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Introduction: Acute hemorrhage decreases blood pressure (BP) and sometimes causes hypovolemic shock. At this time, peripheral arteries are supposed to contract and increase peripheral vascular resistance to raise BP. However, there has not been an adequate index of a degree of arterial stiffness. We assessed changes in arterial stiffness during rapid bleeding using new BP-independent vascular indices, aBeta and ifBeta, determined by applying the cardio-ankle vascular index theory to the elastic (aorta) and muscular (common iliac-femoral) arteries, respectively, in rabbits. Methods: Eleven Japanese white male rabbits were fixed at the supine position under pentobarbital anesthesia. Fifteen percent of the total blood volume was depleted at a rate of 2 mL/kg/min for 6 min; 15 min later, the withdrawn blood was re-transfused at the same rate. Pressure waves at the origin of the aorta (oA), distal end of the abdominal aorta (dA), distal end of the left common iliac artery (fA), and flow waves at oA were measured simultaneously. Beta was calculated using the following formula: beta = 2ρ/PP × ln(SBP/DBP) × PWV2, where ρ, SBP, DBP, and PP are blood density, systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressures, respectively. aBeta, ifBeta, and aortic-iliac-femoral beta (aifBeta) were calculated using aPWV, ifPWV, and aifPWV, respectively. Results: BP declined significantly at oA, dA, and fA during the acute bleeding. aBeta and aifBeta increased significantly from 3.7 and 5.0 before the bleeding (control) to 5.0 (about 34%) and 6.3 (about 26%) on average, while ifBeta decreased significantly from 20.5 before the bleeding to 17.1 (about 17%) after the completion of the bleeding. Reverse reactions of those indices were observed by transfusing the removed blood. Conclusion: Total arterial stiffness (aifBeta) increased; however, the elastic and muscular arteries stiffened and softened during the bleeding, respectively. These results would give useful diagnostic information during fall in BP.
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Measuring blood pressure (BP) and investigating arterial hemodynamics are essential in understanding cardiovascular disease and assessing cardiovascular risk. Several methods are used to measure BP in the doctor's office, at home, or over 24âh under ambulatory conditions. Similarly, several noninvasive methods have been introduced for assessing arterial structure and function; these methods differ for the large arteries, the small ones, and the capillaries. Consequently, when studying arterial hemodynamics, the clinician is faced with a multitude of assessment methods whose technical details, advantages, and limitations are sometimes unclear. Moreover, the conditions and procedures for their optimal implementation, and/or the reference normality values for the parameters they yield are not always taken into sufficient consideration. Therefore, a practice guideline summarizing the main methods and their use in clinical practice is needed. This expert group position paper was developed by an international group of scientists after a two-day meeting during which each of the most used methods and techniques for blood pressure measurement and arterial function and structure evaluation were presented and discussed, focusing on their advantages, limitations, indications, normal values, and their pragmatic clinical application.
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Arterias , Determinación de la Presión Sanguínea , Presión Sanguínea , Humanos , Determinación de la Presión Sanguínea/métodos , Arterias/fisiología , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Hemodinámica/fisiologíaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) is an arterial stiffness index that correlates inversely with body mass index (BMI) and subcutaneous fat area. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) that catalyzes the hydrolysis of serum triglycerides is produced mainly in adipocytes. Serum LPL mass reflects LPL expression in adipose tissue, and its changes correlate inversely with changes in CAVI. We hypothesized that LPL derived from subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) suppresses the progression of arteriosclerosis and examined the relationship of LPL gene expression in different adipose tissues and serum LPL mass with CAVI in Japanese patients with severe obesity undergoing laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG). METHODS: This study was a single-center retrospective database analysis. Fifty Japanese patients who underwent LSG and had 1-year postoperative follow-up data were enrolled (mean age 47.5 years, baseline BMI 46.6 kg/m2, baseline HbA1c 6.7%). SAT and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) samples were obtained during LSG surgery. LPL gene expression was analyzed by real-time PCR. Serum LPL mass was measured by ELISA using a specific monoclonal antibody against LPL. RESULTS: At baseline, LPL mRNA expression in SAT correlated positively with serum LPL mass, but LPL mRNA expression in VAT did not. LPL mRNA expression in SAT was correlated, and serum LPL mass tended to correlate inversely with the number of metabolic syndrome symptoms, but LPL mRNA expression in VAT did not. LPL mRNA expression in SAT and CAVI tended to correlate inversely in the group with visceral-to-subcutaneous fat ratio of 0.4 or higher, which is considered metabolically severe. Serum LPL mass increased 1 year after LSG. Change in serum LPL mass at 1 year after LSG tended to be an independent factor inversely associated with change in CAVI. CONCLUSIONS: Serum LPL mass reflected LPL mRNA expression in SAT in Japanese patients with severe obesity, and LPL mRNA expression in SAT was associated with CAVI in patients with visceral obesity. The change in serum LPL mass after LSG tended to independently contribute inversely to the change in CAVI. This study suggests that LPL derived from SAT may suppress the progression of arteriosclerosis.
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Índice Vascular Cardio-Tobillo , Grasa Intraabdominal , Lipoproteína Lipasa , Obesidad Mórbida , Grasa Subcutánea , Humanos , Lipoproteína Lipasa/genética , Lipoproteína Lipasa/metabolismo , Lipoproteína Lipasa/sangre , Persona de Mediana Edad , Masculino , Femenino , Grasa Subcutánea/metabolismo , Obesidad Mórbida/cirugía , Obesidad Mórbida/genética , Obesidad Mórbida/metabolismo , Obesidad Mórbida/sangre , Estudios Retrospectivos , Adulto , Japón , Grasa Intraabdominal/metabolismo , Índice de Masa Corporal , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Gastrectomía , Rigidez Vascular , Pueblos del Este de AsiaRESUMEN
Background: Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 analogue may be useful for controlling weight recurrence and diabetes relapse after bariatric surgery, but may also adversely affect the measured nutritional metrics. This study aimed to investigate the effect of treatment with once-weekly semaglutide after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We also examined the effects of combined use with a low-energy, high-protein formula diet (FD). Methods: This study was a single-center retrospective database analysis. We enrolled 29 Japanese patients with T2D who underwent LSG, and more than 12 months later received semaglutide. The patients were divided retrospectively into a FD group (=6) and a conventional diet (CD) group (n = 23). Results: BMI and HbA1c decreased significantly by 10.7 kg/m2 and 1.1 %, respectively, 12 months after LSG, and decreased by an additional 1.6 kg/m2 and 0.6 % after 12-months of treatment with semaglutide. Decreases in serum albumin, vitamin B12 and zinc were observed only after semaglutide administration. A ratio of energy from protein, fat and carbohydrates changed from 13:31:56 before to 19:30:50 after LSG, and from 17:32:51 before to 15:29:56 after semaglutide. Skeletal muscle ratio, which is the ratio of skeletal muscle mass to body weight, increased after LSG, but did not change after semaglutide. FD group showed a significant increase in skeletal muscle mass per 1 % body weight compared to CD group during semaglutide treatment. Conclusion: Semaglutide after LSG in patients with obesity and T2D resulted in additional weight reduction and improved glycemic control, but worsened measured nutritional metrics. Administration of a low-energy, high protein formula diet may ameliorate adverse nutritional effects of semaglutide in patients with T2D after LSG. (Ethics Committee of Toho University Sakura Medical Center approval number S18061).
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Hyperuricemia is associated with kidney function decline (KFD), although whether hyperuricemia directly causes nephrotoxicity or is indirectly mediated by systemic arterial stiffening remains unclear. We examined the detailed relationship of serum uric acid (SUA) with KFD and potential mediation by arterial stiffness. Study population was 27,648 urban residents with an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at baseline, and they participated in a median of three consecutive annual health examinations. Arterial stiffness was assessed using cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). KFD was defined as a decrease in eGFR to below 60. Multivariate analysis showed an association between baseline SUA and CAVI independent of eGFR. During the study period, 6.6% of participants developed KFD. Stratified analysis revealed a linear relationship between the contribution of CAVI or SUA and KFD. ROC analysis determined a cutoff CAVI of 8.0 (males) or 7.9 (females) and a cutoff SUA of 6.3 (males) or 4.5 mg/dL (females) for predicting KFD. The linkage between SUA and CAVI was associated with a greater increase in the hazard ratio for KFD with an increase in SUA. CAVI showed the mediating effect on the relationship of SUA with KFD after an adjustment for confounders. SUA was associated positively with CAVI-mediated KFD. Further studies should verify whether intensive SUA-lowering treatment prevents KFD via improving vascular function.
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OBJECTIVES: The role of hypercholesterolemia in arterial stiffness, which usually reflects the progression of atherosclerosis has not been fully investigated. To clarify the meaning of arterial stiffness in hypercholesterolemia, we evaluated arterial stiffness in myocardial infarction-prone Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHLMI) rabbits by using new arterial stiffness indices of the aorta and common iliac to femoral artery. The new arterial stiffness indices of both arteries were determined by the application of the theory of cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) to the aorta (aBeta) and ilio-femoral artery (ifBeta). Furthermore, the responses of both indices to nitroglycerin (NTG) administration were compared between WHHHMI and normal rabbits. DESIGN AND METHODS: aBeta and ifBeta of WHHLMI and normal rabbits were measured under anesthesia. Pulse wave velocity in the whole aorta (aPWV) and ilio-femoral artery (ifPWV), blood pressure, and other parameters were measured before and after administration of NTG (50-120âµg/kg/min) every 1 for 5âmin. RESULTS: Atherosclerotic lesions were observed in the aorta, but a little in the ilio-femoral artery in WHHLMI rabbits. Compared with normal rabbits, aBeta was significantly higher, but ifBeta was lower in WHHLMI rabbits. When NTG was administered, ifBeta decreased significantly in both groups; however, aBeta increased in normal rabbits, but remained unchanged in WHHIMI rabbits. CONCLUSION: These findings suggested that hereditary hypercholesterolemia in rabbits did not uniformly enhance arterial stiffness in elastic artery and muscular artery. The responses to NTG were also different between two arteries. The mechanism of these different responses needs further studies.
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Aterosclerosis , Hipercolesterolemia , Infarto del Miocardio , Rigidez Vascular , Animales , Conejos , Nitroglicerina/farmacología , Análisis de la Onda del Pulso , Hipercolesterolemia/complicaciones , Hipercolesterolemia/tratamiento farmacológico , Infarto del Miocardio/tratamiento farmacológico , Aorta/patología , Arteria FemoralRESUMEN
A warning sign for impending cardiovascular events is not fully established. In the process of plaque rupture, the formation of vulnerable plaque is important, and oxidized cholesterols play an important role in its progression. Furthermore, the significance of vasa vasorum penetrating the medial smooth muscle layer and being rich in atheromatous lesions should be noted. The cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) is a new arterial stiffness index of the arterial tree from the origin of the aorta to the ankle. The CAVI reflects functional stiffness, in addition to structural stiffness. The rapid rise in the CAVI means medial smooth muscle cell contraction and strangling vasa vasorum. A rapid rise in the CAVI in people after a big earthquake, following a high frequency of cardiovascular events has been reported. There are several cases that showed a rapid rise in the CAVI a few weeks or months before suffering cardiovascular events. To explain these sequences of events, we proposed a hypothesis: a rapid rise in the CAVI means medial smooth muscle contraction, strangling vasa vasorum, leading to ischemia and the necrosis of vulnerable plaque, and then the plaque ruptures. In individuals having a high CAVI, further rapid rise in the CAVI might be a warning sign for impending cardiovascular events. In such cases, treatments to decrease the CAVI better be taken soon.
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Background: Dyslipidemia is associated with kidney function decline (KFD), although the non-linear relationship of lipid parameters to KFD has not been fully elucidated. We aimed to determine the detailed relationship of baseline lipid parameters with KFD, considering the mediation of arterial stiffness. Methods: A total of 27 864 urban residents with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥60 mL/min/1.73 m2 at baseline, who participated in a median of three (range two to eight) consecutive annual health examinations were studied. Arterial stiffness was assessed by cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI). KFD was defined as development of eGFR <60 mL/min/1.73 m2. Results: During the study period, 1837 participants (6.6%) developed KFD. Receiver operating characteristic analysis determined that the cutoff values independently associated with KFD are 123 mg/dL for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) [area under the curve (95% confidence interval) 0.570 (0.557-0.583)], 65 mg/dL for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) [0.552 (0.539-0.566)], 82 mg/dL for triglycerides (TG) [0.606 (0.593-0.618)] and 1.28 for TG/HDL-C ratio [0.600 (0.587-0.612)]. These cut-offs were independently associated with KFD in Cox analysis. Regarding the contribution of each lipid parameter to KFD, a linear relationship was observed for both TG and TG/HDL-C, and a U-shaped relationship for HDL-C. A adjusted mediating effect of CAVI on the relationship of TG or TG/HDL-C ratio with KFD was observed (mediating rate: 2.9% in TG, 2.5% in TG/HDL-C ratio). Regarding the association to KFD, a linear relationship was observed for both TG and TG/HDL-C, and a U-shaped relationship for HDL-C. A mediating effect of CAVI on the relationship of TG or TG/HDL-C ratio with KFD was observed after adjustment for confounders. Conclusions: TG and TG/HDL-C ratio related linearly to KFD and this was partially mediated by CAVI. A U-shaped relationship was observed between HDL-C and KFD risk. LDL-C showed no significant association. Further study should investigate whether intensive TG-lowering treatment prevents KFD via decreasing CAVI.
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AIM: To elucidate the mechanism by which cigarette smoking causes vascular damage, we examined the relationship between cumulative cigarette consumption and abdominal obesity, and the possible mediating effect of smoking on arterial stiffness. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from 19499 never smokers and 5406 current smokers receiving health screening was analyzed. Abdominal obesity was assessed by ABSI, and arterial stiffness by CAVI. High CAVI was defined as CAVI ≥ 9.0. RESULTS: Current smoker showed higher ABSI than never smokers after propensity score matching. Cumulative cigarette consumption expressed in pack-years correlated with ABSI (Rs: 0.312 in men, 0.252 in women), and was also extracted as an independent factor associated with ABSI by multiple regression analysis. A linear relationship between pack-year and CAVI was observed (Rs: 0.544 in men, 0.423 in women). Pack-year had almost equal discriminatory power in predicting high CAVI in both sexes (C-statistic: 0.774 in men, 0.747 in women), and the best cut-offs of pack-year for high CAVI were 24.5 in men and 14.7 in women. Bivariate logistic regression models revealed that the association between pack-year higher than cut-off and high CAVI was independent of traditional risks. A mediating effect of ABSI (mediation rate: 9.9% in men and 11.2% in women), but not waist circumference (WC), on the association of pack-year with CAVI was observed, after adjusting for traditional risks. CONCLUSION: Cumulative cigarette smoking in pack-years was independently associated with ABSI. ABSI partially mediates the association between pack-year and CAVI, suggesting that abdominal obesity partially mediates smoking-related vascular dysfunction.
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Obesidad Abdominal , Productos de Tabaco , Masculino , Humanos , Femenino , Estudios Transversales , Obesidad Abdominal/diagnóstico , Obesidad Abdominal/etiología , Índice de Masa Corporal , Factores de Riesgo , Tobillo , Fumar/efectos adversos , Obesidad/diagnósticoRESUMEN
During hemodialysis (HD), blood pressure (BP) changes are frequently observed. However, the mechanism of BP changes during HD has not been fully clarified. The cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) reflects the arterial stiffness of the arterial tree from the origin of the aorta to the ankle independent from BP during measurement. Additionally, CAVI reflects functional stiffness in addition to structural stiffness. We aimed to clarify the role of CAVI in regulating the BP system during HD. We included 10 patients undergoing 4-hour HD (total 57 HD sessions). Changes in the CAVI and various hemodynamic parameters were evaluated during each session. During HD, BP decreased and CAVI significantly increased (CAVI, median [interquartile range]; 9.1 [8.4-9.8] [0 min] to 9.6 [9.2-10.2] [240 min], p < 0.05). Changes in CAVI from 0 min to 240 min were significantly correlated with water removal rate (WRR) (r = -0.42, p = 0.002). Changes in CAVI at each measurement point were negatively correlated with ΔBP (Δsystolic BPeach MP, r = -0.23, p < 0.0001; Δdiastolic BPeach MP, r = -0.12, p = 0.029). Whereas one patient exhibited a simultaneous decrease in BP and CAVI during the initial 60 min of HD. Arterial stiffness monitored with CAVI generally increased during HD. CAVI elevation is associated with decreased WWR and BP. An increase in CAVI during HD may reflect the contraction of smooth muscle cells and play an important role in BP maintenance. Hence, measuring CAVI during HD may distinguish the cause of BP changes.
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INTRODUCTION: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) for morbidly obese patients often results in remission of type 2 diabetes (T2DM), but diabetes relapses in some of those patients. The frequency of T2DM relapse in Asians and the factors involved have not been adequately investigated. METHODS: The J-SMART study was conducted on 322 Japanese subjects with body mass index (BMI) ≥32 kg/m2 who underwent LSG at 10 accredited centers in Japan between 2011 and 2014. Of these, 82 T2DM subjects with diabetes in complete or partial remission at 1 year after LSG and followed postoperatively for 5 years were included in the subgroup analysis and classified into two groups: diabetes remission-maintained and diabetes relapse. RESULTS: The mean age of all included subjects was 49.2 years, median BMI was 41.5 kg/m2, and median HbA1c was 6.7%. Compared with the diabetes remission-maintained group, the diabetes relapse group at 5 years after LSG had significantly higher preoperative HbA1c, number of antidiabetic medications, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level; and lower BMI and homeostasis model assessment-beta cell function (HOMA-ß). As many as 83.0% of the subjects were able to achieve HbA1c <7% at 5 years after LSG, but 26.8% of the subjects had diabetes relapse. Preoperative HbA1c significantly contributed to diabetes relapse (odds ratio 1.54, p = 0.049). In addition, the diabetes relapse group tended to have lower percentage total weight loss (%TWL) at 1 year after LSG and higher percentage weight regain (%WR) from postoperative nadir weight, compared with the diabetes remission-maintained group. The hazard ratio for diabetes relapse was 3.14-fold higher in subjects with %TWL ≥20% and %WR ≥25%, and 5.46-fold higher in those with %TWL <20% and %WR ≥25%, compared with %TWL ≥20% and %WR <25%. CONCLUSION: While LSG provides a high remission rate for T2DM, relapse is not uncommon. Preoperative HbA1c, poor weight loss, and excess weight regain after LSG contribute to diabetes relapse, suggesting the importance of treatment strategies focusing on these factors.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Laparoscopía , Obesidad Mórbida , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Obesidad Mórbida/cirugía , Obesidad Mórbida/complicaciones , Hemoglobina Glucada , Pueblos del Este de Asia , Resultado del Tratamiento , Laparoscopía/métodos , Gastrectomía/métodos , Pérdida de Peso/fisiología , Sobrepeso/complicaciones , Índice de Masa Corporal , Aumento de Peso , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) has been reported to occur after subarachnoid hemorrhage, and the involvement of a critical activity of catecholamines has been mentioned, but the details of its onset have not been fully clarified. Recently, proper arterial stiffness could be measured with cardio-ankle vascular index. Therefore, we aimed to clarify the role of arterial stiffness in onset of TCM using rabbits under infusion of noradrenaline and injection of blood into brain ventricle. Rabbits were divided into three groups: infusion of noradrenaline (group A), infusion of noradrenaline + injection of saline into the brain ventricle (group B), infusion of noradrenaline + injection of blood in the brain ventricle (group C). Aortic arterial stiffness beta (Aß) and femoral arterial stiffness beta (Fß) were defined according to definition of the cardio-ankle vascular index. Blood pressure (BP), Aß, Fß, and femoral vessel resistance (FVR) were measured. Left ventricular movement were monitored with echocardiography. BP increased uniformly in all three groups. Fß in the group A, B and C increased from 3.6 ± 3.2, 3.6 ± 3.6 and 3.9_ ± 4.2 to 15 ± 2, 17.9 ± 2.4, 34.8 ± 9.1 due to the ICP enhancements in addition to noradrenaline administration, respectively. Fß in groups B and C was significantly larger than that in group A. On echocardiography, a much higher akinesic area of the apex was observed in group C compared with group A and B. Cardiac movements similar to TCM were observed slightly in group B and definitely in group C. Noradrenaline administration infusion and blood injection into the brain ventricle induced TCM accompanying with enhanced femoral arterial stiffness. These results suggested that elevated arterial stiffness might be involved in the formation of TCM in addition to a critical activity of catecholamines and an increase in intracranial pressure with blood injection.
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Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo , Rigidez Vascular , Animales , Conejos , Cardiomiopatía de Takotsubo/diagnóstico , Norepinefrina , Rigidez Vascular/fisiología , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , CatecolaminasRESUMEN
Predictive factors for vascular events have not been established. The vasculature of the atheroma is supplied by penetration of the vasa vasorum through the smooth muscle cell layer from the adventitia. Smooth muscle cell contraction induces compression of the vasa vasorum, resulting in ischemia in intimal atheromatous lesions. Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) has become known as an index of arterial stiffness of the arterial tree from the origin of the aorta to the ankle. CAVI reflects the progress of arteriosclerosis, and a rapid rise in CAVI indicates arterial smooth muscle cell contraction. We hypothesized that rapidly increased arterial stiffness evaluated by CAVI may be a predictor of impending cardiovascular events.
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Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Placa Aterosclerótica , Rigidez Vascular , Humanos , Tobillo/irrigación sanguínea , Índice Vascular Cardio-Tobillo , ArteriasRESUMEN
A body shape index (ABSI) is an abdominal obesity index developed based on epidemiological statistics and designed to correlate minimally with body mass index (BMI). We examined the approximation between ABSI and other abdominal obesity indices based on biophysical concepts. The cross-sectional data from 62,514 Japanese urban residents were analyzed. Body adiposity indices comprising BMI, waist circumference (WC), ABSI, conicity index (CI), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), and WC/BMI ratio were examined. ABSI and CI more strongly correlated with age and arterial stiffness assessed by cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) compared to the other indices. The discriminative power for high CAVI (≥9.0) was the strongest for ABSI followed by CI and other indices, in that order. The range and distribution of WC corresponding to the cutoff of ABSI (0.0801), or CI (1.23) seemed reasonable. The correlation between ABSI and CI was the strongest compared to any other combination of indices. CI correlated moderately with BMI, whereas ABSI correlated minimally with BMI. ABSI correlates strongly and approximates closely with CI. Hence, ABSI may be considered to reflect the degree of body shape change from cylindricity to conicity and is currently the only abdominal obesity index not affected by the obesity paradox.
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Waon therapy is a form of thermal treatment in a dry sauna developed by Tei. Although Waon therapy is reportedly effective for chronic heart failure (CHF) patients, not all patients respond to the therapy. The reason for this ineffectiveness has not been fully clarified. The cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) is an index of arterial stiffness of the arterial tree from the origin of the aorta to the ankle, and it is thought to reflect some of the afterload of the left ventricle. We investigated the effects of Waon therapy on CAVI and plasma brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) level to clarify the usefulness of CAVI during Waon therapy.CHF patients (n = 21) treated with Waon therapy (2 weeks of 10 sessions) were divided into two groups: responders with an improved BNP level (n = 11) and nonresponders with no improvement in BNP (n = 10). CAVI was measured using Vasela 1500.A significant decrease in CAVI (median and interquartile range) was observed in the responder group (from 10.3 [9.6, 11.6] to 9.6 [8.6, 10.3], P = 0.021), whereas no change was observed in the nonresponder group (from 9.6 [8.6, 10.5] to 9.5 [9.1, 11.2], P = 0.919). The incidence of rehospitalization or cardiac death due to heart failure was significantly higher in patients in whom Waon therapy was ineffective at 12 months of follow-up (log-rank P = 0.001).The effectiveness of Waon therapy in CHF patients may be reflected by the improvement in CAVI.
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Insuficiencia Cardíaca , Rigidez Vascular , Humanos , Tobillo , Índice Vascular Cardio-Tobillo , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/terapia , Ventrículos CardíacosRESUMEN
Obesity has been known to relate to various diseases and metabolic disorders. Since the implication of body shape has been mentioned, obesity can be divided into visceral obesity and subcutaneous obesity. The former is considered the upstream pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome (MetS), and has been emphasized worldwide for the prevention of cardiovascular diseases in the last quarter century. However, some prospective studies have shown that cardiovascular mortality and morbidity are not necessarily higher in patients with MetS compared to those without. Recently, cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) has been established as an indicator of arteriosclerosis. This parameter is independent of blood pressure at the measuring time, and reflects systemic arterial stiffness from the aortic origin to the ankle. However, since CAVI is not necessarily high in MetS patients, attempts have been made to clarify this unexpected phenomenon. In several studies, CAVI was found to correlate negatively with body mass index (BMI), and also with waist circumference (WC) which is a widely used representative visceral obesity index. On the other hand, a body shape index (ABSI) is also a visceral obesity index designed to be minimally associated with BMI, and is calculated by dividing WC by an allometric regression of weight and height. Replacing high WC with high ABSI in MetS diagnosis promoted the identification of MetS patients with increased CAVI in cross-sectional studies on Japanese and Korean populations. Additionally, the incidence of MetS diagnosed using high ABSI was associated with significant increase in CAVI after 1 year of observation. Enhanced predictive ability for renal function decline by replacing WC with ABSI in MetS diagnosis was also observed in a longitudinal study in Japanese urban residents. These findings suggest that MetS diagnosis using high ABSI instead of high WC as a visceral obesity index needs to be reconsidered. However, further research is desirable on Caucasian, whose body shape differs slightly from that of Asians.
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Síndrome Metabólico , Estudios Transversales , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Síndrome Metabólico/diagnóstico , Síndrome Metabólico/epidemiología , Obesidad/complicaciones , Obesidad/diagnóstico , Obesidad/epidemiología , Obesidad Abdominal/complicaciones , Obesidad Abdominal/diagnóstico , Obesidad Abdominal/epidemiología , Estudios Prospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , Circunferencia de la CinturaRESUMEN
Cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) was developed to reflect the stiffness of the arterial tree from the aortic origin to the ankle. This arterial stiffness parameter is useful for assessing the severity of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and its risk. However, compared to pulse wave velocity (PWV), the conventional gold standard of arterial stiffness parameter, there has been a concern regarding CAVI that there are fewer longitudinal studies for CVD. Furthermore, the accuracy of CAVI for atherosclerotic diseases compared to other parameters has not been well validated. This review article aims to summarize recent findings to clarify the predictive ability of CAVI in longitudinal studies. First, several large longitudinal studies have found that not only baseline CAVI but also CAVI changes during the observation period predict cardiovascular events. Second, CAVI may have superior discriminatory power for all-cause mortality and major adverse cardiovascular endpoints compared to PWV. Furthermore, one large longitudinal study found CAVI to be a stronger predictor for renal function decline compared to PWV as well as CAVI0, a variant of CAVI that mathematically excludes BP dependence. Additionally, CAVI shows the properties that allow the elucidation of specific hemodynamics in aortic valve disease or hypovolemia. In conclusion, CAVI may be a modifiable arterial stiffness parameter not only for predicting and preventing atherosclerotic diseases but also for elucidating specific hemodynamic pathophysiology.
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Enfermedades Cardiovasculares , Rigidez Vascular , Tobillo/irrigación sanguínea , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/diagnóstico , Humanos , Estudios Longitudinales , Análisis de la Onda del PulsoRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Most comparisons of arterial stiffness between ethnic groups focus on pulse wave velocity. This study used the cardio-ankle vascular index (CAVI) in European compared to Japanese individuals to investigate how cardiovascular risk factors affect arterial aging across geographic regions. METHODS: Four hundred and ninety-four European and 1044 Japanese individuals underwent measurements of CAVI, blood pressure and information on cardiovascular risk factors. Both datasets included individuals with 0-5 cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS: Average CAVI was higher in the Japanese than the European group in every age category, with significant differences up to 75âyears for males and 85 for females. The correlation of CAVI with age, controlled for cardiovascular risk factors, was slightly higher in Japanese females (râ=â0.594 vs. Europeans râ=â0.542) but much higher in European males (râ=â0.710 vs. Japanese râ=â0.511). There was a significant correlation between CAVI and total cardiovascular risk factors in the Japanese (râ=â0.141, Pâ<â0.001) but not the European group. On linear regression, average CAVI was significantly dependent on age, sex, diabetes, BMI, SBP and geographic region. When divided into 'healthy' vs. 'high risk', the healthy group had a steeper correlation with age for Europeans (râ=â0.644 vs. Japanese râ=â0.472, Fisher's Z Pâ<â0.001), whereas in the high-risk group, both geographic regions had similar correlations. CONCLUSION: Japanese patient groups had higher arterial stiffness than Europeans, as measured by CAVI, controlling for cardiovascular risk factors. Europeans had greater increases in arterial stiffness with age in healthy individuals, particularly for males. However, cardiovascular risk factors had a greater impact on the Japanese group.