RAW264.7 macrophages, regulated knockdown of Gbeta2 correlated with a reduced Ca(2+) response to C5a. Insertion of a GFP transgene upstream of the Gbeta2 microRNA-like short hairpin RNA allowed concomitant reexpression of a heterologous mRNA during tetracycline-dependent target gene knockdown, significantly enhancing the experimental applicability of the pSLIK system.

Novel compound 2-methyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid (2-methyl-4-o-tolylazo-phenyl)-amide (CH-223191) prevents 2,3,7,8-TCDD-induced toxicity by antagonizing the aryl hydrocarbon receptor.

2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) is a widespread environmental pollutant with many toxic effects, including endocrine disruption, reproductive dysfunction, immunotoxicity, liver damage, and cancer. These are mediated by TCDD binding to and activating the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor. In this regard, targeting the AhR using novel small molecule inhibitors is an attractive strategy for the development of potential preventive agents. In this study, by screening a chemical library composed of approximately 10,000 compounds, we identified a novel compound, 2-methyl-2H-pyrazole-3-carboxylic acid (2-methyl-4-o-tolylazo-phenyl)-amide (CH-223191), that potently inhibits TCDD-induced AhR-dependent transcription. In addition, CH-223191 blocked the binding of TCDD to AhR and inhibited TCDD-mediated nuclear translocation and DNA binding of AhR. These inhibitory effects of CH-223191 prevented the expression of cytochrome P450 enzymes, target genes of the AhR. Unlike many known antagonists of AhR, CH-223191 did not have detectable AhR agonist-like activity or estrogenic potency, suggesting that CH-223191 is a specific antagonist of AhR. It is noteworthy that CH-223191 potently prevented TCDD-elicited cytochrome P450 induction, liver toxicity, and wasting syndrome in mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that this novel compound, CH-223191, may be a useful agent for the study of AhR-mediated signal transduction and the prevention of TCDD-associated pathology.

Phospholipase C-beta3 mediates the thrombin-induced Ca2+ response in glial cells.

Phospholipase C-beta (PLC-beta) hydrolyses phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and generates inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate in response to activation of various G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Using glial cells from knock-out mice lacking either PLC-beta1 [PLC-beta1 (-/-)] or PLC-beta3 [PLC-beta3 (-/-)], we examined which isotype of PLC-beta participated in the cellular signaling events triggered by thrombin. Generation of inositol phosphates (IPs) was enhanced by thrombin in PLC-beta1 (-/-) cells, but was negligible in PLC-beta3 (-/-) cells. Expression of PLC-beta3 in PLC-beta3 (-/-) cells resulted in an increase in pertussis toxin (PTx)-sensitive IPs in response to thrombin as well as to PAR1-specific peptide, while expression of PLC-beta1 in PLC-beta1 (-/-) cells did not have any effect on IP generation. The thrombin-induced [Ca2+]i increase was delayed and attenuated in PLC-beta3 (-/-) cells, but normal in PLC-beta1 (-/-) cells. Pertussis toxin evoked a delayed [Ca2+]i increase in PLC-beta3 (-/-) cells as well as in PLC-beta1 (-/-) cells. These results suggest that activation of PLC-beta3 by pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins is responsible for the transient [Ca2+]i increase in response to thrombin, whereas the delayed [Ca2+]i increase may be due to activation of some other PLC, such as PLC-beta4, acting via PTx-insensitive G proteins.

G2 arrest and apoptosis by 2-amino-N-quinoline-8-yl-benzenesulfonamide (QBS), a novel cytotoxic compound.

We screened a library of 11,000 small molecular weight chemicals, looking for compounds that affect cell viability. We have identified 2-amino-N-quinoline-8-yl-benzenesulfonamide (QBS) as a potent cytotoxic compound that induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Treatment of Jurkat T cells with QBS increased the levels of cyclin B1 as well as phosphorylated-cdc2, which was accompanied by reduced activity of cdc2 kinase, suggesting that QBS may induce cell cycle arrest at G2 phase. Structural analogues of QBS also exhibited similar effects on cell cycle progression and cell viability. Long-term treatment with QBS resulted in DNA fragmentation, cytochrome C release, and PARP cleavage, and an increase in the number of subdiploidy cells, indicative of cellular apoptosis. Moreover, QBS-induced apoptosis was blocked by z-VAD-fmk, a pan-caspase inhibitor. These results suggest that QBS is a novel and potent compound that induces G2 arrest and subsequent apoptosis, implicating it as a putative candidate for chemotherapy.

Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel phospholipase C, PLC-eta.

PLC (phospholipase C) plays an important role in intracellular signal transduction by hydrolysing phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, a membrane phospholipid. To date, 12 members of the mammalian PLC isoforms have been identified and classified into five isotypes beta, gamma, delta, epsilon and zeta, which are regulated by distinct mechanisms. In the present study, we describe the identification of a novel PLC isoform in the brains of human and mouse, named PLC-eta, which contains the conserved pleckstrin homology domain, X and Y domains for catalytic activity and the C2 domain. The first identified gene encoded 1002 (human) or 1003 (mouse) amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 115 kDa. The purified recombinant PLC-eta exhibited Ca2+-dependent catalytic activity on phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. Furthermore, molecular biological analysis revealed that the PLC-eta gene was transcribed to several splicing variants. Although some transcripts were detected in most of the tissues we examined, the transcript encoding 115 kDa was restricted to the brain and lung. In addition, the expression of the 115 kDa protein was defined in only nerve tissues such as the brain and spinal cord. In situ hybridization analysis with brain revealed that PLC-eta was abundantly expressed in various regions including cerebral cortex, hippocampus, zona incerta and cerebellar Purkinje cell layer, which are neuronal cell-enriched regions. These results suggest that PLC-eta may perform fundamental roles in the brain.

2,2',4,6,6'-Pentachlorobiphenyl-induced apoptosis is limited by cyclooxygenase-2 induction.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a group of persistent and widespread environmental pollutants, are considered to be immunotoxic, carcinogenic, and to induce apoptosis. However, the cellular mechanisms underlying the action of PCBs have not been established. Here, we investigated the effects of PCBs on the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Among the several congeners examined, only 2,2',4,6,6'-pentachlorobiphenyl (PeCB) specifically increased the COX-2 promoter activity, and the levels of COX-2 mRNA and protein, and thereby enhanced prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis in Rat-1 cells. By conducting mutation analyses of the COX-2 promoter and its transcription factor, we found that the CRE site in COX-2 promoter and c-Jun are important for increased COX-2 promoter activity induced by 2,2',4,6,6'-PeCB. In addition, 2,2',4,6,6'-PeCB-stimulated COX-2 induction was reduced by the specific MAPK kinase (MEK) inhibitor, PD98059, and in p53-deficient cells, implying that COX-2 induction requires the activation of ERK1/2 MAPK and p53. The selective COX-2 inhibitor, NS-398, potentiated the 2,2',4,6,6'-PeCB-induced mitochondrial apoptotic pathway involved in Bcl-xL attenuation, cytochrome c release and the subsequent activation of caspase-3. Furthermore, the cell death was prevented by PGE2 treatment, suggesting that 2,2',4,6,6'-PeCB-induced apoptosis is restricted by prostaglandin upregulation by COX-2. Taken together, these results demonstrate that 2,2',4,6,6'-PeCB-induced COX-2 expression may be an important compensatory mechanism for abating 2,2',4,6,6'-PeCB toxicity.

2,2',4,6,6'-Pentachlorobiphenyl induces mitotic arrest and p53 activation.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), a class of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), have been considered to be involved in cancers, but the underlying mechanisms are not known well. Various cancers are closely related to genetic alteration; therefore, we investigated the effect of PCBs on genetic stability, through p53, a guardian of genome, in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Among several congeners examined, 2,2',4,6,6'-pentachlorobiphenyl (PeCB) specifically activated p53-dependent transcription. It also induced p53 nuclear accumulation, but did not cause DNA strand breakage. On the other hand, cell cycle progression that is closely connected to p53 was affected by 2,2',4,6,6'-PeCB, resulting in mitotic arrest. In the arrested cells, mitotic spindle damage was detected. Moreover, in the absence of functional p53, polyploidy was caused by 2,2',4,6,6'-PeCB. These results imply that 2,2',4,6,6'-PeCB induces mitotic arrest by interfering with mitotic spindle assembly, followed by genetic instability which triggers p53-activating signals to prevent further polyploidization. Taking these findings together, we suggest that 2,2',4,6,6'-PeCB could be involved in cancer development by causing genetic instability through mitotic spindle damage, which brings about aneuploidy in p53-deficient tumor cells.

Luteolin inhibits the nuclear factor-kappa B transcriptional activity in Rat-1 fibroblasts.

Flavonoids are natural polyphenolic compounds that have anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective and anticarcinogenic effects. In this study, we investigated the effects of several flavonoids on nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) activation by using luciferase reporter gene assay. Among the flavonoids examined, luteolin showed the most potent inhibition on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated NF-kappa B transcriptional activity in Rat-1 fibroblasts. Luteolin did not inhibit either I kappa B alpha degradation or NF-kappa B nuclear translocation, DNA binding or phosphorylation by LPS. However, luteolin prevented LPS-stimulated interaction between the p65 subunit of NF-kappa B and the transcriptional coactivator CBP. In addition, a specific PKA inhibitor that blocked the phosphorylation of CREB and c-Jun by luteolin partially reversed the inhibitory effect of luteolin on NF-kappa B.CBP complex formation and NF-kappa B transcriptional activity by LPS. These data imply that inhibition of NF-kappa B transcriptional activity by luteolin may occur through competition with transcription factors for coactivator that is available in limited amounts. Taken together, this study provides a molecular basis for the understanding of the anti-inflammatory effects of luteolin.

Thiram and ziram stimulate non-selective cation channel and induce apoptosis in PC12 cells.

The neurotoxicity of dithiocarbamates has been previously reported, however, the detailed mechanism underlying the neurotoxicity is still not fully understood. Among the dithiocarbamates, we investigated thiram and ziram in a neuronal-like pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Thiram and ziram strongly induced cell death in both dose- and time-dependent manners with the LC(50) of 0.3 and 2 microM, respectively. The cell death showed typical apoptotic features, such as DNA fragmentation and an increase of subdiploidy nuclei. Interestingly, both thiram and ziram induced rapid and sustained increases of intracellular Ca(2+) in PC12 cells, which were almost completely blocked by flufenamic acid (FFA), an inhibitor of non-selective cation channel. BAPTA-AM, an intracellular Ca(2+) chelator, inhibited the thiram- and ziram-induced apoptotic cell death. These results suggest that thiram and ziram induce apoptotic neuronal cell death by Ca(2+) influx through non-selective cation channels. The present study may provide a clue for understanding the mechanism of neurotoxicity of thiram and ziram.